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題名 軟體商業生態系統中利基者經營模式之變遷：以資訊安全軟體公司為例
Metamorphosis of Niche Players` Business Models in the Software Business Ecosystem: the Case of Information Security Software Firms
作者 郭國泰
Kuo,Anthony
貢獻者 司徒達賢<br>于卓民
郭國泰
Kuo,Anthony
關鍵詞 軟體
商業生態系統
軟體商業
資訊安全
經營模式
企業網絡
網絡定位策略
利基者
software
business ecosystem
software business
information security
business model
business networks
network positioning strategy
niche player
日期 2007
上傳時間 18-Sep-2009 13:38:38 (UTC+8)
摘要 本研究採用「商業生態系統」觀點，以「利基者」的角度出發，來探討利基型軟體公司經營模式的變遷。研究對象為屬於「利基者」的資訊安全軟體公司，以及其所處的環境。研究分為「歷史分析」與「探索性個案研究」兩大部分。首先，本研究以「歷史分析」作為前導研究，探討資訊安全軟體由1986年至2007年的發展沿革，並釐清防毒軟體廠商、防火牆軟體廠商，以及入侵偵測/防禦軟體廠商所處的商業生態系統，以及廠商在其中的角色。此外，在歷史分析中，本研究也探討了主要商業生態系統之間的關係。而「探索性個案研究」，則選擇了五個成功的資訊安全軟體公司，以及五個失敗的資訊安全軟體公司，探討這些廠商在1986年至2000年之間經營模式的變遷，以了解成功及失敗的因素為何。此外，也描述繼續存活的成功廠商，如何在2001年之後，因應環境「擾動」而動態調整其經營模式。

在「歷史分析」的部份，本研究首先發現，資訊安全軟體自1986年開始出現，此時的資訊安全軟體廠商，主要為防毒軟體廠商，而廠商在「個人電腦商業生態系統」以及「區域網路商業生態系統」中扮演「利基者」的角色。在1994年後，「Internet商業生態系統」蓬勃發展，除了防毒軟體廠商之外，防火牆軟體廠商以及入侵偵測軟體廠商開始出現。而資安軟體廠商在「Internet商業生態系統」中扮演「利基者」的角色。之後，資訊安全軟體廠商逐漸形成了一個「邊界安全商業生態次系統」。在這個「次系統」中，不同的廠商分別扮演了次系統中的「關鍵者」、「支配者」，以及「利基者」。另一方面，三個「主系統」之間，存在「演替」的現象，後者的重要性，逐漸超越前者。而到了2001年之後，由於環境中的劇烈「擾動」，產生了新的生存空間，也改變了既有「物種」的「種間關係」。而另一方面，主要商業生態系統中「關鍵者」的跨入，也嚴重壓縮了既有「利基者」的生存空間。

「探索性個案研究」中，本研究又分為「規範性個案研究」與「描述性個案研究」兩部分。「規範性個案研究」探討五個成功的資訊安全軟體公司，包括Symantec、Trend Micro、McAfee、Check Point，以及Internet Security Systems(ISS)，在1986年至2000年之間，調整經營模式的動態過程，並與五個失敗的公司，包括ACSI、ESaSS、EliaShim/eSafe、Raptor，以及Axent進行比較。研究首先發現，成功的「利基者」，充分「借助」了「關鍵者」的資源，包括「技術」、「夥伴」、「聲譽」，並透過學習，運用關鍵者的「知識」，提升組織的能力。其次，成功的「利基者」，都能建立以自己為中心的「商業生態次系統」，包括「通路次系統」或是「技術平台次系統」。此外，成功的「利基者」，也都能及時參與新興的商業生態系統，並察覺商業生態系統「演替」(亦即「消長」)的狀況，進而調整參與的重心。而失敗的五個「利基者」，均於2000年之前被其他公司購併，主要因為較欠缺這些作為，或在這些方面未能成功。「描述性個案研究」則描述在2001年之後繼續存活的成功「利基者」，如何因應環境「擾動」與其他廠商行為的改變，動態調整經營模式。這些廠商調整經營模式，以鞏固既有的生存空間，並掌握新的生存空間。同時，也多方參與由不同的「關鍵者」所主導，未來可能成為「主流設計」的技術架構。

綜合來說，成功的利基型軟體公司，由創立開始，隨著成長的過程，「參與」以其他關鍵者為中心的商業生態系統，同時也致力於「建立」以自己為中心的商業生態系統。「參與」及「建立」二者與時並進，並適時調整，利基者才得以維持長久生存。
This study takes the view of niche players to explore their business model changes in the software business ecosystem. Software firms in the information security software industry and their environments are selected as research context. The research is comprised of two main parts: a historical analysis and an exploratory case study. The historical analysis serves as a pilot study, in which information security software industry’s historical development is scrutinized to clarify which business ecosystems these security software firms, including antivirus software firms, firewall software firms, and intrusion detection/prevention software firms, participate in as they grow, as well as these firms’ roles within the business ecosystems. Relationships between different busines ecosystems are also studied in the historical analysis. In the exploratory case study, five successful security software firms and five failed security software firms are selected as case companies. The case study explores how successful firms and failed firms, from 1986 to 2000, differ in the way they changed their business models, in order to understand why successful firms remain in existence after 2000. The case study also describes how these surviving firms have, responding to “disturbance” in the environments, been adjusting their business models dynamically since 2001.

The historical analysis reveals that the “PC business ecosystem”, the “LAN (local area network) business ecosystem”, and the “Internet business ecosystem” are involved as security software firms grow. Information security software firms have participated in the “PC business ecosystem”, when antivirus software was brought to the world in 1986. Antivirus software firms played the role of “niche players” in the “PC business ecosystem” at that time. Later when local area network was getting prevalent, a few antivirus firms participated in the “LAN business ecosystem”, playing the role of “niche players” as well. When the Internet commercialized around 1994, firewall software firms and intrusion detection software firms emerged. All participating information software firms played the role of “niche players” in the “Internet business ecosystem”. In 1996, a “sub-system”—“perimeter security sub-system” —was formed within the “Internet business ecosystem” by various security software firms and hardware companies. This “sub-system” had its own “keystones”, “dominators”, “hub landlords”, and “niche players”. In addition, “ecosystem succession” phenomenon is observed between the three “main system” —the “PC business ecosystem”, the “LAN business ecosystem”, and the “Internet business ecosystem”. Importance of the latter gradually surpassed the former. Furthermore, “disturbance” has emerged since 2001, creating new living space, but at the same time altered the “inter-species relationship” between existing species. Some “keystones” in the main ecosystems turned into “dominators”, highly decreased existing niche players’ living space.

The exploratory case study is divided into a “normative case study” and a “descriptive case study”. In the “normative case study”, five successful security software firms, including Symantec, Trend Micro, McAfee, Check Point, and Internet Security Systems (ISS) are compared with five failed firms—ACSI, ESaSS, EliaShim/eSafe, Raptor, and Axent in the way they adjusted their business models from 1986 to 2000. Evidences revealed that successful niche players sufficiently leveraged resources provided by keystones. Resources include technologies, partners, and reputation. Successful niche players also learn from keystones to acquire knowledge, which further improves niche players’ organization capabilities. In addition, successful niche players are capable of building up their own “sub-systems,” which can be “channel sub-systems” or “technological platform sub-systems.” Furthermore, successful niche players, in time, participate in every promising business ecosystems, and sense the “ecosystem succession” phenomenon when it takes place to adjust their efforts on different business ecosystems. Five unsuccessful case companies fail to achieve similar accomplishments. Consequently, all of them have been acquired or merged by other firms by 2000. Meanwhile, in the “descriptive case study,” I describe how five successful firms keep surviving after 2001, adjusting their business models to secure existing living space and seize emerging opportunities. These successful niche players also participated in all information security architectures proposed by different keystones, expecting that one of these architectures will turn out to be the “dominant design” in the future.

Overall, successful niche players, as they grow, participate in business ecosystems led by other keystones, and build up their own business ecosystem as well. They advance and adjust both their “participating” and “builing up” activities to secure long-term survival.
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描述 博士
國立政治大學
企業管理研究所
91355506
96
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0913555061
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 司徒達賢<br>于卓民zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 郭國泰zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Kuo,Anthonyen_US
dc.creator (作者) 郭國泰zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Kuo,Anthonyen_US
dc.date (日期) 2007en_US
dc.date.accessioned 18-Sep-2009 13:38:38 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 18-Sep-2009 13:38:38 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 18-Sep-2009 13:38:38 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0913555061en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/35042-
dc.description (描述) 博士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 企業管理研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 91355506zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 96zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究採用「商業生態系統」觀點，以「利基者」的角度出發，來探討利基型軟體公司經營模式的變遷。研究對象為屬於「利基者」的資訊安全軟體公司，以及其所處的環境。研究分為「歷史分析」與「探索性個案研究」兩大部分。首先，本研究以「歷史分析」作為前導研究，探討資訊安全軟體由1986年至2007年的發展沿革，並釐清防毒軟體廠商、防火牆軟體廠商，以及入侵偵測/防禦軟體廠商所處的商業生態系統，以及廠商在其中的角色。此外，在歷史分析中，本研究也探討了主要商業生態系統之間的關係。而「探索性個案研究」，則選擇了五個成功的資訊安全軟體公司，以及五個失敗的資訊安全軟體公司，探討這些廠商在1986年至2000年之間經營模式的變遷，以了解成功及失敗的因素為何。此外，也描述繼續存活的成功廠商，如何在2001年之後，因應環境「擾動」而動態調整其經營模式。

在「歷史分析」的部份，本研究首先發現，資訊安全軟體自1986年開始出現，此時的資訊安全軟體廠商，主要為防毒軟體廠商，而廠商在「個人電腦商業生態系統」以及「區域網路商業生態系統」中扮演「利基者」的角色。在1994年後，「Internet商業生態系統」蓬勃發展，除了防毒軟體廠商之外，防火牆軟體廠商以及入侵偵測軟體廠商開始出現。而資安軟體廠商在「Internet商業生態系統」中扮演「利基者」的角色。之後，資訊安全軟體廠商逐漸形成了一個「邊界安全商業生態次系統」。在這個「次系統」中，不同的廠商分別扮演了次系統中的「關鍵者」、「支配者」，以及「利基者」。另一方面，三個「主系統」之間，存在「演替」的現象，後者的重要性，逐漸超越前者。而到了2001年之後，由於環境中的劇烈「擾動」，產生了新的生存空間，也改變了既有「物種」的「種間關係」。而另一方面，主要商業生態系統中「關鍵者」的跨入，也嚴重壓縮了既有「利基者」的生存空間。

「探索性個案研究」中，本研究又分為「規範性個案研究」與「描述性個案研究」兩部分。「規範性個案研究」探討五個成功的資訊安全軟體公司，包括Symantec、Trend Micro、McAfee、Check Point，以及Internet Security Systems(ISS)，在1986年至2000年之間，調整經營模式的動態過程，並與五個失敗的公司，包括ACSI、ESaSS、EliaShim/eSafe、Raptor，以及Axent進行比較。研究首先發現，成功的「利基者」，充分「借助」了「關鍵者」的資源，包括「技術」、「夥伴」、「聲譽」，並透過學習，運用關鍵者的「知識」，提升組織的能力。其次，成功的「利基者」，都能建立以自己為中心的「商業生態次系統」，包括「通路次系統」或是「技術平台次系統」。此外，成功的「利基者」，也都能及時參與新興的商業生態系統，並察覺商業生態系統「演替」(亦即「消長」)的狀況，進而調整參與的重心。而失敗的五個「利基者」，均於2000年之前被其他公司購併，主要因為較欠缺這些作為，或在這些方面未能成功。「描述性個案研究」則描述在2001年之後繼續存活的成功「利基者」，如何因應環境「擾動」與其他廠商行為的改變，動態調整經營模式。這些廠商調整經營模式，以鞏固既有的生存空間，並掌握新的生存空間。同時，也多方參與由不同的「關鍵者」所主導，未來可能成為「主流設計」的技術架構。

綜合來說，成功的利基型軟體公司，由創立開始，隨著成長的過程，「參與」以其他關鍵者為中心的商業生態系統，同時也致力於「建立」以自己為中心的商業生態系統。「參與」及「建立」二者與時並進，並適時調整，利基者才得以維持長久生存。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This study takes the view of niche players to explore their business model changes in the software business ecosystem. Software firms in the information security software industry and their environments are selected as research context. The research is comprised of two main parts: a historical analysis and an exploratory case study. The historical analysis serves as a pilot study, in which information security software industry’s historical development is scrutinized to clarify which business ecosystems these security software firms, including antivirus software firms, firewall software firms, and intrusion detection/prevention software firms, participate in as they grow, as well as these firms’ roles within the business ecosystems. Relationships between different busines ecosystems are also studied in the historical analysis. In the exploratory case study, five successful security software firms and five failed security software firms are selected as case companies. The case study explores how successful firms and failed firms, from 1986 to 2000, differ in the way they changed their business models, in order to understand why successful firms remain in existence after 2000. The case study also describes how these surviving firms have, responding to “disturbance” in the environments, been adjusting their business models dynamically since 2001.

The historical analysis reveals that the “PC business ecosystem”, the “LAN (local area network) business ecosystem”, and the “Internet business ecosystem” are involved as security software firms grow. Information security software firms have participated in the “PC business ecosystem”, when antivirus software was brought to the world in 1986. Antivirus software firms played the role of “niche players” in the “PC business ecosystem” at that time. Later when local area network was getting prevalent, a few antivirus firms participated in the “LAN business ecosystem”, playing the role of “niche players” as well. When the Internet commercialized around 1994, firewall software firms and intrusion detection software firms emerged. All participating information software firms played the role of “niche players” in the “Internet business ecosystem”. In 1996, a “sub-system”—“perimeter security sub-system” —was formed within the “Internet business ecosystem” by various security software firms and hardware companies. This “sub-system” had its own “keystones”, “dominators”, “hub landlords”, and “niche players”. In addition, “ecosystem succession” phenomenon is observed between the three “main system” —the “PC business ecosystem”, the “LAN business ecosystem”, and the “Internet business ecosystem”. Importance of the latter gradually surpassed the former. Furthermore, “disturbance” has emerged since 2001, creating new living space, but at the same time altered the “inter-species relationship” between existing species. Some “keystones” in the main ecosystems turned into “dominators”, highly decreased existing niche players’ living space.

The exploratory case study is divided into a “normative case study” and a “descriptive case study”. In the “normative case study”, five successful security software firms, including Symantec, Trend Micro, McAfee, Check Point, and Internet Security Systems (ISS) are compared with five failed firms—ACSI, ESaSS, EliaShim/eSafe, Raptor, and Axent in the way they adjusted their business models from 1986 to 2000. Evidences revealed that successful niche players sufficiently leveraged resources provided by keystones. Resources include technologies, partners, and reputation. Successful niche players also learn from keystones to acquire knowledge, which further improves niche players’ organization capabilities. In addition, successful niche players are capable of building up their own “sub-systems,” which can be “channel sub-systems” or “technological platform sub-systems.” Furthermore, successful niche players, in time, participate in every promising business ecosystems, and sense the “ecosystem succession” phenomenon when it takes place to adjust their efforts on different business ecosystems. Five unsuccessful case companies fail to achieve similar accomplishments. Consequently, all of them have been acquired or merged by other firms by 2000. Meanwhile, in the “descriptive case study,” I describe how five successful firms keep surviving after 2001, adjusting their business models to secure existing living space and seize emerging opportunities. These successful niche players also participated in all information security architectures proposed by different keystones, expecting that one of these architectures will turn out to be the “dominant design” in the future.

Overall, successful niche players, as they grow, participate in business ecosystems led by other keystones, and build up their own business ecosystem as well. They advance and adjust both their “participating” and “builing up” activities to secure long-term survival.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章　緒論 1
第一節　研究背景與動機 1
一、實務面的動機 1
(一) 軟體及軟體產業的重要性 1
(二) 台灣軟硬體產業的失衡現象 2
(三) 軟體商業研究的缺乏 3
二、理論面的動機 3
(一) 針對利基型軟體公司的動態研究有其必要 3
(二) 經營模式為軟體公司成功的關鍵 5
(三) 軟體公司的經營模式適合由商業生態系統觀點來探討 6
(四) 過去軟體商業研究與商業生態系統研究的缺口 7
(五) 理論面動機小結 10
第二節　研究目的與研究問題 10
第三節　研究流程 12
第四節　研究範疇與研究方法上的限制 14
第五節　論文章節安排 15
第二章　文獻探討 17
第一節　軟體商業相關文獻回顧 17
第二節　經營模式相關文獻回顧 25
第三節　商業生態系統研究相關文獻回顧 31
第四節　軟體研究中的類似觀念 45
第五節　軟體商業生態系統的形成與整體樣貌 50
ㄧ、軟體於1950年代由硬體逐漸分出 50
二、早期軟體專業服務公司仰賴硬體大廠而生存 51
三、IBM S/360標準平台區隔了基礎建設軟體與應用軟體兩個階層 53
四、IBM分拆銷售軟硬體創造了新的生存空間 54
五、新「物種」—企業軟體產品公司—於1970年代出現 55
六、大型企業軟體產品公司逐漸形成生態系統，零碎的現象浮現 55
七、消費性軟體於1980年代開始蓬勃發展 56
八、消費性軟體與企業軟體本質相異，形成不同的商業生態系統 57
九、1990年代後，軟體產業更加零碎 59
十、軟體商業生態系統得到之實證 65
第六節 過去軟體商業研究與商業生態系統研究的不足 71
第七節　本研究中商業生態系統與經營模式變遷的前提與定義 74
一、本研究中商業生態系統的前提 74
二、本研究引用的生態學觀念 75
(一) 生態區位(ecological niche) 75
(二) 擾動(disturbance) 77
(三) 種間關係(interspecies relationships) 77
(四) 生態演替(ecological succession) 78
(五) 非平衡生態學(noneqilibrium ecology)觀點 79
三、本研究對「商業生態系統」與「經營模式變遷」的定義 81
(一) 商業生態系統 81
(二) 主系統與次系統 81
(三) 經營模式變遷 83
第三章　研究設計與方法 85
第一節　研究設計與方法之選擇 85
第二節　歷史分析 88
第三節　個案研究 91
第四節　資料分析與論文撰寫原則 95
第五節　後續陳述架構 98
第四章　歷史分析 103
第一節　資訊安全軟體發展的第一階段：1986年至1993年 106
一、防毒軟體的出現與發展 106
二、區域網路於1990年代初期普及，部分防毒軟體廠商參與 109
第二節　資訊安全軟體發展的第二階段：1994年至2000年 111
一、Internet開始普及，防火牆軟體問世 111
二、入侵偵測軟體問世 115
三、病毒透過網路迅速散播，造成病毒大量爆發 117
四、防毒軟體的改變 119
五、邊界安全商業生態次系統的形成 121
六、第二階段結束(2000年)時資訊安全軟體產業的樣貌 122
第三節 三個主要商業生態系統的發展與演替 124
一、個人電腦商業生態系統的發展 127
二、區域網路商業生態系統的發展 127
三、Internet商業生態系統的發展 130
四、三個主要商業生態系統的演替 134
第四節　資訊安全軟體發展的第三階段：2001年至今 137
一、環境中的擾動：多元整合性威脅的興起與發展 137
二、新的生存空間出現 144
三、種間關係的改變 155
四、Cisco, Microsoft等「關鍵者」跨足資訊安全軟體與服務業務 156
五、Cisco與Microsoft爭奪企業網路安全架構的主流設計 160
六、個人資訊安全軟體的「大眾商品化」與生存空間縮減 162
七、既有廠商加深對企業市場的經營，並擴充業務範疇 165
八、第三階段(2001年以來)資訊安全商業生態系統整體狀況小結 166
第五節　歷史分析小結 169
第五章　個案研究 171
第一節　個案公司概述 172
一、成功的個案公司概述 172
二、失敗的個案公司概述 175
第二節　規範性個案研究 180
一、防毒軟體公司經營模式之變遷 180
(一) Symantec經營模式之變遷 182
(二) Trend Micro經營模式之變遷 189
(三) McAfee經營模式之變遷 195
(四) ACSI經營模式之變遷 200
(五) ESaSS經營模式之變遷 202
(六) EliaShim/eSafe經營模式之變遷 205
二、防火牆軟體公司經營模式之變遷 208
(一) Check Point經營模式之變遷 210
(二) Raptor經營模式之變遷 215
三、入侵偵測軟體公司經營模式之變遷 218
(一) ISS經營模式之變遷 219
(二) Axent經營模式之變遷 223
四、成功與失敗個案公司經營模式變遷之比較 226
(一) 成功與失敗的防毒軟體公司之比較 226
(二) 成功與失敗的防火牆軟體公司之比較 230
(三) 成功與失敗的入侵偵測軟體公司之比較 231
(四) 經營模式選擇上的差異 232
第三節　描述性個案研究 234
一、Symantec經營模式之變遷：2001年至今 234
二、Trend Micro經營模式之變遷：2001年至今 237
三、McAfee經營模式之變遷：2001年至今 240
四、Check Point經營模式之變遷：2001年至今 244
五、ISS經營模式之變遷：2001年至今 249
六、描述性個案研究小結 254
第六章　研究發現與討論 257
第一節　借助關鍵者 257
一、借助主系統與次系統中的關鍵者 257
二、借助的資源種類與運用方式 261
三、次系統中廠商的關係 262
四、間接借助 263
(一) 透過較小的廠商間接借助 263
(二) 透過相關的標準間接借助 264
第二節　建立與維護次系統 266
一、建立通路次系統 267
二、建立技術平台次系統 269
第三節 及時參與新興的商業生態系統 272
第四節　察覺演替並調整重心 276
第五節　因應「擾動」調整經營模式 278
第六節　「參與」及「建立」須「與時並進」並「適時調整」 281
第七節 討論 282
一、「坐收漁利者」最容易受到擾動的傷害 283
二、延續生存的另一種選擇 284
三、「多合一」與「最佳物種」優劣難定 285
四、整合與服務的重要 287
五、主流設計的重大影響力 287
六、對於軟體經營模式變遷動態分析的建議 288
(一) 區分「角色」與「策略作為」 288
(二) 廠商應管理其「商業生態系統組合」(ecosystem portfolio) 290
第七章　結論與建議 295
第一節　結論 295
第二節 理論貢獻與實務意涵 297
一、理論貢獻 297
(一) 軟體商業研究 297
(二) 商業生態系統研究 299
二、實務意涵 300
第三節　研究限制與後續研究建議 301
參考文獻 304
一、中文部份 304
二、英文部分 304
附錄一、2006年 Software Magazine 軟體產業區隔 310
附錄二、2000年全球資訊安全產業市場規模 311
附錄三、2003年全球資訊安全產業市場規模 312
附錄四、重大事件年表 (1982-2007) 313		zh_TW
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dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0913555061en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 軟體zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 商業生態系統zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 軟體商業zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 資訊安全zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 經營模式zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 企業網絡zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 網絡定位策略zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 利基者zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) softwareen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) business ecosystemen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) software businessen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) information securityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) business modelen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) business networksen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) network positioning strategyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) niche playeren_US
dc.title (題名) 軟體商業生態系統中利基者經營模式之變遷：以資訊安全軟體公司為例zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Metamorphosis of Niche Players` Business Models in the Software Business Ecosystem: the Case of Information Security Software Firmsen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、中文部份zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 司徒達賢 (2001)，策略管理新論，智勝文化，台北。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 司徒達賢 (2005)，管理學的新世界，天下遠見，台北。zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 尚榮安譯 (2005)，個案研究，弘智文化, 臺北市。zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 孫儒泳、李博、諸葛陽、尚玉昌 (2000)，普通生態學，藝軒圖書出版社，台北。zh_TW
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