美英文官制度雇用政策變革之研究：政策價值的觀點

Publications-Theses

Article View/Open

pdf(936)pdf(850)pdf(1030)pdf(1282)pdf(4198)pdf(5817)pdf(5246)pdf(2408)pdf(1071)pdf(1572)pdf(1039)

Publication Export

Google Scholar^TM

題名	美英文官制度雇用政策變革之研究：政策價值的觀點
作者	熊忠勇 Hsiung, Chung Yung
貢獻者	施能傑 Shih, Jay N. 熊忠勇 Hsiung, Chung Yung
關鍵詞	雇用政策效率政治回應社會公平個人權利 employment policy efficiency political responsiveness social equity individual right
日期	2004
上傳時間	18-Sep-2009 15:32:06 (UTC+8)
摘要	文官制度所涉及的政策層面相當廣泛，其中雇用政策的設計，連帶影響後續俸給、考績、訓練、退休等政策的規劃，再加上雇用政策涉及職位的分配、組織人力結構的設計與調整等，可說居於文官制度的關鍵地位，因此雇用政策的變革，反應出組織需求的改變，也是政策價值競逐的主要領域，對於雇用政策的價值進行深入分析，有助於了解文官制度中的利益衝突，並藉此尋找可能調和的方法。本文基於這樣的思考，嘗試透過政策價值的觀點，對於美國及英國雇用政策之變革進行分析，希望提供我國未來雇用政策變革之參考，本論文主要探討的問題有三個：問題一：文官制度雇用政策有那些價值？意涵為何？這些價值在人事管理及雇用政策上的具體應用情形如何？有那些指標適合說明雇用政策的價值變遷呢？問題二：透過雇用政策變革的指標，探討美英二國在文官制度雇用政策的歷史演進，並說明近年政府再造風潮下，美英二國現階段雇用政策的價值偏好。問題三：雇用政策的各種價值之間，存在何種衝突與矛盾？應透過何種方式理解，衝突的價值之間是否有調和的可能？又應如何解決？本論文共計六章，除第一章緒論及第六章結論外，上述三個研究問題，分別在第二章至第五章鋪陳。第二章首先歸納文官制度雇用政策的四大價值理論，分別是效率、政治回應、社會公平及個人權利，然後進一步闡釋這四項價值在公共行政、人事管理及雇用政策上的意涵與應用情形，最後將這些價值在雇用政策上的應用情形加以歸納成四項指標，分別是服務型態與任用型態、文官數量的變化、弱勢族群的雇用政策、雇用的方法與模式。第三章及第四章便是利用這四項指標，來探討美英二國雇用政策的演進及1980年代政府再造風潮下，二個國家雇用政策的價值偏好。本論文研究後發現，這二個國家在新公共管理的理念趨使下，目前雇用政策最重視的價值為效率，其次為政治回應與社會公平，至於個人權利價值則受到弱化。第五章則是透過辯證的方法，來說明政策價值間的衝突關係，並尋求可能的調和方法，由於文官體制內的充斥著許多價值間的緊張關係，如果將任何一項價值推至極端，相對壓縮其他價值的空間時，便可能發生人力資源管理的扭曲，亦即本論文所謂的病態現象，必須透過其他價值加以抗衡，即本論文所稱抗衡性價值。舉例而言，效率至上的雇用政策，可能產生的病態有目標錯置、菁英主義、濫用管理權，這些病態應分別輔之以政治回應價值、社會公平價值及個人權利價值來化解。事實上，每一種價值在特定環境系絡上，也許是對的，但就另一種價值觀點而言，卻可能是不平衡、不負責任的，我們不能期待某種價值立場能夠提供永久的答案，而應視系絡的需求給予不同的思考。第六章結論，在研究發現上，有關政策價值層面提出三點發現，分別是政策價值的演進與循環、政策價值的衝突、政策價值的平衡思考。在美英二國的研究中，從服務型態與任用型態而言，美英兩國均透過職位的重新設計或建置新的職位制度，以滿足執政者的需求，例如美國的SES及英國的SCS。其次，二國均強調彈性用人趨勢，尤其英國多數文官已改採契約用人制，但此一趨勢只是推動績效管理的手段，並非以打破文官的永業特性為目的。在文官數量上，二國均試圖精簡員額，以減少人力成本，雖然中央政府文官數量已明顯下降，但就全國雇用數而言，未必達成真正的成效，反而有成為政治操作的情形，近年文官數量的變化，已有回升的現象。在弱勢族裔的雇用政策，主要為優惠女性、身心障礙者與少數族裔，由於它在政治上的熱度下降，近年有轉向多元化管理的趨勢，但目前仍為二國所重視。在雇用方法與模式上，二國均強調分權化、彈性化的運作模式。最後，根據美英二國的經驗，對於我國未來文官制度雇用政策提出若干建議。
參考文獻	王玉葉。民87年。「美國最高法院處理優惠待遇(Affirmative Action)案件之新趨勢：Adarand Construction, Inc. v. Pena案之評析」，載於焦興鎧主編「美國最高法院重要判決之研究：一九九三~一九九五」。頁171-210。台北：中央研究院歐美研究所。王躍生。民86年。新制度主義。台北：揚智出版社。王建凱譯(Robert Nozick羅伯特．諾齊克著)。民85年。無政府、國家與烏托邦(Anarchy, State and Utopia)。台北，時報出版。丘昌泰。民84年。公共政策：當代政策科學理論之研究。台北：巨流圖書。石慶環。民90年。「英美文官制度的模式差異及其歷史影響」，世界歷史(北京)，2001年第6期。頁3-12。江大樹。民86年。國家發展與文官政策。台北：憬藝出版。江岷欽。民87年。「功績制度新詮：美國人事制度革新之啟示」，空大行政學報，第8期。頁47-76。考試院。民94年。高級文官考選與晉用制度之研究。考試院研究發展委員會委託研究報告。考選部。民93年。考選統計92年版。台北：考選部。李田樹譯(Magretta Joan原著)。民92年。管理是什麼。台北：天下遠見出版。吳定、張潤書、陳德禹、賴維堯編著。民89年。行政學（二），修正四版。台北：國立空中大學。吳瓊恩。民85年。行政學。台北：三民書局。林鍾沂。民87a年。「文官甄補政策的價值意涵及其實踐」，空大行政學報，第八期。頁23-46。林鍾沂。民87b年。行政學。台北：三民書局。法治斌主持。民88年。蒐集、編譯美國公務人員保障制度及法規專案委託研究。公務人員保障暨培訓委員會。易君博。民73年。政治理論與研究方法。台北︰三民書局。珍尼斯拉瓊思(Janice R. Lachance)。民88年。「American Civil Service on the Threshold of the 21st Century」，「公務人力資源發展會議」會議實錄，頁16-48。台北，考試院。施能傑。民84年。「政府人事政策改革的思考架構與當務之急」，人事月刊，24卷1期。頁25-32。施能傑。民85年。「政務職位體制的運用：歐美經驗及其啟示」，載於彭錦鵬主編「文官體制之比較研究」。頁79-113。台北：中央研究院歐美研究所。施能傑。民86年。「我國文官甄補政策的回顧與檢討」，載於「行政管理論文選輯第十一輯」。頁377-410。台北：銓敘部。施能傑。民87年。「功績制度原則與美國聯邦政府的分權化人事管理改革(上)」，人事月刊，26卷1期。頁11-16。施能傑。民88年。美國政府人事管理。台北：商鼎文化出版社。施能傑。民88a年。「美國聯邦政府的人力精簡經驗：自願離退制度的分析」，公共行政學報，第3期。頁1-23。施能傑。民90年。「建構行政生產力衡量方式之芻議」，載於「新世紀的行政理論與實務」。頁187-227。台北：三民書局。施能傑。民91a年。「公務人員考選制度的政策評估」，發表於91年11月22日考試院舉辦「二十一世紀文官體制發展」國際會議。施能傑。民91b年。「彈性化職位設計與政府人力運用」，載於「行政管理論文選輯第十六輯」。頁263-283。台北：銓敘部。施能傑。民91c。「總統制與政務職位制度」，律師雜誌，第279期。頁20-32。施能傑。民92年。「提升競爭力為目標的文官體制改造方向」，發表於92年10月14日、15日考試院舉辦之「政府改造與文官體制」國際研討會。孫本初。民92年。「政府績效管理的新思維」，載於「行政管理論文選輯第十七輯」。頁195-208。台北：銓敘部。陳金貴。民85年。「中華民國、美國、英國三國文官制度改革之比較研究」，載於彭錦鵬主編「文官體制之比較研究」。頁1-42。台北：中研院歐美研究所。陳金貴。民87年。「考選機關如何因應小而能政府的再造需求」，發表於87年1月9日考試院舉辦之「文官制度與國家發展研討會」。陳金貴。民94年。「政府改造對公部門人力資源管理影響的探討」，公務人員月刊，第106期。頁15-21。陳坤銘、李華夏譯(Ronald H. Coase著)。民84年。廠商、市場與法律。台北：遠流。陳勝仁。民87年。美國公共行政重要價值觀之探討，載於「行政管理論文選輯第十二輯」。頁173-212。台北：銓敘部。張潤書。民77年。行政學，增訂新版。台北：三民書局。楊戊龍。民92年。美國聯邦公務員工作權利救濟之研究。台大政治學研究所博士論文。許立一。民91年。「黑堡觀點的興起及其與新公共行政的關係」，載於「行政管理論文選輯第十六輯」。頁1-28。台北：銓敘部。許濱松。民85年。「英美公務員政治中立之研究」，載於彭錦鵬主編「文官體制之比較研究」。頁151-171。台北：中央研究院歐美研究所。許濱松。民87年。各國人事制度。台北︰中華電視股份有限公司。彭錦鵬。民89年。「英國政署之組織設計與運作成效」，歐美研究，第30卷第3期。頁89-141。彭錦鵬。民90年。「總統制是可取的制度嗎？」，政治科學論叢，第十四期。頁75-106。趙敦華。民81年。勞斯的《正義論》解說。台北：遠流出版。焦興鎧。民84年。「美國聯邦最高法院與就業歧視問題」，載於焦興鎧著「勞工法與勞工權利之保障—美國勞工法論文集(一)」。頁329-388。台北：月旦。焦興鎧。民85年。「美國聯邦政府勞資關係制度之最新發展趨勢」，歐美研究，第26卷第3期。頁49-94。焦興鎧主持。民89年。英國公務人員保障制度及相關法規編譯專案委託案，公務人員保障暨培訓委員會委託研究計畫。劉毓玲譯。民82年。新政府運動，台北：天下。詹中原。民90年。「全球化與公共行政改革：知識經濟觀點之檢視」，財團法人國家政策研究基金會-國政研究報告，憲政(研)090-047號，2001年8月。銓敘部。民90年。銓敘統計89年版。台北：銓敘部。銓敘部。民91年。銓敘統計90年版。台北：銓敘部。銓敘部。民92年。銓敘統計91年版。台北：銓敘部。銓敘部。民93年。銓敘統計92年版。台北：銓敘部。銓敘部。民94年。銓敘統計93年版。台北：銓敘部。鄧志松。民92年。「政治風暴中的文官：以英國為例」，載於「T & D飛訊第五期」。頁1-11，台北：國家文官培訓所。賴維堯。民85年。「高級文官生涯特徵」，載於彭錦鵬主編「文官體制之比較研究」。頁115-149，台北：中央研究院歐美研究所。葛林妮絲．傅蘭琪(Glynnis French)。民91年。「轉變中的公務員體系—文官改革之措施與衝擊」，發表於91年11月21日考試院舉辦之「二十一世紀文官體制發展」國際會議。謝有為。民75年。美國文官制度論。台北：國立編譯館。蘇彩足、施能傑。民86年。各國行政革新策略及措施比較分析。台北：行政院研考會委託研究計畫。 Aberbach, Joel D. and Bert A. Rockman. 2000. In the Web of Politics：Three Decades of the U.S. Federal Executive. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution. Australia, Public Service Commission. 2002. Values in the Australian Public Service. 2nd ed.. Australian Public Service Commission. Ban, Carolyn. 2002. Hiring in the Federal Government : The Politics of Reform. In Carolyn Ban and Norma M. Riccucci (eds.), 2002. Public Personnel Management：Current Concerns, Future Challenges. 3rd ed.. New York: Longman. Ban, Carolyn and Norma M. Riccucci (eds.), 1997. Public Personnel Management：Current Concerns, Future Challenges. 2nd ed.. New York: Longman. Ban, Carolyn and Norma M. Riccucci. 2002. Public Personnel Management : Where Has it Been, Where is it Going？ In Carolyn Ban and Norma M. Riccucci (eds.), 2002. Public Personnel Management：Current Concerns, Future Challenges. 3rd ed.. New York: Longman. Ban, Carolyn and Harry C. Redd III. 1990. The State of the Merit System：Perceptions of Abuse in the Federal Civil Service, Review of Public Personnel Administration, 10(3), 55-72. Barberis, Peter. 1997. An Era of Change. In Peter Barberis (ed.), The Civil Service in an Era of Change. Aldershot: Dartmouth. Butler, Sir Robin. 1993. The Evolution of the Civil Service：A Progress Report, Public Administration, 71(3), 395-406. Cabinet Office. 1994. The Civil Service: Continuity and Change. London: HMSO. Cabinet Office. 1999a. Modernising Government. London: HMSO. Cabinet Office. 1999b. Equal Opportunities in the Civil Service Data Summary 1999: Men and Woman, Race, Disability, Age. Cabinet Office. Prepared by Government Statistical Service. Cabinet Office. 2001a. Ministerial Code: A Code of Conduct and Guidance on Procedures for Ministers. London: HMSO. Cabinet Office. 2001b. Welfare to Work—The New Deal. Cabinet Office, Employment Conditions and Statistics Division. Cabinet Office. 2003. Civil Service Statistics 2002. London: HMSO. Cabinet Office. 2004a. Civil Service Statistics 2003. London: HMSO. Cabinet Office. 2004b. Senior Civil Service Competence Framework. London: HMSO. Caiden, Gerald E. 1991. Administrative Reform Comes of Age. Berlin: Walter de Gruyte. Campbell, Alan. 1980. Civil Service Reform as Remedy for Bureaucratic Ills. In Carol H. Weiss and Allen H. Barton (eds.), Making Bureaucracies Work. Beverly Hills : Sage. Chapman, Richard A. 1997. The End of British Civil Service. In Peters Barberis(ed.), The Civil Service in an Era of Change. Aldershot: Dartmouth. Coleman, Major G. 1999. Merit, Cost, and Affirmative Action Policy Debate, The Review of Black Political Economy. (2), 99-127 Cooper, Phillip J. and Chester A. Newland (eds.), 1997. Public Law and Administration. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Corby, Susan. 1997. Equal Opportunities and Flexibilities in the United Kingdom’s Public Services: Are they Compatible? Review of Public Personnel Administration, 17(3), 57-68. Denhardt, Robert. 1990. Public Administration Theory: The State of Discipline. In Naomi B. Lynn and Aaron Wildavsky (eds.), Public Administration : The State of Discipline. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House. Dresang, Dennis L. 1991. Public Personnel Management and Public Policy. 2nd ed.. New York: Longman. Dresang, Dennis L. 2002. Public Personnel Management and Public Policy. 4th ed.. New York: Longman. Dunn, William N. 1994. Public Policy Analysis：An Introduction. 2nd ed.. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Eisenhardt, Kathleen M. 1989. Agency Theory：An Assessment and Review, Academy of Management Review, 14(1), 57-74. Elliott, Robert H. 1985. Public Personnel Administration：A Values Perspective. Reston, VA: Reston. Emmert, Mark A. and Gregory B. Lewis. 1982. Veterans Preference and the Merit System. In David H. Rosenbloom and Mark A. Emmert (eds.), Centenary Issues of the Pendleton Act of 1883：The Problematic Legacy of Civil Service Reform. New York: Marcel Dekker. Farnham, David. 197. Employment Flexibilities in Western European Public Services: An International Symposium, Review of Public Personnel Administration, 17(3), 3-17. Farmham, David and Sylvia Horton. 1996. Managing Private and Public Organizations. In David Farmham and Sylvia Horton (eds.), Managing the New Public Service. 2nd ed.. London: MacMillan. Farnham, David and Sylvia Horton. 1997. Human Resource Flexibilities in the United Kingdom’s Public Services: Typologies, Overview and Evaluation, Review of Public Personnel Administration, 17(3), 18-33. Finer, Herman. 1984. Administrative Responsibility in Democratic Government. In Francis E. Rourke (ed.), Bureaucracy, Politics and Public Policy. 3rd ed.. Boston: Little Brown. Friedrich, Carl J. 1984. Public Policy and the Nature of Responsibility. In Francis E. Rourke (ed.), Bureaucracy, Politics and Public Policy. 3rd ed.. Boston: Little Brown. Fry, Geoffrey K. 1995. Policy and Management in the British Civil Service. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf. Fry, Geoffrey K. 1997. The Conservatives and the Civil Service: One Step Forward , Two Steps Back？ Public Administration, 75(4), 695-710. Frederickson, George H. 1989. Minnowbrook II: Changing Epochs of Public Administration, Public Administration Review, 49(2), 95-100. Frederickson, George H. 1997. The Spirit of Public Administration. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Gore, A. 1993. From Red Tape To Results：Creating A Government That Works Better and Costs Less, Report of the National Performance Review. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office. Guttman, Egon. 1970. The Development and Exercise of Appellate Powers in Adverse Action Appeals, American University Law Review. 19, 323-373. Harmon, Michael M. 1989. The Responsible Actor As "TORTURED SOUL": The Case of Horatio Hornblower, Administration and Society, 21(6), 283-312. Harmon, Michael M. 1995. Responsibility as Paradox: Critique of Rational Discourse on Government. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Hart, David K. 1974. Social Equity, Justice, and the Equitable Administrator, Public Administration Review, 34(1), 3-10. Hays, Steven H. and Richard C. Kearney. 1982. Examinations in the Public Service. In David H. Rosenbloom and Mark A. Emmert (eds.), Centenary Issues of the Pendleton Act of 1883：The Problematic Legacy of Civil Service Reform. New York: Marcel Dekker. Heady, Bruce. 1974. British Cabinet Ministers: The Roles of Politicians in Executive Office. London: George Allen and Unwin. Henry, Nicholas. 1989. Public Administration and Public Affairs. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Hirsch, Darryl. 1999a. Merit Systems in Western Democracies：An Introduction to Merit in Canada, the United States, Britain, Australia, and New Zealand. The Public Service Commission of Canada. Hirsch, Darryl. 1999b. Merit Systems in Western Democracies：Current Problems and Selected Best Practices. The Public Service Commission of Canada. HM Treasury. 1991. Competing for Quality. London: HMSO. Hood, Christopher. 1991. A Public Management for All Reasons？Public Administration, 69(1), 3-19. Horton, Sylvia. 2000. Human Resource Flexibilities in the UK Public Services. In David Farnham and Sylvia Horton (eds.). Human Resource Flexibilities in the Public Services: International Perspectives. London: Macmillan. Horton, Sylvia and David Farnham. 1999. The Politics of Public Sector Change. In Sylvia Horton and David Farnham (eds.), Public Management In Britain. London: Macmillan. Huddleston, Mark W. and William W. Boyer. 1996. Image of the U.S. Higher Civil Service. In Mark W. Huddleston and William W. Boyer (eds.), The Higher Civil Service in the United States: Quest for Reform. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press. Hughes, Owen. 1998. Public Management and Administration：An Introduction. 2nd ed.. New York: St. Martin`s Press. Ingraham, Patricia W. 1995. The Foundation of Merit：Public Service in American Democracy. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Ingraham, Patricia W. and Carolyn R. Ban. 1988. Politics and Merit：Can They Meet in a Public Service Model？ Review of Public Administration, 8(2), 7-19. Ingraham, Patricia W. and David H. Rosenbloom (eds.), 1992. The Promise and Paradox of Civil Service Reform. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press. Ingraham, Patricia W. and Donald P. Moynihan. 2000. Evolving Dimensions of Performance From the CSRA Onward. In James P. Pfiffner and Douglas A. Brook (eds.), The Future of Merit. Washington, D.C.: The Woodrow Wilson Center Press. Ingraham, Patricia W., James R. Thompson and Elliot F. Eisenberg. 1995. Political Management Strategies and Political / Career Relationship: Where Are We Now in the Federal Government, Public Administration Review, 55(3), 263-272. Kaufman, Herbert. 1956. Emerging Conflicts in the Doctrines of Public Administration, American Political Science Review, 50, 1057-1073. Kaufman, Herbert. 1969. Administrative Decentralization and Politics Power, Public Administration Review, 29(1), 3-15. Kearney, Richard C. and Steven W. Hays. 1998. Reinventing Government, The New Public Management and Civil Service System in International Perspective: The Danger of Throwing the Baby Out With the Bathwater, Review of Public Personnel Administration, 18(4), 38-54. Kettl, Donald F. 1998. Reinventing Government：A Fifth-Year Report Card. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution. Kettl, Donald F. 2000. Public Administration at the Millennium: The State of the Field, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 10(1), 7-34. Klingner, Donald E. and John Nalbandian. 1998. Public Personnel Management：Contexts and Strategies. 4th ed.. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Klingner, Donald E. and John Nalbandian. 2003. Public Personnel Management：Contexts and Strategies. 5th ed.. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Krislov, Samuel. 2003. The Negro and the Federal Service in the Era of Change. In Frank J. Thompson (ed.), 2003. Classics of Public Personnel Policy. 3rd ed.. Bermont, CA : Wadsworth. Lane, Larry M. and James F. Wolf. 1990. The Human Resource Crisis in Public Sector：Rebuilding the Capacity to Govern. New York : Quorum Books. Lane, Larry M. 1992. The Office of Personnel Management：Values, Policies, and Consequences. In Patricia W. Ingraham and David H. Rosenbloom (eds.), The Promise and Paradox of Civil Service Reform. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press. Lepak, David P. and Scott A. Snell. 1999. The Human Resource Architecture: Toward A Theory of Human Capital Allocation and Development, Academy of Management Review, 24(1), 31-48. Levine, Charles. H., B. Guy Peters and Frank J. Thompson. 1990. Public Administration: Challenges, Choices, Consequences. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman and Company. Light, Paul C. 1999. The True Size of Government. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution. Maranto, Robert. 1998. Thinking the unthinkingable in Public Administration：A Case for Spoils in the Federal Bureaucracy, Administration and Society, 29(6), 623-642. Maranto, Robert. 2002. Praising Civil Service But Not Bureaucracy: A Brief Against Tenure in the U.S. Civil Service, Review of Public Personnel Administration, 22(3), 175-192. Moe, Terry. 1985. The Politicized Presidency. In John Chubb and Paul Peterson (eds.), The New Direction in American Politics. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution. Mountfield, Robin. 1997. The Senior Civil Service: Managing the Paradox, Public Administration, 75(2), 307-312. Mosher, Frederick C. 1968. Democracy and the Public Service. New York: Oxford. Mosher, Frederick C. 1982. Democracy and the Public Service. 2nd ed.. New York: Oxford. NAPA, 2002. Summary of Human Resources Management Research for National Commission on Public Service. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Public Administration. Newland , Chester. 1992. The Politics of Civil Service Reform. In Patricia W. Ingraham and David H. Rosenbloom (eds.), The Promise and Paradox of Civil Service Reform. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press. Nigro, Lloyd G. and Felix A. Nigro. 1994. The New Public Personnel Administration. 4th ed.. Itasca, Illinois: F. E. Peacock. OECD. 1995. Governance in Transition: Public Management Reform in OECD Countries. Paris: OECD. OECD. 1996. Integrating People Management into Public Service Reform. Paris: OECD. OECD. 1997. Managing the Senior Public Service : A Survey of OECD Countries. Paris: OECD. OECD. 1999. Structure of the Civil Service Employment in Seven OECD Countries. Paris: OECD. OECD. 2000. Recent Developments and Future Challenges in Human Resource Management in OECD Member Countries Background Paper by the Secretariat. Paris: OECD. OECD. 2001a. Recent Developments on Human Resource Management in OECD Member Countries. Paris: OECD. OECD. 2001b. Total Public Employment. Paris: OECD. OECD. 2001c. Total Compensation Costs for the Public Sector (in current national currencies). Paris: OECD. OECD. 2002. Public Sector—An Employer of Choice？ Paris: OECD. OECD. 2003. Working for Results: The American Experience in Enhancing Government Performance. Paris: OECD. OECD. 2004. Trends in Human Resources Management Policies in OECD Countries: An Analysis of the Results of the OECD Survey on Strategic Human Resources Management. Paris: OECD. Ostrom, Vincent. 1974. The Intellectual Crisis in American Public Administration. Tuscaloosa, AL: The University of Alabama Press. Peters, B. Guy. 1984. The Politics of Bureaucracy. 2nd ed.. New York: Longman. Peters, B. Guy. 1988. Comparing Public Bureaucracies: Problems of Theory and Methods. Tuscaloosa, AL.: University of Alabama Press. Peters, B. Guy. 1996. The Future of Governing：Four Emerging Model. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. Pfiffner, James P. 2000. Government Legitimacy and the Role of the Civil Service. In James P. Pfiffner and Douglas A. Brook (eds.), The Future of Merit. Washington, D.C.: The Woodrow Wilson Center Press. Pfiffner, James P. and Douglas A. Brook (eds.), 2000. The Future of Merit. Washington, D.C.: The Woodrow Wilson Center Press. Pilkington, Colin. 1999. The Civil Service in Britain Today. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Pyper, Robert. 1995. The British Civil Service. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf. Radin, Berrl A. 1992. The Search for the M：Federal Management and Personnel Policy. In Patricia W. Ingraham and David H. Rosenbloom (eds.), The Promise and Paradox of Civil Service Reform. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press. Riccucci, Norma M. 1997. Will Affirmative Action Survive Into the Twenty-First Century？ In Carolyn Ban and Norma Riccucci (eds.), Public Personnel Management：Current Concerns, Future Challenges. 2nd ed.. New York: Longman. Riccucci, Norma M. 2002. Merit, Equity and Test Validity: A New Look at an Old Problem, Administration and Society, 23(1), 74-93. Riggs, Fred W. 1991. Public Administration：A Comparativist Framework, Public Administration Review, 51(6), 473-477. Riggs, Fred W. 1994. Bureaucracy and Constitution, Public Administration Review, 54(1), 65-72. Riley, Dennis D. 2002. Public Personnel Administration. 2nd ed.. New York: Longman. Rohr, John. 1978. Ethics for Bureaucrats: An Essay on Law and Values. New York: Marcel Dekker. Rohr, John. 1986. To Run Constitution: The Legitimacy of the Administrative State. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. Rosen, Bernard. 1975. The Merit System in the United States Civil Service. Washington, D.C.: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Post Office and Civil Service. Rosenbloom, David H. 1983. Public Administration Theory and the Separation of Powers, Public Administration Review, 43(3), 219-227. Rosenbloom, David H. and Rosemary O’Leary. 1997. Public Administration and Law. New York: Marcel Dekker. Rosenbloom, David H. and Deborah D. Goldman. 1998. Public Administration: Understanding Management, Politics, and Law in the Public Sector. New York: The McGraw-Hill. Sayre, Wallace S. 1978. Premises of Public Administration : Past and Emerging. In Jay Shafritz and Albert Hyde (eds.), Classics of Public Administration. Oak Park, Ill.: Moore. Sayre, Wallace S. 1991. The Triumph of Techniques over Purpose. In Frank J. Thompson (ed.), Classics of Public Personnel Policy. 2nd ed.. Bermont, CA : Wadsworth. Schuh, Anna Marie. 2000. Timing Successful Policy Change：Lessons From the Civil Service. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America. Schultz, David A. and Robert Maranto. 1998. The Politics of Civil Service Reform. New York: Peter Lang. Shafritz, Jay M, Albert C. Hyde and David H. Rosenbloom. 1986. Personnel Management in Government: Politics and Process. 3rd ed.. New York: Marcel Dekker. Shafritz, Jay M , Norman M. Riccucci, David H. Rosenbloom and Albert C. Hyde. 1992. Personnel Management in Government: Politics and Process. 4th ed.. New York: Marcel Dekker. Stone, Deborah A. 1997. Policy Paradox：The Art of Political Decision Making. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. Thacher, David and Martin Rein. 2004. Managing Values Conflict in Public Policy, Governance, 17(4), 457-486. Thompson, Frank J. (ed.), 1991. Classics of Public Personnel Policy. 2nd ed.. Bermont, CA : Wadsworth. Thompson, Frank J. (ed.), 2003. Classics of Public Personnel Policy. 3rd ed.. Bermont, CA : Wadsworth. U.K. CSC. 1999. Civil Service Commissioners’ Recruitment Code. 4th ed.. London: The Office of Civil Service Commissioners. U.K. CSC. 1999. Annual Report 1998-1999. London: The Office of Civil Service Commissioners. U.K. CSC. 2003. Annual Report 2002-2003. London: The Office of Civil Service Commissioners. U.K. CSC. 2004. Annual Report 2003-2004. London: The Office of Civil Service Commissioners. U.K. TSO. 2003. The 39th Civil Service Year Book. London: The Stationery Office, Cabinet Office. U.S. Census Bureau. 2003. Statistics Abstract of the United States: 2003. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau. U.S. GAO. 1993. Political Appointees: 10-Year Staffing Trends at 30 Federal Agencies. Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office. U.S. GAO. 2003. Human Capital: Opportunities to Improve Executive Agencies’ Hiring Process. Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office. U.S. GAO. 2004. Human Capital: Additional Collaboration Between OPM and Agencies Is Key to Improved Federal Hiring. Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office. U.S. GPO. 1976. History of Civil Service Merit System of the United States and Selected Foreign Countries. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. U.S. MSPB. 1987. Expanded Authority for Temporary Appointment: A Look at Merit Issues. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Merit System Protection Board. U.S. MSPB. 1989. The Senior Executive Service: Views of Former Federal Executives. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Merit System Protection Board. U.S. MSPB. 1994. Temporary Federal Employment: In Search of Flexibility and Fairness. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Merit System Protection Board. U.S. MSPB. 1995. The Rule of Three in Federal Hiring : Boon or Bane? Washington, D.C.: U.S. Merit System Protection Board. U.S. MSPB. 1999. The Role of Delegated Examining Units：Hiring New Employees in Decentralized Civil Service. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Merit System Protection Board . U.S. MSPB. 2000a. Restoring Merit to Federal Hiring: Why Two Special Hiring Programs Should be Ended. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Merit System Protection Board. U.S. MSPB. 2000b. Competing for Federal Jobs：Job Search Experiences of New Hires. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Merit System Protection Board. U.S. MSPB. 2001. Assessing Federal Job-Seekers in a Delegated Examining Environment. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Merit System Protection Board report. U.S. MSPB. 2002. Making The Public Service Work：Recommendations for Change. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Merit System Protection Board. U.S. MSPB. 2003. The Federal Workforce for the 21st Century: Results of the Merit Principles Survey 2000. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Merit System Protection Board. U.S. MSPB. 2004. Managing Federal Recruitment: Issues, Insights, and Illustrations. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Merit System Protection Board. U.S. MSPB. 2004a. Identifying Talent Through Technology: Automated Hiring System in Federal Agencies. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Merit System Protection Board. U.S. OPM. 1995. The 3Rs: Lessons Learned from Recruitment, Relocation, and Retention Incentives. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Office of Personnel Management, Office of Merit System Oversight and Effectiveness. Report of a Special Study. U.S. OPM. 1997a. The Fact Book：1997 Edition. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Office of Personnel Management. U.S. OPM. 1997b. Employment ant Trends as of November 1997. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Office of Personnel Management. U.S. OPM. 1997c. Federal Human Resources Management for the 21st Century: Strategic Plan FY1997-2002. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Office of Personnel Management. U.S. OPM. 2000a. Federal Human Resources Management for the 21st Century: Strategic Plan FY2000-2005. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Office of Personnel Management. U.S. OPM. 2000b. OPM’s Interim Rules on Federal Career Intern Program to Help Agencies Build Future Work Force. OPM News Release. December 14. U.S. OPM. 2000c. Veterans：Getting their Preference？ Washington, D.C.: U.S. Office of Personnel Management, Office of Merit System Oversight and Effectiveness. Report of a Special Study. U.S. OPM. 2001. Human Resource Flexibilities and Authorities in Federal Government. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Office of Personnel Management. U.S. OPM. 2002. The Fact Book：2002 Edition. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Office of Personnel Management. U.S. OPM. 2003a. The Fact Book：2003 Edition. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Office of Personnel Management. U.S. OPM. 2003b. Federal Civilian Workforce Statistics: Demographic Profile of the Federal Workforce as of September 2002. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Office of Personnel Management. U.S. OPM. 2003c. Biography of an Ideal：A History of the Federal Civil Service. Washington, D.C.: Office of Personnel Management and U.S. Civil Service Commission. U.S. OPM. 2004. Employment ant Trends as of March 2004. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Office of Personnel Management. Uslaner, Eric M. 1998. Field of Dream: The Week Reed of Institutional Design. In Karol Soltan, Eric M. Uslaner and Virginia Haufler (eds.), Institutions and Social Order. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. Van Riper, Paul. 1958. History of the United States Civil Service. New York: Harper and Row. Van Wart, Montgomery. 1998. Changing Public Sector Values. New York: Garland. Volcker Commission. 1989. Report of the National Commission on the Public Service. Washington, D.C..: National Commission on the Public Service. Waldo, Dwight. 1980. The Enterprise of Public Administration : A Summary View. Novato, CA: Chandler and Sharp. Wamsley, Gary and James F. Wolf. 1996. Refounding Democratic Public Administration: Modern Paradoxes, Postmodern Challenges. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Weimer, David Leo and Aidan R. Vining.1992. Policy Analysis : Concepts and Practice. Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall. White House Personnel Office. 2003. The Malek Manual. In Frank J. Thompson. (ed.), Classics of Public Personnel Policy. 3rd ed.. Bermont, CA : Wadsworth.
描述	博士國立政治大學公共行政研究所 85256503 93
資料來源	http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0085256503
資料類型	thesis

dc.contributor.advisor	施能傑	zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor	Shih, Jay N.	en_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors)	熊忠勇	zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors)	Hsiung, Chung Yung	en_US
dc.creator (作者)	熊忠勇	zh_TW
dc.creator (作者)	Hsiung, Chung Yung	en_US
dc.date (日期)	2004	en_US
dc.date.accessioned	18-Sep-2009 15:32:06 (UTC+8)	-
dc.date.available	18-Sep-2009 15:32:06 (UTC+8)	-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間)	18-Sep-2009 15:32:06 (UTC+8)	-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers)	G0085256503	en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI)	https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/35626	-
dc.description (描述)	博士	zh_TW
dc.description (描述)	國立政治大學	zh_TW
dc.description (描述)	公共行政研究所	zh_TW
dc.description (描述)	85256503	zh_TW
dc.description (描述)	93	zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要)	文官制度所涉及的政策層面相當廣泛，其中雇用政策的設計，連帶影響後續俸給、考績、訓練、退休等政策的規劃，再加上雇用政策涉及職位的分配、組織人力結構的設計與調整等，可說居於文官制度的關鍵地位，因此雇用政策的變革，反應出組織需求的改變，也是政策價值競逐的主要領域，對於雇用政策的價值進行深入分析，有助於了解文官制度中的利益衝突，並藉此尋找可能調和的方法。本文基於這樣的思考，嘗試透過政策價值的觀點，對於美國及英國雇用政策之變革進行分析，希望提供我國未來雇用政策變革之參考，本論文主要探討的問題有三個：問題一：文官制度雇用政策有那些價值？意涵為何？這些價值在人事管理及雇用政策上的具體應用情形如何？有那些指標適合說明雇用政策的價值變遷呢？問題二：透過雇用政策變革的指標，探討美英二國在文官制度雇用政策的歷史演進，並說明近年政府再造風潮下，美英二國現階段雇用政策的價值偏好。問題三：雇用政策的各種價值之間，存在何種衝突與矛盾？應透過何種方式理解，衝突的價值之間是否有調和的可能？又應如何解決？本論文共計六章，除第一章緒論及第六章結論外，上述三個研究問題，分別在第二章至第五章鋪陳。第二章首先歸納文官制度雇用政策的四大價值理論，分別是效率、政治回應、社會公平及個人權利，然後進一步闡釋這四項價值在公共行政、人事管理及雇用政策上的意涵與應用情形，最後將這些價值在雇用政策上的應用情形加以歸納成四項指標，分別是服務型態與任用型態、文官數量的變化、弱勢族群的雇用政策、雇用的方法與模式。第三章及第四章便是利用這四項指標，來探討美英二國雇用政策的演進及1980年代政府再造風潮下，二個國家雇用政策的價值偏好。本論文研究後發現，這二個國家在新公共管理的理念趨使下，目前雇用政策最重視的價值為效率，其次為政治回應與社會公平，至於個人權利價值則受到弱化。第五章則是透過辯證的方法，來說明政策價值間的衝突關係，並尋求可能的調和方法，由於文官體制內的充斥著許多價值間的緊張關係，如果將任何一項價值推至極端，相對壓縮其他價值的空間時，便可能發生人力資源管理的扭曲，亦即本論文所謂的病態現象，必須透過其他價值加以抗衡，即本論文所稱抗衡性價值。舉例而言，效率至上的雇用政策，可能產生的病態有目標錯置、菁英主義、濫用管理權，這些病態應分別輔之以政治回應價值、社會公平價值及個人權利價值來化解。事實上，每一種價值在特定環境系絡上，也許是對的，但就另一種價值觀點而言，卻可能是不平衡、不負責任的，我們不能期待某種價值立場能夠提供永久的答案，而應視系絡的需求給予不同的思考。第六章結論，在研究發現上，有關政策價值層面提出三點發現，分別是政策價值的演進與循環、政策價值的衝突、政策價值的平衡思考。在美英二國的研究中，從服務型態與任用型態而言，美英兩國均透過職位的重新設計或建置新的職位制度，以滿足執政者的需求，例如美國的SES及英國的SCS。其次，二國均強調彈性用人趨勢，尤其英國多數文官已改採契約用人制，但此一趨勢只是推動績效管理的手段，並非以打破文官的永業特性為目的。在文官數量上，二國均試圖精簡員額，以減少人力成本，雖然中央政府文官數量已明顯下降，但就全國雇用數而言，未必達成真正的成效，反而有成為政治操作的情形，近年文官數量的變化，已有回升的現象。在弱勢族裔的雇用政策，主要為優惠女性、身心障礙者與少數族裔，由於它在政治上的熱度下降，近年有轉向多元化管理的趨勢，但目前仍為二國所重視。在雇用方法與模式上，二國均強調分權化、彈性化的運作模式。最後，根據美英二國的經驗，對於我國未來文官制度雇用政策提出若干建議。	zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents	章節目錄第一章　緒論…………………………………………………..……..…1 第一節研究動機…………………………………………..……..…2 第二節研究問題……………………………………………....…...6 第三節制度與政策價值…………………………………..….…….9 第四節研究途徑與方法……………………………………..……18 第五節研究範圍……………………………………………..……19 第二章　文官制度雇用的四大政策價值理論…………………..……21 第一節文官制度之政策價值…………………………………....…21 第二節效率價值……………………………………………………37 第三節政治回應價值………………………………………………53 第四節社會公平價值………………………………………………63 第五節個人權利價值……………………………………….……...74 第六節本章結語……………………………………………………82 第三章美國文官制度雇用政策之價值分析……………………..…85 第一節文官的服務型態與任用型態…………………………..…85 第二節文官數量的變化………………………………………..…96 第三節弱勢族群的雇用政策……………………………………108 第四節文官的雇用方法與模式…………………………………119 第五節本章結語…………………………………………………131 第四章英國文官制度雇用政策之價值分析………………………133 第一節文官的服務型態與任用型態……………………………134 第二節文官數量的變化…………………………………………145 第三節弱勢族群的雇用政策……………………………………157 第四節文官的雇用方法與模式…………………………………166 第五節本章結語…………………………………………………175 第五章文官雇用政策價值之辯證…………………………………177 第一節文官雇用政策效率價值之辯證…………………………180 第二節文官雇用政策政治回應價值之辯證……………………191 第三節文官雇用政策社會公平價值之辯證……………………199 第四節文官雇用政策個人權利價值之辯證……………………206 第五節本章結語…………………………………………………213 第六章結論…………………………………………………………217 第一節研究發現…………………………………………………217 第二節　美英雇用政策變革對我國的啟示………………………225 參考書目………………………………………………………………245 附錄……………………………………………………………………263 圖目錄圖2-1 人力運用的四種模式…………………………………………43 圖3-1 1978年之後美國文官制度雇用政策的價值偏好………….132 圖4-1 1990年到2004年政署文官占全體文官數的比例……………152 圖4-2 英國高級文官之考選程序………………………………..173 圖4-3 1979年之後英國文官制度雇用政策的價值偏好……………176 圖5-1 人事行政的價值衝突………………………………………..178 圖5-2 人事甄選過程中的主要影響因素……………………….….214. 表目錄表2-1 人事政策價值及其對應的人事制度…………………….…22 表2-2 美國公共人事管理價值的演進……………………………..23 表2-3 美國聯邦政府人事政策價值演進…..……………………..26 表2-4 美國文官制度價值的轉換………………………...…….…28 表2-5 文官制度政策價值之歸納整理…….………….………….…30 表2-6 政策價值與雇用的關鍵因素、主要評量指標…………….…36 表2-7 OECD部分國家文官雇用身分之分析……………………….…45 表2-8 各種雇用方法的比較……………………………………….…48 表2-9 文官的課責類型、強調價值與行為期望………………….…57 表2-10 平等就業機會與弱勢優惠行動之比較…………….…….…68 表2-11 四項價值在雇用政策上的應用情形及分析指標之歸類….…83 表3-1 美國聯邦政府文官分類系統………………………...…….…86 表3-2 美國聯邦文官的服務型態、任用型態與其偏好的政策價值……95 表3-3 美國聯邦政府文官總數(1792-1881)……………………………96 表3-4 1884-2004年聯邦政府文職總數、競爭職位數及其占文官總數之比例....97 表3-5 OECD部分國家全國公共服務者統計……………………..99 表3-6 競爭職文官佔聯邦行政部門文官總數的比例(不含郵政人員)…101 表3-7 C俸表與非永業高級行政主管數之統計…………………………103 表3-8 1988年到2002年聯邦行政部門永業任用與永業任用全職人員之比例.105 表3-9 1988年到2002年聯邦行政部門不同工作時間人員之比例……106 表3-10 美國最高法院1979至1987年有關優惠弱勢行動的判決……111 表3-11 1991年民權法推翻1989年最高法院的判決………………….113 表3-12 性別、少數族裔及身心障礙人員占聯邦政府文職人員比例…116 表3-13 具退伍軍人身分者佔聯邦行政部門人力比例…………………118 表3-14 原屬PACE雇用之職位於1993-1997年間採其他雇用方法之比例%…128 表3-15 1991至1998會計年度，美國聯邦政府專業及行政職位雇用的管道…129 表3-16 美國1978年之後雇用政策價值的偏好…………………132 表4-1 英國1971年之後文官職組與等級之劃分……………………138 表4-2 白廳模式與政署模式之對照…………………………………143 表4-3 英國文官改革前後服務型態、任用型態與其偏好的政策價值…144 表4-4 英國文官員額數變動情形(1976-2004)(FTE)……………….146 表4-5 1994-2004年英國文官全職與兼職永業人力之變化…………149 表4-6 英國高級文官相關數據統計(FTE)……………………………154 表4-7 1984、1999-2004年女性占文官各層級之人數與比例(FTE)…161 表4-8 英國文官兼職工作者之比例……………………………………163 表4-9 1989-2004年少數族裔占文官各層級之比例(FTE)……………164 表4-10 1996-2002年經文官委員甄選之高級文官女性錄取人數與比率165 表4-11 1989-2004年身心障礙者占文官各層級之人數與比例(FTE)…165 表4-12 英國1979年之後雇用政策價值的偏好………………………176 表5-1 人事政策的系絡、制度選擇、價值取向及過度發展的結果……178 表5-2 文官雇用政策的可能病態及抗衡性價值………………………179 表5-3 功績制度與弱勢優惠行動之比較………………………………203 表6-1 國家條件如何影響公共人事制度………………………………222 表6-2 全國政務人員人數(民國93年底)………………………………232 表6-3 最近7年全國公務人員人數及成長率…………………………236 表6-4 全國約聘僱人力數(民國93年底)……………………………238 表6-5 女性占全國公務人員比率……………………………………239 表6-6 90年至93年間女性占高級文官人數與比率…………………240 表6-7 91年至93年間原住民族與身心障礙者任公職數……………241	zh_TW
dc.format.extent	44348 bytes	-
dc.format.extent	98489 bytes	-
dc.format.extent	82589 bytes	-
dc.format.extent	280122 bytes	-
dc.format.extent	534949 bytes	-
dc.format.extent	409338 bytes	-
dc.format.extent	374031 bytes	-
dc.format.extent	473863 bytes	-
dc.format.extent	351230 bytes	-
dc.format.extent	148345 bytes	-
dc.format.extent	110803 bytes	-
dc.format.mimetype	application/pdf	-
dc.format.mimetype	application/pdf	-
dc.format.mimetype	application/pdf	-
dc.format.mimetype	application/pdf	-
dc.format.mimetype	application/pdf	-
dc.format.mimetype	application/pdf	-
dc.format.mimetype	application/pdf	-
dc.format.mimetype	application/pdf	-
dc.format.mimetype	application/pdf	-
dc.format.mimetype	application/pdf	-
dc.format.mimetype	application/pdf	-
dc.language.iso	en_US	-
dc.source.uri (資料來源)	http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0085256503	en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	雇用政策	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	效率	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	政治回應	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	社會公平	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	個人權利	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	employment policy	en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	efficiency	en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	political responsiveness	en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	social equity	en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	individual right	en_US
dc.title (題名)	美英文官制度雇用政策變革之研究：政策價值的觀點	zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型)	thesis	en
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	王玉葉。民87年。「美國最高法院處理優惠待遇(Affirmative Action)案件之新趨勢：Adarand Construction, Inc. v. Pena案之評析」，載於焦興鎧主編「美國最高法院重要判決之研究：一九九三~一九九五」。頁171-210。台北：中央研究院歐美研究所。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	王躍生。民86年。新制度主義。台北：揚智出版社。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	王建凱譯(Robert Nozick羅伯特．諾齊克著)。民85年。無政府、國家與烏托邦(Anarchy, State and Utopia)。台北，時報出版。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	丘昌泰。民84年。公共政策：當代政策科學理論之研究。台北：巨流圖書。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	石慶環。民90年。「英美文官制度的模式差異及其歷史影響」，世界歷史(北京)，2001年第6期。頁3-12。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	江大樹。民86年。國家發展與文官政策。台北：憬藝出版。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	江岷欽。民87年。「功績制度新詮：美國人事制度革新之啟示」，空大行政學報，第8期。頁47-76。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	考試院。民94年。高級文官考選與晉用制度之研究。考試院研究發展委員會委託研究報告。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	考選部。民93年。考選統計92年版。台北：考選部。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	李田樹譯(Magretta Joan原著)。民92年。管理是什麼。台北：天下遠見出版。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	吳定、張潤書、陳德禹、賴維堯編著。民89年。行政學（二），修正四版。台北：國立空中大學。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	吳瓊恩。民85年。行政學。台北：三民書局。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	林鍾沂。民87a年。「文官甄補政策的價值意涵及其實踐」，空大行政學報，第八期。頁23-46。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	林鍾沂。民87b年。行政學。台北：三民書局。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	法治斌主持。民88年。蒐集、編譯美國公務人員保障制度及法規專案委託研究。公務人員保障暨培訓委員會。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	易君博。民73年。政治理論與研究方法。台北︰三民書局。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	珍尼斯拉瓊思(Janice R. Lachance)。民88年。「American Civil Service on the Threshold of the 21st Century」，「公務人力資源發展會議」會議實錄，頁16-48。台北，考試院。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	施能傑。民84年。「政府人事政策改革的思考架構與當務之急」，人事月刊，24卷1期。頁25-32。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	施能傑。民85年。「政務職位體制的運用：歐美經驗及其啟示」，載於彭錦鵬主編「文官體制之比較研究」。頁79-113。台北：中央研究院歐美研究所。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	施能傑。民86年。「我國文官甄補政策的回顧與檢討」，載於「行政管理論文選輯第十一輯」。頁377-410。台北：銓敘部。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	施能傑。民87年。「功績制度原則與美國聯邦政府的分權化人事管理改革(上)」，人事月刊，26卷1期。頁11-16。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	施能傑。民88年。美國政府人事管理。台北：商鼎文化出版社。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	施能傑。民88a年。「美國聯邦政府的人力精簡經驗：自願離退制度的分析」，公共行政學報，第3期。頁1-23。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	施能傑。民90年。「建構行政生產力衡量方式之芻議」，載於「新世紀的行政理論與實務」。頁187-227。台北：三民書局。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	施能傑。民91a年。「公務人員考選制度的政策評估」，發表於91年11月22日考試院舉辦「二十一世紀文官體制發展」國際會議。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	施能傑。民91b年。「彈性化職位設計與政府人力運用」，載於「行政管理論文選輯第十六輯」。頁263-283。台北：銓敘部。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	施能傑。民91c。「總統制與政務職位制度」，律師雜誌，第279期。頁20-32。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	施能傑。民92年。「提升競爭力為目標的文官體制改造方向」，發表於92年10月14日、15日考試院舉辦之「政府改造與文官體制」國際研討會。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	孫本初。民92年。「政府績效管理的新思維」，載於「行政管理論文選輯第十七輯」。頁195-208。台北：銓敘部。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	陳金貴。民85年。「中華民國、美國、英國三國文官制度改革之比較研究」，載於彭錦鵬主編「文官體制之比較研究」。頁1-42。台北：中研院歐美研究所。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	陳金貴。民87年。「考選機關如何因應小而能政府的再造需求」，發表於87年1月9日考試院舉辦之「文官制度與國家發展研討會」。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	陳金貴。民94年。「政府改造對公部門人力資源管理影響的探討」，公務人員月刊，第106期。頁15-21。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	陳坤銘、李華夏譯(Ronald H. Coase著)。民84年。廠商、市場與法律。台北：遠流。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	陳勝仁。民87年。美國公共行政重要價值觀之探討，載於「行政管理論文選輯第十二輯」。頁173-212。台北：銓敘部。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	張潤書。民77年。行政學，增訂新版。台北：三民書局。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	楊戊龍。民92年。美國聯邦公務員工作權利救濟之研究。台大政治學研究所博士論文。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	許立一。民91年。「黑堡觀點的興起及其與新公共行政的關係」，載於「行政管理論文選輯第十六輯」。頁1-28。台北：銓敘部。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	許濱松。民85年。「英美公務員政治中立之研究」，載於彭錦鵬主編「文官體制之比較研究」。頁151-171。台北：中央研究院歐美研究所。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	許濱松。民87年。各國人事制度。台北︰中華電視股份有限公司。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	彭錦鵬。民89年。「英國政署之組織設計與運作成效」，歐美研究，第30卷第3期。頁89-141。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	彭錦鵬。民90年。「總統制是可取的制度嗎？」，政治科學論叢，第十四期。頁75-106。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	趙敦華。民81年。勞斯的《正義論》解說。台北：遠流出版。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	焦興鎧。民84年。「美國聯邦最高法院與就業歧視問題」，載於焦興鎧著「勞工法與勞工權利之保障—美國勞工法論文集(一)」。頁329-388。台北：月旦。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	焦興鎧。民85年。「美國聯邦政府勞資關係制度之最新發展趨勢」，歐美研究，第26卷第3期。頁49-94。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	焦興鎧主持。民89年。英國公務人員保障制度及相關法規編譯專案委託案，公務人員保障暨培訓委員會委託研究計畫。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	劉毓玲譯。民82年。新政府運動，台北：天下。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	詹中原。民90年。「全球化與公共行政改革：知識經濟觀點之檢視」，財團法人國家政策研究基金會-國政研究報告，憲政(研)090-047號，2001年8月。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	銓敘部。民90年。銓敘統計89年版。台北：銓敘部。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	銓敘部。民91年。銓敘統計90年版。台北：銓敘部。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	銓敘部。民92年。銓敘統計91年版。台北：銓敘部。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	銓敘部。民93年。銓敘統計92年版。台北：銓敘部。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	銓敘部。民94年。銓敘統計93年版。台北：銓敘部。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	鄧志松。民92年。「政治風暴中的文官：以英國為例」，載於「T & D飛訊第五期」。頁1-11，台北：國家文官培訓所。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	賴維堯。民85年。「高級文官生涯特徵」，載於彭錦鵬主編「文官體制之比較研究」。頁115-149，台北：中央研究院歐美研究所。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	葛林妮絲．傅蘭琪(Glynnis French)。民91年。「轉變中的公務員體系—文官改革之措施與衝擊」，發表於91年11月21日考試院舉辦之「二十一世紀文官體制發展」國際會議。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	謝有為。民75年。美國文官制度論。台北：國立編譯館。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	蘇彩足、施能傑。民86年。各國行政革新策略及措施比較分析。台北：行政院研考會委託研究計畫。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Aberbach, Joel D. and Bert A. Rockman. 2000. In the Web of Politics：Three Decades of the U.S. Federal Executive. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Australia, Public Service Commission. 2002. Values in the Australian Public Service. 2nd ed.. Australian Public Service Commission.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Ban, Carolyn. 2002. Hiring in the Federal Government : The Politics of Reform. In Carolyn Ban and Norma M. Riccucci (eds.), 2002. Public Personnel Management：Current Concerns, Future Challenges. 3rd ed.. New York: Longman.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Ban, Carolyn and Norma M. Riccucci (eds.), 1997. Public Personnel Management：Current Concerns, Future Challenges. 2nd ed.. New York: Longman.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Ban, Carolyn and Norma M. Riccucci. 2002. Public Personnel Management : Where Has it Been, Where is it Going？ In Carolyn Ban and Norma M. Riccucci (eds.), 2002. Public Personnel Management：Current Concerns, Future Challenges. 3rd ed.. New York: Longman.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Ban, Carolyn and Harry C. Redd III. 1990. The State of the Merit System：Perceptions of Abuse in the Federal Civil Service, Review of Public Personnel Administration, 10(3), 55-72.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Barberis, Peter. 1997. An Era of Change. In Peter Barberis (ed.), The Civil Service in an Era of Change. Aldershot: Dartmouth.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Butler, Sir Robin. 1993. The Evolution of the Civil Service：A Progress Report, Public Administration, 71(3), 395-406.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Cabinet Office. 1994. The Civil Service: Continuity and Change. London: HMSO.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Cabinet Office. 1999a. Modernising Government. London: HMSO.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Cabinet Office. 1999b. Equal Opportunities in the Civil Service Data Summary 1999: Men and Woman, Race, Disability, Age. Cabinet Office. Prepared by Government Statistical Service.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Cabinet Office. 2001a. Ministerial Code: A Code of Conduct and Guidance on Procedures for Ministers. London: HMSO.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Cabinet Office. 2001b. Welfare to Work—The New Deal. Cabinet Office, Employment Conditions and Statistics Division.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Cabinet Office. 2003. Civil Service Statistics 2002. London: HMSO.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Cabinet Office. 2004a. Civil Service Statistics 2003. London: HMSO.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Cabinet Office. 2004b. Senior Civil Service Competence Framework. London: HMSO.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Caiden, Gerald E. 1991. Administrative Reform Comes of Age. Berlin: Walter de Gruyte.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Campbell, Alan. 1980. Civil Service Reform as Remedy for Bureaucratic Ills. In Carol H. Weiss and Allen H. Barton (eds.), Making Bureaucracies Work. Beverly Hills : Sage.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Chapman, Richard A. 1997. The End of British Civil Service. In Peters Barberis(ed.), The Civil Service in an Era of Change. Aldershot: Dartmouth.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Coleman, Major G. 1999. Merit, Cost, and Affirmative Action Policy Debate, The Review of Black Political Economy. (2), 99-127	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Cooper, Phillip J. and Chester A. Newland (eds.), 1997. Public Law and Administration. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Corby, Susan. 1997. Equal Opportunities and Flexibilities in the United Kingdom’s Public Services: Are they Compatible? Review of Public Personnel Administration, 17(3), 57-68.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Denhardt, Robert. 1990. Public Administration Theory: The State of Discipline. In Naomi B. Lynn and Aaron Wildavsky (eds.), Public Administration : The State of Discipline. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Dresang, Dennis L. 1991. Public Personnel Management and Public Policy. 2nd ed.. New York: Longman.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Dresang, Dennis L. 2002. Public Personnel Management and Public Policy. 4th ed.. New York: Longman.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Dunn, William N. 1994. Public Policy Analysis：An Introduction. 2nd ed.. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Eisenhardt, Kathleen M. 1989. Agency Theory：An Assessment and Review, Academy of Management Review, 14(1), 57-74.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Elliott, Robert H. 1985. Public Personnel Administration：A Values Perspective. Reston, VA: Reston.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Emmert, Mark A. and Gregory B. Lewis. 1982. Veterans Preference and the Merit System. In David H. Rosenbloom and Mark A. Emmert (eds.), Centenary Issues of the Pendleton Act of 1883：The Problematic Legacy of Civil Service Reform. New York: Marcel Dekker.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Farnham, David. 197. Employment Flexibilities in Western European Public Services: An International Symposium, Review of Public Personnel Administration, 17(3), 3-17.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Farmham, David and Sylvia Horton. 1996. Managing Private and Public Organizations. In David Farmham and Sylvia Horton (eds.), Managing the New Public Service. 2nd ed.. London: MacMillan.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Farnham, David and Sylvia Horton. 1997. Human Resource Flexibilities in the United Kingdom’s Public Services: Typologies, Overview and Evaluation, Review of Public Personnel Administration, 17(3), 18-33.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Finer, Herman. 1984. Administrative Responsibility in Democratic Government. In Francis E. Rourke (ed.), Bureaucracy, Politics and Public Policy. 3rd ed.. Boston: Little Brown.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Friedrich, Carl J. 1984. Public Policy and the Nature of Responsibility. In Francis E. Rourke (ed.), Bureaucracy, Politics and Public Policy. 3rd ed.. Boston: Little Brown.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Fry, Geoffrey K. 1995. Policy and Management in the British Civil Service. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Fry, Geoffrey K. 1997. The Conservatives and the Civil Service: One Step Forward , Two Steps Back？ Public Administration, 75(4), 695-710.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Frederickson, George H. 1989. Minnowbrook II: Changing Epochs of Public Administration, Public Administration Review, 49(2), 95-100.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Frederickson, George H. 1997. The Spirit of Public Administration. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Gore, A. 1993. From Red Tape To Results：Creating A Government That Works Better and Costs Less, Report of the National Performance Review. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Guttman, Egon. 1970. The Development and Exercise of Appellate Powers in Adverse Action Appeals, American University Law Review. 19, 323-373.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Harmon, Michael M. 1989. The Responsible Actor As "TORTURED SOUL": The Case of Horatio Hornblower, Administration and Society, 21(6), 283-312.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Harmon, Michael M. 1995. Responsibility as Paradox: Critique of Rational Discourse on Government. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Hart, David K. 1974. Social Equity, Justice, and the Equitable Administrator, Public Administration Review, 34(1), 3-10.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Hays, Steven H. and Richard C. Kearney. 1982. Examinations in the Public Service. In David H. Rosenbloom and Mark A. Emmert (eds.), Centenary Issues of the Pendleton Act of 1883：The Problematic Legacy of Civil Service Reform. New York: Marcel Dekker.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Heady, Bruce. 1974. British Cabinet Ministers: The Roles of Politicians in Executive Office. London: George Allen and Unwin.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Henry, Nicholas. 1989. Public Administration and Public Affairs. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Hirsch, Darryl. 1999a. Merit Systems in Western Democracies：An Introduction to Merit in Canada, the United States, Britain, Australia, and New Zealand. The Public Service Commission of Canada.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Hirsch, Darryl. 1999b. Merit Systems in Western Democracies：Current Problems and Selected Best Practices. The Public Service Commission of Canada.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	HM Treasury. 1991. Competing for Quality. London: HMSO.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Hood, Christopher. 1991. A Public Management for All Reasons？Public Administration, 69(1), 3-19.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Horton, Sylvia. 2000. Human Resource Flexibilities in the UK Public Services. In David Farnham and Sylvia Horton (eds.). Human Resource Flexibilities in the Public Services: International Perspectives. London: Macmillan.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Horton, Sylvia and David Farnham. 1999. The Politics of Public Sector Change. In Sylvia Horton and David Farnham (eds.), Public Management In Britain. London: Macmillan.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Huddleston, Mark W. and William W. Boyer. 1996. Image of the U.S. Higher Civil Service. In Mark W. Huddleston and William W. Boyer (eds.), The Higher Civil Service in the United States: Quest for Reform. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Hughes, Owen. 1998. Public Management and Administration：An Introduction. 2nd ed.. New York: St. Martin`s Press.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Ingraham, Patricia W. 1995. The Foundation of Merit：Public Service in American Democracy. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Ingraham, Patricia W. and Carolyn R. Ban. 1988. Politics and Merit：Can They Meet in a Public Service Model？ Review of Public Administration, 8(2), 7-19.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Ingraham, Patricia W. and David H. Rosenbloom (eds.), 1992. The Promise and Paradox of Civil Service Reform. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Ingraham, Patricia W. and Donald P. Moynihan. 2000. Evolving Dimensions of Performance From the CSRA Onward. In James P. Pfiffner and Douglas A. Brook (eds.), The Future of Merit. Washington, D.C.: The Woodrow Wilson Center Press.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Ingraham, Patricia W., James R. Thompson and Elliot F. Eisenberg. 1995. Political Management Strategies and Political / Career Relationship: Where Are We Now in the Federal Government, Public Administration Review, 55(3), 263-272.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Kaufman, Herbert. 1956. Emerging Conflicts in the Doctrines of Public Administration, American Political Science Review, 50, 1057-1073.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Kaufman, Herbert. 1969. Administrative Decentralization and Politics Power, Public Administration Review, 29(1), 3-15.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Kearney, Richard C. and Steven W. Hays. 1998. Reinventing Government, The New Public Management and Civil Service System in International Perspective: The Danger of Throwing the Baby Out With the Bathwater, Review of Public Personnel Administration, 18(4), 38-54.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Kettl, Donald F. 1998. Reinventing Government：A Fifth-Year Report Card. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Kettl, Donald F. 2000. Public Administration at the Millennium: The State of the Field, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 10(1), 7-34.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Klingner, Donald E. and John Nalbandian. 1998. Public Personnel Management：Contexts and Strategies. 4th ed.. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Klingner, Donald E. and John Nalbandian. 2003. Public Personnel Management：Contexts and Strategies. 5th ed.. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Krislov, Samuel. 2003. The Negro and the Federal Service in the Era of Change. In Frank J. Thompson (ed.), 2003. Classics of Public Personnel Policy. 3rd ed.. Bermont, CA : Wadsworth.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Lane, Larry M. and James F. Wolf. 1990. The Human Resource Crisis in Public Sector：Rebuilding the Capacity to Govern. New York : Quorum Books.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Lane, Larry M. 1992. The Office of Personnel Management：Values, Policies, and Consequences. In Patricia W. Ingraham and David H. Rosenbloom (eds.), The Promise and Paradox of Civil Service Reform. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Lepak, David P. and Scott A. Snell. 1999. The Human Resource Architecture: Toward A Theory of Human Capital Allocation and Development, Academy of Management Review, 24(1), 31-48.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Levine, Charles. H., B. Guy Peters and Frank J. Thompson. 1990. Public Administration: Challenges, Choices, Consequences. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman and Company.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Light, Paul C. 1999. The True Size of Government. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Maranto, Robert. 1998. Thinking the unthinkingable in Public Administration：A Case for Spoils in the Federal Bureaucracy, Administration and Society, 29(6), 623-642.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Maranto, Robert. 2002. Praising Civil Service But Not Bureaucracy: A Brief Against Tenure in the U.S. Civil Service, Review of Public Personnel Administration, 22(3), 175-192.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Moe, Terry. 1985. The Politicized Presidency. In John Chubb and Paul Peterson (eds.), The New Direction in American Politics. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Mountfield, Robin. 1997. The Senior Civil Service: Managing the Paradox, Public Administration, 75(2), 307-312.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Mosher, Frederick C. 1968. Democracy and the Public Service. New York: Oxford.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Mosher, Frederick C. 1982. Democracy and the Public Service. 2nd ed.. New York: Oxford.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	NAPA, 2002. Summary of Human Resources Management Research for National Commission on Public Service. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Public Administration.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Newland , Chester. 1992. The Politics of Civil Service Reform. In Patricia W. Ingraham and David H. Rosenbloom (eds.), The Promise and Paradox of Civil Service Reform. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Nigro, Lloyd G. and Felix A. Nigro. 1994. The New Public Personnel Administration. 4th ed.. Itasca, Illinois: F. E. Peacock.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	OECD. 1995. Governance in Transition: Public Management Reform in OECD Countries. Paris: OECD.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	OECD. 1996. Integrating People Management into Public Service Reform. Paris: OECD.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	OECD. 1997. Managing the Senior Public Service : A Survey of OECD Countries. Paris: OECD.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	OECD. 1999. Structure of the Civil Service Employment in Seven OECD Countries. Paris: OECD.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	OECD. 2000. Recent Developments and Future Challenges in Human Resource Management in OECD Member Countries Background Paper by the Secretariat. Paris: OECD.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	OECD. 2001a. Recent Developments on Human Resource Management in OECD Member Countries. Paris: OECD.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	OECD. 2001b. Total Public Employment. Paris: OECD.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	OECD. 2001c. Total Compensation Costs for the Public Sector (in current national currencies). Paris: OECD.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	OECD. 2002. Public Sector—An Employer of Choice？ Paris: OECD.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	OECD. 2003. Working for Results: The American Experience in Enhancing Government Performance. Paris: OECD.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	OECD. 2004. Trends in Human Resources Management Policies in OECD Countries: An Analysis of the Results of the OECD Survey on Strategic Human Resources Management. Paris: OECD.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Ostrom, Vincent. 1974. The Intellectual Crisis in American Public Administration. Tuscaloosa, AL: The University of Alabama Press.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Peters, B. Guy. 1984. The Politics of Bureaucracy. 2nd ed.. New York: Longman.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Peters, B. Guy. 1988. Comparing Public Bureaucracies: Problems of Theory and Methods. Tuscaloosa, AL.: University of Alabama Press.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Peters, B. Guy. 1996. The Future of Governing：Four Emerging Model. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Pfiffner, James P. 2000. Government Legitimacy and the Role of the Civil Service. In James P. Pfiffner and Douglas A. Brook (eds.), The Future of Merit. Washington, D.C.: The Woodrow Wilson Center Press.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Pfiffner, James P. and Douglas A. Brook (eds.), 2000. The Future of Merit. Washington, D.C.: The Woodrow Wilson Center Press.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Pilkington, Colin. 1999. The Civil Service in Britain Today. Manchester: Manchester University Press.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Pyper, Robert. 1995. The British Civil Service. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Radin, Berrl A. 1992. The Search for the M：Federal Management and Personnel Policy. In Patricia W. Ingraham and David H. Rosenbloom (eds.), The Promise and Paradox of Civil Service Reform. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Riccucci, Norma M. 1997. Will Affirmative Action Survive Into the Twenty-First Century？ In Carolyn Ban and Norma Riccucci (eds.), Public Personnel Management：Current Concerns, Future Challenges. 2nd ed.. New York: Longman.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Riccucci, Norma M. 2002. Merit, Equity and Test Validity: A New Look at an Old Problem, Administration and Society, 23(1), 74-93.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Riggs, Fred W. 1991. Public Administration：A Comparativist Framework, Public Administration Review, 51(6), 473-477.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Riggs, Fred W. 1994. Bureaucracy and Constitution, Public Administration Review, 54(1), 65-72.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Riley, Dennis D. 2002. Public Personnel Administration. 2nd ed.. New York: Longman.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Rohr, John. 1978. Ethics for Bureaucrats: An Essay on Law and Values. New York: Marcel Dekker.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Rohr, John. 1986. To Run Constitution: The Legitimacy of the Administrative State. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Rosen, Bernard. 1975. The Merit System in the United States Civil Service. Washington, D.C.: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Post Office and Civil Service.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Rosenbloom, David H. 1983. Public Administration Theory and the Separation of Powers, Public Administration Review, 43(3), 219-227.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Rosenbloom, David H. and Rosemary O’Leary. 1997. Public Administration and Law. New York: Marcel Dekker.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Rosenbloom, David H. and Deborah D. Goldman. 1998. Public Administration: Understanding Management, Politics, and Law in the Public Sector. New York: The McGraw-Hill.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Sayre, Wallace S. 1978. Premises of Public Administration : Past and Emerging. In Jay Shafritz and Albert Hyde (eds.), Classics of Public Administration. Oak Park, Ill.: Moore.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Sayre, Wallace S. 1991. The Triumph of Techniques over Purpose. In Frank J. Thompson (ed.), Classics of Public Personnel Policy. 2nd ed.. Bermont, CA : Wadsworth.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Schuh, Anna Marie. 2000. Timing Successful Policy Change：Lessons From the Civil Service. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Schultz, David A. and Robert Maranto. 1998. The Politics of Civil Service Reform. New York: Peter Lang.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Shafritz, Jay M, Albert C. Hyde and David H. Rosenbloom. 1986. Personnel Management in Government: Politics and Process. 3rd ed.. New York: Marcel Dekker.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Shafritz, Jay M , Norman M. Riccucci, David H. Rosenbloom and Albert C. Hyde. 1992. Personnel Management in Government: Politics and Process. 4th ed.. New York: Marcel Dekker.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Stone, Deborah A. 1997. Policy Paradox：The Art of Political Decision Making. New York: W. W. Norton and Company.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Thacher, David and Martin Rein. 2004. Managing Values Conflict in Public Policy, Governance, 17(4), 457-486.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Thompson, Frank J. (ed.), 1991. Classics of Public Personnel Policy. 2nd ed.. Bermont, CA : Wadsworth.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Thompson, Frank J. (ed.), 2003. Classics of Public Personnel Policy. 3rd ed.. Bermont, CA : Wadsworth.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	U.K. CSC. 1999. Civil Service Commissioners’ Recruitment Code. 4th ed.. London: The Office of Civil Service Commissioners.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	U.K. CSC. 1999. Annual Report 1998-1999. London: The Office of Civil Service Commissioners.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	U.K. CSC. 2003. Annual Report 2002-2003. London: The Office of Civil Service Commissioners.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	U.K. CSC. 2004. Annual Report 2003-2004. London: The Office of Civil Service Commissioners.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	U.K. TSO. 2003. The 39th Civil Service Year Book. London: The Stationery Office, Cabinet Office.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	U.S. Census Bureau. 2003. Statistics Abstract of the United States: 2003. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	U.S. GAO. 1993. Political Appointees: 10-Year Staffing Trends at 30 Federal Agencies. Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	U.S. GAO. 2003. Human Capital: Opportunities to Improve Executive Agencies’ Hiring Process. Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	U.S. GAO. 2004. Human Capital: Additional Collaboration Between OPM and Agencies Is Key to Improved Federal Hiring. Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	U.S. GPO. 1976. History of Civil Service Merit System of the United States and Selected Foreign Countries. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	U.S. MSPB. 1987. Expanded Authority for Temporary Appointment: A Look at Merit Issues. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Merit System Protection Board.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	U.S. MSPB. 1989. The Senior Executive Service: Views of Former Federal Executives. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Merit System Protection Board.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	U.S. MSPB. 1994. Temporary Federal Employment: In Search of Flexibility and Fairness. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Merit System Protection Board.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	U.S. MSPB. 1995. The Rule of Three in Federal Hiring : Boon or Bane? Washington, D.C.: U.S. Merit System Protection Board.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	U.S. MSPB. 1999. The Role of Delegated Examining Units：Hiring New Employees in Decentralized Civil Service. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Merit System Protection Board .	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	U.S. MSPB. 2000a. Restoring Merit to Federal Hiring: Why Two Special Hiring Programs Should be Ended. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Merit System Protection Board.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	U.S. MSPB. 2000b. Competing for Federal Jobs：Job Search Experiences of New Hires. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Merit System Protection Board.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	U.S. MSPB. 2001. Assessing Federal Job-Seekers in a Delegated Examining Environment. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Merit System Protection Board report.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	U.S. MSPB. 2002. Making The Public Service Work：Recommendations for Change. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Merit System Protection Board.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	U.S. MSPB. 2003. The Federal Workforce for the 21st Century: Results of the Merit Principles Survey 2000. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Merit System Protection Board.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	U.S. MSPB. 2004. Managing Federal Recruitment: Issues, Insights, and Illustrations. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Merit System Protection Board.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	U.S. MSPB. 2004a. Identifying Talent Through Technology: Automated Hiring System in Federal Agencies. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Merit System Protection Board.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	U.S. OPM. 1995. The 3Rs: Lessons Learned from Recruitment, Relocation, and Retention Incentives. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Office of Personnel Management, Office of Merit System Oversight and Effectiveness. Report of a Special Study.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	U.S. OPM. 1997a. The Fact Book：1997 Edition. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Office of Personnel Management.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	U.S. OPM. 1997b. Employment ant Trends as of November 1997. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Office of Personnel Management.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	U.S. OPM. 1997c. Federal Human Resources Management for the 21st Century: Strategic Plan FY1997-2002. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Office of Personnel Management.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	U.S. OPM. 2000a. Federal Human Resources Management for the 21st Century: Strategic Plan FY2000-2005. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Office of Personnel Management.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	U.S. OPM. 2000b. OPM’s Interim Rules on Federal Career Intern Program to Help Agencies Build Future Work Force. OPM News Release. December 14.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	U.S. OPM. 2000c. Veterans：Getting their Preference？ Washington, D.C.: U.S. Office of Personnel Management, Office of Merit System Oversight and Effectiveness. Report of a Special Study.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	U.S. OPM. 2001. Human Resource Flexibilities and Authorities in Federal Government. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Office of Personnel Management.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	U.S. OPM. 2002. The Fact Book：2002 Edition. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Office of Personnel Management.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	U.S. OPM. 2003a. The Fact Book：2003 Edition. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Office of Personnel Management.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	U.S. OPM. 2003b. Federal Civilian Workforce Statistics: Demographic Profile of the Federal Workforce as of September 2002. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Office of Personnel Management.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	U.S. OPM. 2003c. Biography of an Ideal：A History of the Federal Civil Service. Washington, D.C.: Office of Personnel Management and U.S. Civil Service Commission.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	U.S. OPM. 2004. Employment ant Trends as of March 2004. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Office of Personnel Management.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Uslaner, Eric M. 1998. Field of Dream: The Week Reed of Institutional Design. In Karol Soltan, Eric M. Uslaner and Virginia Haufler (eds.), Institutions and Social Order. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Van Riper, Paul. 1958. History of the United States Civil Service. New York: Harper and Row.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Van Wart, Montgomery. 1998. Changing Public Sector Values. New York: Garland.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Volcker Commission. 1989. Report of the National Commission on the Public Service. Washington, D.C..: National Commission on the Public Service.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Waldo, Dwight. 1980. The Enterprise of Public Administration : A Summary View. Novato, CA: Chandler and Sharp.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Wamsley, Gary and James F. Wolf. 1996. Refounding Democratic Public Administration: Modern Paradoxes, Postmodern Challenges. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Weimer, David Leo and Aidan R. Vining.1992. Policy Analysis : Concepts and Practice. Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	White House Personnel Office. 2003. The Malek Manual. In Frank J. Thompson. (ed.), Classics of Public Personnel Policy. 3rd ed.. Bermont, CA : Wadsworth.	zh_TW

Publications-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

NCCU Library

Citation Infomation

Related Publications in TAIR

Google Scholar^TM