1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. 學術產出
  3. 外國語文學院
  4. 學位論文
  5. Item

學術產出-學位論文

文章檢視/開啟

書目匯出

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

引文資訊

TAIR相關學術產出

題名 非典型原住民活力:傑偌維森諾<熱線療者>中的後印地安,喜劇與移動力
(Alter)Native Survivance: Postindian, comedy and motion in Gerald Vizenor`s Hotline Healers
作者 尤吟文
Yu, Ying-wen
貢獻者 梁一萍
Liang, I-ping
尤吟文
Yu, Ying-wen
關鍵詞 Native Motion
Almost Browne
Native American Literature
Gerald Vizenor
Hotline Healers
Postindian
Comedy
日期 2002
上傳時間 18-九月-2009 16:38:28 (UTC+8)
摘要 論文名稱：非典型原住民活力：傑偌•維森諾《熱線療者》中的
     後印地安、喜劇與移動力
     指導教授：梁一萍 教授
     研究生：尤吟文
     論文提要內容：
      傑偌•維森諾（Gerald Vizenor）認為所謂的「印地安」（indian）是一個沒有指涉目標的空集合（absence without reference），而「原住民」（native）才是指這個文化所代表的真正的意涵。相較於其他原住民作家的作品，維森諾的寫作方式可說是獨樹一幟。在原住民文學中，許多的主題不外乎是尋找身分認同（identity）的過程、強調人與自然之間的和諧關係、表現白人社會與原住民文化之間的隔閡等等。這種思鄉式（nostalgia）的描寫方式對於維森諾來說不只是種老掉牙的（stereotypical）表現方式，更是主流文學（literature of dominance）加諸在原住民文化上的表現方式（manifest manners）。為了與主流文學抗衡，維森諾以搗蛋鬼論述（trickster discourse）的寫作技巧來顛覆原住民文學的傳統，以天馬行空的想像力及奇異怪誕的內容來表現另類的原住民作品。
      《熱線療者》是維森諾在1997年的作品，書中的主人翁－－差不多部朗（Almost Browne）是本書中的搗蛋鬼，他穿越時空的限制，帶給讀者一個又一個的故事，這些故事不具有教導意義，而是表現出想像力的無限。差不多部朗曾經在許多維森諾的小說故事中呈現，在《熱線療者》一書中，他與他的姪子，也就是小說的敘述者，以插訶打諢、嘻笑怒罵的方式與政治界和學術界有了第一線接觸，他們也回到過去，目睹了原住民傳說的起源。每個小故事，不管時間地點為何，差不多部朗和他的姪子總是在場。這些故事也搭著原住民第一列火車－－納那波佐快車（Naanabozho Express），隨著列車的移動傳出去。
     本文的第一章為總論，簡述維森諾生平、《熱線療者》的故事情節與維森諾自成一格的批評理論。為了表現出原住民文化以及生活的生命力、多樣性和複雜性，維森諾提出所謂的「後印地安」的觀念，指出「印地安」是一種虛擬的再現（simulated representation），只有具有想像力和生命力的「後印地安」才是真正的存在（presence），這也是第二章所討論的部分。第三章則是從喜劇出發，檢討原住民文學的悲劇犧牲性（tragic victimry）實為主流文學的表現方式，只有透過全喜劇論述（comic holotrope）才能真正了解原住民文學。第四章則聚焦於移動力（motion），直指原住民文學的不可限制性，唯有透過對於移動力的了解，原住民文學才能表現出其生命力及想像力，就像差不多部朗或是納那波佐列車一樣，永遠在宇宙間移動（always in motion）。第五章為結論，《熱線療者》是維森諾寫的最後一本有關差不多部朗的小說，在這本小說中，維森諾以另類的筆調及呈現方式將原住民文學帶到一個充滿創造力的世界，經由他的喜劇效果，《熱線療者》提供了另一個檢視原住民文學的角度（alternative, alter-native）。
Indian, as Gerald Vizenor points out, is the absence of natives without reference to real native cultures while native is the presence of the native survivance. In the field of Native American Literature, the most common themes are the quest for identity, the harmony between nature and people and the conflict between native and white cultures. The nostalgic representation of natives depicted in these common themes, for Vizenor, is not only a stereotypical clich□ but also the manifest manners imposed on Native American Literature by the literature of dominance. In order to resist the burden imposed on Native American Literature, Vizenor, with his unique writing style, applies trickster discourse to subvert the stereotypes brought forth by the literature of dominance. With creativity and imagination, Vizenor presents alternative aspects for Native American Literature.
      Fascinated by the extraordinary writing style and narrative strategy, I find that the novel, Hotline Healers, illustrates Vizenor’s comprehensive viewpoints on Native American literature. Hotline Healers is Vizenor’s most recent novel which was published in 1997. In the novel, Almost Browne is a protagonist trickster who travels beyond the spatial and temporal limitations. The stories he tells with his travels are not intended to provide lessons; on the contrary, they are the true representation of native imagination. Almost Browne and his cousin, the narrator in the novel, take the first Native train, the Naanabozho Express, to give lectures in several occasions and result in several funny and hilarious encounters with politicians as well as academia. They also return to the past and witness the origins of the native folklores. Almost Browne and his cousin are omnipresent in the stories. With the moving of the Naanabozho Express, more and more stories disseminate native imagination and creativity.
     
     There are five chapters in my thesis. The first chapter, “Introduction,” summarizes the life and works of Gerald Vizenor, gives a plot summary of Hotline Healers, and introduces Vizenor’s critical conceptions on Native American Literature. In Chapter Two, I illustrate Vizenor’s view on postindian. Postindian, as Vizenor indicates, absolves the burden of stereotypical indian representations. With the idea of postindian, Vizenor focuses on the presence of natives as well as native vitality and imagination and thus subverts the culturalist stereotypical portraita of indian which is the simulated representation without reference. In Chapter Three, I concentrate on the comic effect employed by Vizenor in Hotline Healers. Comic holotrope is one of Vizenor’s writing techniques which is different from the themes of tragic victimry found in most Native American literary works. Comic holotrope presents the vitality of native culture while tragic victimry burdens Native American Literature with “manifest manners.” In Chapter Four, I explore the concept of motion in the novel. The idea of motion is not only the demonstration of the bounderlessness of Native American literary imaginatinos but also the representation of the transformative native wisdom. In the fifth chapter, I conclude that the novel, being Vizenor’s latest novel on Almost Browne, incorporates his alternative vision of tribal survivance and critical concepts of postindian, comic holotrope, and motion to elevate Native American Literature to a creative and imaginative world. The novel provides readers with an alternative point of view toward Native American Literature.
參考文獻 Work Cited
Allen, Paula Gunn. The Sacred Hoop: Recovering the Feminine in American Indian Traditions. Boston: Beacon P, 1992
Aristotle. “Poetics.” Critical Theory Since Plato, ed. Hazard Adams. Revised ed. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, 1992. 49-66.
Asad, Talal. “The Concept of Cultural Translation in British Social Anthropology.” Writing Culture, Eds. James Clifford and George Marcus. California: U of California Press, 1986. 141-164.
Ashcroft, Bill, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin, eds. The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-colonial Literature. London and New York: Routledge, 2002.
Baker, Chris. Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice. London: Sage Publications, 2000.
Bakhtin, Mikhail. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays, Ed. Michael Holquist, Trans. Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist. Texas: University of Texas Press, 1981.
---. Rabelais and his World. Trans. Helene Iswolsky. Minnesota: Indiana University Press, 1968.
Baudrillard, Jean. “Simulacra and Simulations.” Jean Baudrillard: Selected Writings. Ed. Mark Poster. UK: Blackwell Publishers, 2001. 169-87.
Berner, Robert. “American Myth: Old, New, Yet Untold.” Native American Perspectives on Literature and History. Ed. Alan R. Velie. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994. 63-75.
Bhabha. Homi. The Location of Culture. London and New York: Routledge, 2000.
Blaeser, Kimberly M. Gerald Vizenor: Writing in the Oral Tradition. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996.
---. “’Interior Dancers’: Transformation of Vizenor’s Poetic Vision.” Studies in American Indian Literatures 9.1 (1997): 3-15.
Brown, Calvin S.. ed. The Reader’s Companion to World Literature. Second ed. New York: Mentor Book, 1984.
Burchac, Joseph. “Follow the Trickroutes: An Interview with Gerald Vizenor.: Survival This Way: Interviews with American Indian Poets. Tucson: Sun Tracks and University of Arizona Press, 1987.
Cirillo, D. F. “Landmarks of Healing.” American Indian Quarterly 16. (1992): 300-01.
Dentith, Simon. “Bakhtin’s Carnival.” Bakhtinian Thought: An introductory Reader. London: Routledge, 1995.
Eddins, O. N.. “Genocide and the Plains Indian Smallpox.” Online Posting. 16 June 2003. Rocky Mountain and Plains Indian Fur Trade. 19 June 2003. <http://www.thefurtrapper.com>.
Foucault, Michel. The Archaeology of Knowledge. New York: Pantheon, 1972.
---. Discipline and Punishment: The Birth of the Prison. Trans. Alan Sheridan. New York: Pantheon Book, 1977.
---. Power/ Knowledge: Selected Interviews & Other Writings 1972-1977. Ed. Colin Gordon. Trans. Colin Gordon, Leo Marshall, John Mepham and Kate Soper. New York: Pantheon Book, 1980.
Glancy, Diane. Rev. of Hotline Healers, by Gerald Vizenor. Studies in American Indian Literatures 10 (1998): 121-7.
Hall, Stuart. “The Work of Representation.” Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practice. Ed. Stuart Hall. California: Sage, 1997. 13-74.
Hyers, Conrad. The Spirituality of Comedy: Comic Heroism in a Tragic World. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1996.
Krupat, Arnold. The Turn to the Native: Studies in Criticism and Culture. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1996.
Lechte, John. Fifty Key Contemporary Thinkers. New York: Routledge, 1994.
Lee, A. Robert. Introduction. Shadow Distance: A Gerald Vizenor Reader. Ed. Gerald Vizenor. Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1994. ix-xxix.
---. “The Only Good Indian Is a Postindian? Controversialist Vizenor and Manifest Manners.” Loosening the Seams: Interpretations of Gerald Vizenor. Ed. A. Robert Lee. Ohio: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 2000. 263-278.
Leitch, Vincent B. comp. and ed. The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. New York: Norton, 2001.
Meeker, Joseph W. The Comedy of Survival: Literary Ecology and a Play Ethic. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press, 1997.
Mills, Sara. Discourse. London and New York: Routledge, 1997.
Momaday, N. Scott. House Made of Dawn. New York: Harper-Signet, 1969.
Monsma, Bradley John. “Liminal Landscapes: Motion, Perspective, and Place in Gerald Vizenor’s Fiction.” Studies in American Indian Literature 9 (1997): 60-72.
Moore, David L.. “Return of the Buffalo.” Native American Representations: First Encounters, distorted Images, and Literary Appropriations. Ed. Gretchen M. Bataille. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 2001. 52-78.
Niatum, Duane. “On Stereotypes.” Recovering the Word: Essays on Native American Literature. Eds. Brian Swann and Arnold Krupat. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1987. 552-62.
Owens, Louise. Afterword. Bearheart: The Heirship Chronicles. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990. 247-54.
---. Introduction. Studies in American Indian Literatures 9.1 (1997): 1-3.
---. Other Destinies: Understanding the American Indian Novel. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992.
Reed, Ismael and Gerald Vizenor, eds. Introduction. Native American Literature: A Brief Introduction and Anthology. New York: Longman, 1995. 1-15.
Ruppert, James. Mediation in Contemporary Native American Fiction. Oklahoma: Oklahoma University Press, 1995.
Ruoff, A. Lavonne Brown. “Reversing the Gaze: Early Native American Images of Europeans and Euro-Americans.” Native American Representations: First Encounters, distorted Images, and Literary Appropriations. Ed. Gretchen M. Bataille. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 2001. 198-221.
Samson, Colin. “Overturning the Burdens of the Real: Nationalism and the Social Sciences in Gerald Vizenor’s Recent Works.” Loosening the Seams: Interpretations of Gerald Vizenor. Ed. A. Robert Lee. Ohio: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 2000. 279-93.
Senior, Siobhan. Rev. of Hotline Healers, by Gerald Vizenor. Review of Contemporary Fiction 17 (1997): 245-6.
Stoneham, Geraldine. “Mastering Timespace: Virtual Reality and Post-colonial Time Travel.” Just Postmodernism. Ed. Steven Earnshaw. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1997. 89-106.
Trout, Lawana. “Crisis in the Homeland.” Native American Literature: An Anthology. Ed. Lawana Trout. Illinois: National Textbook Company, 1998. 185-8.
United States. National Indian Gaming Commission. Indian Gaming Regulatory Act. 29 June 2003 < http://www.nigc.gov/nigc/index.jsp>
Velie, Alan R. American Indian Literature: An Anthology. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1979.
---. “The Indian Historical Novel.” Native American Perspectives on Literature and History. Ed. Alan R. Velie. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994. 77-92.
---. “The Trickster Novel.” Narrative Chance. Ed. Gerald Vizenor. Alburqueque: University of New Mexico Press, 1989. 121-139.
Vizenor, Gerald. “A Postmodern Introduction.” Narrative Chance: Postmodern Discourse on Native American Indian Literatures. Ed. Gerald Vizenor. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993. 3-16.
---. Bearheart: The Heirship Chronicles. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990.
---. Fugitive Poses: Native American Indian Scenes of Absence and Presence. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1998.
---. The Heirs of Columbus. Hanover NH: Wesleyan University Press, 1991.
---. Hotline Healers: An Almost Browne Novel. Hanover: University Press of New England, 1997.
---. Interior Landscapes: Autobiographical Myths and Metaphors. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990.
---. Landfill Meditation: Crossblood Stories. Hanover&London: Wesleyan University Press, 1991.
---. Manifest Manners: Narratives on Postindian Survivance. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1994.
---. Narrative Chance: Postmodern Discourse on Native American Indian Literatures. Ed. Gerald Vizenor. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993.
---. The People Named the Chippewa: Narrative Histories. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984.
---. Personal Interview. 15 November 2002.
---. "The Ruins of representation: Shadow, Survivance, and the Literature of Dominance." American Indian Quarterly. 17.1 (Winter 1993): 7-31.
---. The Trickster of Liberty: Tribal Heirs to a Wild Baronage. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988.
---. “Trickster Discourse: Comic Holotropes and Language Games.” Narrative Chance: Postmodern Discourse on Native American Indian Literatures. Ed. Gerald Vizenor. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993. 187-212.
Vizenor, Gerald and A. Robert Lee, eds. Postindian Conversations. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1999.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
英國語文學研究所
89551010
91
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0089551010
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 梁一萍zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Liang, I-pingen_US
dc.contributor.author (作者) 尤吟文zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) Yu, Ying-wenen_US
dc.creator (作者) 尤吟文zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Yu, Ying-wenen_US
dc.date (日期) 2002en_US
dc.date.accessioned 18-九月-2009 16:38:28 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 18-九月-2009 16:38:28 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 18-九月-2009 16:38:28 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0089551010en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/35963-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 英國語文學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 89551010zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 91zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 論文名稱：非典型原住民活力：傑偌•維森諾《熱線療者》中的
     後印地安、喜劇與移動力
     指導教授：梁一萍 教授
     研究生：尤吟文
     論文提要內容：
      傑偌•維森諾（Gerald Vizenor）認為所謂的「印地安」（indian）是一個沒有指涉目標的空集合（absence without reference），而「原住民」（native）才是指這個文化所代表的真正的意涵。相較於其他原住民作家的作品，維森諾的寫作方式可說是獨樹一幟。在原住民文學中，許多的主題不外乎是尋找身分認同（identity）的過程、強調人與自然之間的和諧關係、表現白人社會與原住民文化之間的隔閡等等。這種思鄉式（nostalgia）的描寫方式對於維森諾來說不只是種老掉牙的（stereotypical）表現方式，更是主流文學（literature of dominance）加諸在原住民文化上的表現方式（manifest manners）。為了與主流文學抗衡，維森諾以搗蛋鬼論述（trickster discourse）的寫作技巧來顛覆原住民文學的傳統，以天馬行空的想像力及奇異怪誕的內容來表現另類的原住民作品。
      《熱線療者》是維森諾在1997年的作品，書中的主人翁－－差不多部朗（Almost Browne）是本書中的搗蛋鬼，他穿越時空的限制，帶給讀者一個又一個的故事，這些故事不具有教導意義，而是表現出想像力的無限。差不多部朗曾經在許多維森諾的小說故事中呈現，在《熱線療者》一書中，他與他的姪子，也就是小說的敘述者，以插訶打諢、嘻笑怒罵的方式與政治界和學術界有了第一線接觸，他們也回到過去，目睹了原住民傳說的起源。每個小故事，不管時間地點為何，差不多部朗和他的姪子總是在場。這些故事也搭著原住民第一列火車－－納那波佐快車（Naanabozho Express），隨著列車的移動傳出去。
     本文的第一章為總論，簡述維森諾生平、《熱線療者》的故事情節與維森諾自成一格的批評理論。為了表現出原住民文化以及生活的生命力、多樣性和複雜性，維森諾提出所謂的「後印地安」的觀念，指出「印地安」是一種虛擬的再現（simulated representation），只有具有想像力和生命力的「後印地安」才是真正的存在（presence），這也是第二章所討論的部分。第三章則是從喜劇出發，檢討原住民文學的悲劇犧牲性（tragic victimry）實為主流文學的表現方式，只有透過全喜劇論述（comic holotrope）才能真正了解原住民文學。第四章則聚焦於移動力（motion），直指原住民文學的不可限制性，唯有透過對於移動力的了解，原住民文學才能表現出其生命力及想像力，就像差不多部朗或是納那波佐列車一樣，永遠在宇宙間移動（always in motion）。第五章為結論，《熱線療者》是維森諾寫的最後一本有關差不多部朗的小說，在這本小說中，維森諾以另類的筆調及呈現方式將原住民文學帶到一個充滿創造力的世界，經由他的喜劇效果，《熱線療者》提供了另一個檢視原住民文學的角度（alternative, alter-native）。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Indian, as Gerald Vizenor points out, is the absence of natives without reference to real native cultures while native is the presence of the native survivance. In the field of Native American Literature, the most common themes are the quest for identity, the harmony between nature and people and the conflict between native and white cultures. The nostalgic representation of natives depicted in these common themes, for Vizenor, is not only a stereotypical clich□ but also the manifest manners imposed on Native American Literature by the literature of dominance. In order to resist the burden imposed on Native American Literature, Vizenor, with his unique writing style, applies trickster discourse to subvert the stereotypes brought forth by the literature of dominance. With creativity and imagination, Vizenor presents alternative aspects for Native American Literature.
      Fascinated by the extraordinary writing style and narrative strategy, I find that the novel, Hotline Healers, illustrates Vizenor’s comprehensive viewpoints on Native American literature. Hotline Healers is Vizenor’s most recent novel which was published in 1997. In the novel, Almost Browne is a protagonist trickster who travels beyond the spatial and temporal limitations. The stories he tells with his travels are not intended to provide lessons; on the contrary, they are the true representation of native imagination. Almost Browne and his cousin, the narrator in the novel, take the first Native train, the Naanabozho Express, to give lectures in several occasions and result in several funny and hilarious encounters with politicians as well as academia. They also return to the past and witness the origins of the native folklores. Almost Browne and his cousin are omnipresent in the stories. With the moving of the Naanabozho Express, more and more stories disseminate native imagination and creativity.
     
     There are five chapters in my thesis. The first chapter, “Introduction,” summarizes the life and works of Gerald Vizenor, gives a plot summary of Hotline Healers, and introduces Vizenor’s critical conceptions on Native American Literature. In Chapter Two, I illustrate Vizenor’s view on postindian. Postindian, as Vizenor indicates, absolves the burden of stereotypical indian representations. With the idea of postindian, Vizenor focuses on the presence of natives as well as native vitality and imagination and thus subverts the culturalist stereotypical portraita of indian which is the simulated representation without reference. In Chapter Three, I concentrate on the comic effect employed by Vizenor in Hotline Healers. Comic holotrope is one of Vizenor’s writing techniques which is different from the themes of tragic victimry found in most Native American literary works. Comic holotrope presents the vitality of native culture while tragic victimry burdens Native American Literature with “manifest manners.” In Chapter Four, I explore the concept of motion in the novel. The idea of motion is not only the demonstration of the bounderlessness of Native American literary imaginatinos but also the representation of the transformative native wisdom. In the fifth chapter, I conclude that the novel, being Vizenor’s latest novel on Almost Browne, incorporates his alternative vision of tribal survivance and critical concepts of postindian, comic holotrope, and motion to elevate Native American Literature to a creative and imaginative world. The novel provides readers with an alternative point of view toward Native American Literature.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Table of Contents
     
     
     
     
     Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………………. iii
     Chinese Abstract……………………………………………………………………….... iv
     English Abstract…………………………………………………………………………. v
     Chapter One Introduction………………………………………………………… 1
     Chapter Two The Postindian Warrior in Hotline Healers………………….. …….18
     Chapter Three Comedy in Hotline Healers…………………………………………39
     Chapter Four Native Motion in Hotline Healers…………………………………..58
     Chapter Five Conclusion…………………………………………………………..75
     Work Cited ………………………………………………………………………80		zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0089551010en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Native Motionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Almost Browneen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Native American Literatureen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Gerald Vizenoren_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Hotline Healersen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Postindianen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Comedyen_US
dc.title (題名) 非典型原住民活力:傑偌維森諾<熱線療者>中的後印地安,喜劇與移動力zh_TW
dc.title (題名) (Alter)Native Survivance: Postindian, comedy and motion in Gerald Vizenor`s Hotline Healerszh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Work Citedzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Allen, Paula Gunn. The Sacred Hoop: Recovering the Feminine in American Indian Traditions. Boston: Beacon P, 1992zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Aristotle. “Poetics.” Critical Theory Since Plato, ed. Hazard Adams. Revised ed. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, 1992. 49-66.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Asad, Talal. “The Concept of Cultural Translation in British Social Anthropology.” Writing Culture, Eds. James Clifford and George Marcus. California: U of California Press, 1986. 141-164.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ashcroft, Bill, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin, eds. The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-colonial Literature. London and New York: Routledge, 2002.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Baker, Chris. Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice. London: Sage Publications, 2000.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bakhtin, Mikhail. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays, Ed. Michael Holquist, Trans. Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist. Texas: University of Texas Press, 1981.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ---. Rabelais and his World. Trans. Helene Iswolsky. Minnesota: Indiana University Press, 1968.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Baudrillard, Jean. “Simulacra and Simulations.” Jean Baudrillard: Selected Writings. Ed. Mark Poster. UK: Blackwell Publishers, 2001. 169-87.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Berner, Robert. “American Myth: Old, New, Yet Untold.” Native American Perspectives on Literature and History. Ed. Alan R. Velie. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994. 63-75.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bhabha. Homi. The Location of Culture. London and New York: Routledge, 2000.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Blaeser, Kimberly M. Gerald Vizenor: Writing in the Oral Tradition. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ---. “’Interior Dancers’: Transformation of Vizenor’s Poetic Vision.” Studies in American Indian Literatures 9.1 (1997): 3-15.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brown, Calvin S.. ed. The Reader’s Companion to World Literature. Second ed. New York: Mentor Book, 1984.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Burchac, Joseph. “Follow the Trickroutes: An Interview with Gerald Vizenor.: Survival This Way: Interviews with American Indian Poets. Tucson: Sun Tracks and University of Arizona Press, 1987.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cirillo, D. F. “Landmarks of Healing.” American Indian Quarterly 16. (1992): 300-01.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dentith, Simon. “Bakhtin’s Carnival.” Bakhtinian Thought: An introductory Reader. London: Routledge, 1995.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Eddins, O. N.. “Genocide and the Plains Indian Smallpox.” Online Posting. 16 June 2003. Rocky Mountain and Plains Indian Fur Trade. 19 June 2003. <http://www.thefurtrapper.com>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Foucault, Michel. The Archaeology of Knowledge. New York: Pantheon, 1972.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ---. Discipline and Punishment: The Birth of the Prison. Trans. Alan Sheridan. New York: Pantheon Book, 1977.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ---. Power/ Knowledge: Selected Interviews & Other Writings 1972-1977. Ed. Colin Gordon. Trans. Colin Gordon, Leo Marshall, John Mepham and Kate Soper. New York: Pantheon Book, 1980.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Glancy, Diane. Rev. of Hotline Healers, by Gerald Vizenor. Studies in American Indian Literatures 10 (1998): 121-7.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hall, Stuart. “The Work of Representation.” Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practice. Ed. Stuart Hall. California: Sage, 1997. 13-74.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hyers, Conrad. The Spirituality of Comedy: Comic Heroism in a Tragic World. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1996.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Krupat, Arnold. The Turn to the Native: Studies in Criticism and Culture. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1996.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lechte, John. Fifty Key Contemporary Thinkers. New York: Routledge, 1994.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lee, A. Robert. Introduction. Shadow Distance: A Gerald Vizenor Reader. Ed. Gerald Vizenor. Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1994. ix-xxix.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ---. “The Only Good Indian Is a Postindian? Controversialist Vizenor and Manifest Manners.” Loosening the Seams: Interpretations of Gerald Vizenor. Ed. A. Robert Lee. Ohio: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 2000. 263-278.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Leitch, Vincent B. comp. and ed. The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. New York: Norton, 2001.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Meeker, Joseph W. The Comedy of Survival: Literary Ecology and a Play Ethic. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press, 1997.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mills, Sara. Discourse. London and New York: Routledge, 1997.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Momaday, N. Scott. House Made of Dawn. New York: Harper-Signet, 1969.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Monsma, Bradley John. “Liminal Landscapes: Motion, Perspective, and Place in Gerald Vizenor’s Fiction.” Studies in American Indian Literature 9 (1997): 60-72.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Moore, David L.. “Return of the Buffalo.” Native American Representations: First Encounters, distorted Images, and Literary Appropriations. Ed. Gretchen M. Bataille. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 2001. 52-78.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Niatum, Duane. “On Stereotypes.” Recovering the Word: Essays on Native American Literature. Eds. Brian Swann and Arnold Krupat. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1987. 552-62.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Owens, Louise. Afterword. Bearheart: The Heirship Chronicles. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990. 247-54.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ---. Introduction. Studies in American Indian Literatures 9.1 (1997): 1-3.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ---. Other Destinies: Understanding the American Indian Novel. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Reed, Ismael and Gerald Vizenor, eds. Introduction. Native American Literature: A Brief Introduction and Anthology. New York: Longman, 1995. 1-15.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ruppert, James. Mediation in Contemporary Native American Fiction. Oklahoma: Oklahoma University Press, 1995.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ruoff, A. Lavonne Brown. “Reversing the Gaze: Early Native American Images of Europeans and Euro-Americans.” Native American Representations: First Encounters, distorted Images, and Literary Appropriations. Ed. Gretchen M. Bataille. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 2001. 198-221.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Samson, Colin. “Overturning the Burdens of the Real: Nationalism and the Social Sciences in Gerald Vizenor’s Recent Works.” Loosening the Seams: Interpretations of Gerald Vizenor. Ed. A. Robert Lee. Ohio: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 2000. 279-93.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Senior, Siobhan. Rev. of Hotline Healers, by Gerald Vizenor. Review of Contemporary Fiction 17 (1997): 245-6.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Stoneham, Geraldine. “Mastering Timespace: Virtual Reality and Post-colonial Time Travel.” Just Postmodernism. Ed. Steven Earnshaw. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1997. 89-106.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Trout, Lawana. “Crisis in the Homeland.” Native American Literature: An Anthology. Ed. Lawana Trout. Illinois: National Textbook Company, 1998. 185-8.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) United States. National Indian Gaming Commission. Indian Gaming Regulatory Act. 29 June 2003 < http://www.nigc.gov/nigc/index.jsp>zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Velie, Alan R. American Indian Literature: An Anthology. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1979.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ---. “The Indian Historical Novel.” Native American Perspectives on Literature and History. Ed. Alan R. Velie. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994. 77-92.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ---. “The Trickster Novel.” Narrative Chance. Ed. Gerald Vizenor. Alburqueque: University of New Mexico Press, 1989. 121-139.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Vizenor, Gerald. “A Postmodern Introduction.” Narrative Chance: Postmodern Discourse on Native American Indian Literatures. Ed. Gerald Vizenor. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993. 3-16.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ---. Bearheart: The Heirship Chronicles. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ---. Fugitive Poses: Native American Indian Scenes of Absence and Presence. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1998.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ---. The Heirs of Columbus. Hanover NH: Wesleyan University Press, 1991.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ---. Hotline Healers: An Almost Browne Novel. Hanover: University Press of New England, 1997.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ---. Interior Landscapes: Autobiographical Myths and Metaphors. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ---. Landfill Meditation: Crossblood Stories. Hanover&London: Wesleyan University Press, 1991.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ---. Manifest Manners: Narratives on Postindian Survivance. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1994.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ---. Narrative Chance: Postmodern Discourse on Native American Indian Literatures. Ed. Gerald Vizenor. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ---. The People Named the Chippewa: Narrative Histories. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ---. Personal Interview. 15 November 2002.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ---. "The Ruins of representation: Shadow, Survivance, and the Literature of Dominance." American Indian Quarterly. 17.1 (Winter 1993): 7-31.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ---. The Trickster of Liberty: Tribal Heirs to a Wild Baronage. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ---. “Trickster Discourse: Comic Holotropes and Language Games.” Narrative Chance: Postmodern Discourse on Native American Indian Literatures. Ed. Gerald Vizenor. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993. 187-212.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Vizenor, Gerald and A. Robert Lee, eds. Postindian Conversations. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1999.zh_TW