1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. Publications
  3. College of Science
  4. Theses
  5. Item

Publications-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

NCCU Library

Citation Infomation

Related Publications in TAIR

題名 自殺企圖者的素質探討--以TPQ為例
作者 蔡靜怡
貢獻者 許文耀
蔡靜怡
關鍵詞 自殺企圖
素質
TPQ
日期 2004
上傳時間 18-Sep-2009 18:33:30 (UTC+8)
摘要 　　根據素質-壓力模式（diathesis-stress model）的觀點指出，素質是增加自殺危險的脆弱特質，個體若具有容易引發自殺的脆弱特質，一但面臨重大的壓力，就容易發展出自殺意念及自殺行為。因此探討素質如何使個體進入自殺歷程，對於自殺預防將有很大的助益。
     
     本研究的目的是探討曾有自殺企圖的受試者與未有自殺企圖的受試者在人格特徵上的差異。受試者是133位曾發生自殺行為的自殺企圖者與133位與有自殺企圖的受試者在性別及年齡上配對的控制組，受試者皆完成三向度人格問卷（Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire,TPQ）、自殺危險程度量表（Scale of suicidal risk），以及貝氏憂鬱量表（Beck depression inventory,BDI）。
     
      　 研究結果顯示，新奇追求(NS)、傷害逃避(HA)與自殺意念，以及憂鬱之間的相關皆達顯著。本研究利用條件化洛回歸分析來預測與自殺企圖有關的危險及保護因子，結果顯示傷害逃避(HA)分數高時最能預測自殺企圖的發生；而新奇追求(NS)分數低時對於自殺企圖具有保護作用，會降低自殺企圖的發生。但是，傷害逃避(HA)分數高與新奇追求(NS)分數低交互作用時達顯著，顯示兩者同時出現時會提高自殺企圖的危險。
     　　
According to the diathesis-stress model, diathesis is persistent vulnerability to increase the risk of suicide. Individuals who own the trait of diathesis have been viewed as especially vulnerable to develop the suicidal behaviours when they experience high stress. For suicide prevention, it will be helpful to understand how the diathesis cause individuals enter the suicide process.
      The purpose of this study was to examine the difference between suicide attempters and normal controls in personality characteristic. Subjects were 133 suicide attempter with a history of suicide behaviours and the same number sex- and age-matched normal controls. Subjects completed a questionnaire consisting of Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ), Scale of suicidal risk, and Beck depression inventory(BDI).
      Significant correlation was found among harm avoidance(HA),novelty seeking(NS) and suicide ideation,depression. Conditional logistic regression analyses has been conducted to predict the risk and protective factors of attempted suicide, and it was found that the high harm avoidance was significant risk, but the low novelty seeking was protective. However,the interaction between low novelty seeking and high harm avoidance was significant, when both of them show up, it would be under high suicide risk.
參考文獻 許文耀，鍾瑞玫（1997）「自殺危險程度量表」的編製及其信、效度考驗，中華心理衛生學刊，10卷，2期，頁1-17.
Apter,A.,Plutchik,R.,& Van Praag,H.M.(1993).Anxiety,impulsivity
and depressed mood in relation to suicide and violent behavior.
Acta Psychiatrica Scandivavica,87:1-5.
Apter,A.,& Ofek,H.(2001).Personality constellations and suicidal
behaviour.In K.Van Heeringen(Eds.),Understending suicidal
behavior. New York: John Wiley & Son LTD.
Beck,A.T.,Weissman,A.,& Trexler,L.(1974).The measurement of
pessimism: The hopelessness scale.Journal of Consulting and
Clinical Psychology,42,861-865.
Beck,A.T.,Kovacs,M.,& Weissman,A.(1979).Assessment of suicide
Csernansky,J.G.(1996).Platelet serotonergic markers and
tridimensional personality questionnaire measures in a
clinical sample.Society of Biological Psychiatry,40:271-278.
Nordstr□m,P.,Schalling,D.,& Asberg,M.(1995).Temperamental
vulnerability in attempted suicide.Acta Psychiatr Scand,92:
155-160.
Orbach,I.,Feshbach,S.,Carlson,G.,Glaubman,H.,& Gross,Y.(1983).
Attraction and repulsion by life and death in suicide and normal
children.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,51:
661-670.
intention:The scale for suicide ideation.Journal of
Plutchik,R.(2000).Aggression,violence,and suicide.In R.W.Maris,
A.L.Berman,& M.M.Sliverman (Eds.),Comprehensive textbook of
suicidology.New York:The Guilford Press.
Pokorny,A.D.(1974).A scheme for classifying suicidal behaviors.
In A.T.Beck,H.L.P.Resnik & D.J.Lettieri(Eds.),The
Prediction of Suicide(p.29-44).Bowie,MD:Charles Press.
Post,R.M.(1992).Transduction of psychosocial stress into the
neurobiology of recurrent affective disorder.American Journal
of Psychiatry,149:999-1010.
Rifai,A.H.,George,C.J.,Stack,J.A.,Mann,J.J.,&
Consulting and Clinical Psychology,47(2):343-352.
　Reynolds,C.F.(1994).Hopelessness in suicide attempters after
acute treatment of major depression in late life.Am J
Psychiatry,151:1687-1690.
Rudd,M.D.(1989).The prevalence of suicide ideation among college
students.Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior,19(2):
173-183.
Runeson,B.,Beskow,J.,& Waern,M.(1996).The suicidal process in
suicides among young people.Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica,
93:35-42.
Schotte,D.E.,& Clum,G.A.(1982).Suicide ideation in a college
Beck,A.T.,& Steer,R.A.(1988).Manual for the Beck Hopelessness
population: A test of model.Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology,50:690-696.
Schotte,D.E.,& Clum,G.A.(1987). Problem-solving skills in suicidal
psychiatric patients.Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology,55:49-54.
Shaffer,D.(1974).Suicide in childhood and early asolescence.
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,15:275-291.
Sliver,M.A.,Bohnert,M.,& Beck,A.T.(1971).Relation of depression,
attempted suicid and seriousness of intent.Archives of General
Psychiatry,25:573-576.
Scale. San Antonio,TX:The Psychological Corporation.
Spirito,A.,Brown,L.Overholser,J.,& Fritz,G.(1989).Attempted
suicide in adolescence: A review and critique of the literature.
Clinical Psychology Review,9:335-363.
Van Heeringen,K.,Audenaert,K.,Van de Wiele,L.,&
Verstraete,A.(2000).Cortisol in violent suicidal behaviour:
association with personality and monoaminergic activity.
Journal of Affective Disorders,60:181-189.
Van Heeringen,K.,Hawton,K.,& Williams,J.M.G.(2000).Pathways to
suicidal behaviour: an integrative approach.In K.Hawton,
K.Van Heeringen & A.Board(Eds.),The International Handbook of
Beck,A.T.,Steer,R.A.,Kovacs,M.,& Garrison,B.S.(1988).
Suicide and Attempted Suicide. New York: John Wiley & Son LTD.
Van Heeringen,K.(2001).Pathways to suicide:The epidemiology of
the suicidal process.In K.Van Heeringen(Eds.),Understending
suicidal behavior. New York:John Wiley & Son LTD.
Van Heeringen,K.,Audenaert,K.,Van Laere,K.,Dumont,F.,
Slegers,G.,Mertens,J.& Dierckx,R.A.(2003).Prefrontal 5-HT2a
receptor binding index, hopelessness and personality
characteristics in attempted suicide.Journal of Affective
Disorders,74:149-158.
Van Praag,H.M.(1996).Serotonin-related,
Hopelessness and eventual suicide: a 10-year prospective study
anxiety/aggression-driven, stressor-precipitated depression.
A psycho-biological hypothesis.Eur Psychiatry,11:57-67.
Van Praag,H.M.(2001).About the biological interface between
psychotraumatic experiences and affective dysregulation.In
K.Van Heeringen(Eds.),Understending suicidal behavior.New
York:John Wiley & Son LTD.
Williams,J.M.G.(1997). Cry of pain: Understanding suicidal and
self-harm. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Williams,J.M.G.,& Pollock,L.R. (2000).The psychology of suicidal
behavior.In K.Hawton,K.Van Heeringen & A.Board(Eds.), The
of patients hospitalized with suicidal ideation.American
International Handbook of Suicide and Attempted Suicide.New
York:John Wiley & Son LTD.
Williams,J.M.G.,& Pollock,L.R.(2001).Psychological aspects of the
suicidal process.In K.Van Heeringen(Eds.),Understending
suicidal behavior.New York:John Wiley & Son LTD.
Zuckerman,M.(1999).Vulnerability to psychopathology.A biosocial
model.Washington D.C.:American Psychological Association.
Journal of Psychiatry,142:280-283.
Beck,A.T.,& Steer,R.A.(1989).Clinical predictors of eventual
suicide: a 5 to 10 year prospective study of suicide attempters.
　　Journal of Affective Disorder,17:203-209.
Beck,A.T.,Brown,G.K.,& Steer,R.A.(1997).Psychometric
characteristics of the scale for suicide ideation with
psychiatric patients.Behaviour Research and Therapy,35:
1039-1046.
Bettes,B.A.,& Walker,E.(1986).Symptoms associatd with suicidal
behavior in children and adolescents.Journal of Abcdrmal Child
Psychiatry,14:591-604.
Bonner,R.L.,& Rich,A.R.(1987).Toward a predicitive model of
suicide ideation and behavior: Some preliminary data in college
students.Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior,17(1):50-63.
Chang,E.C.(2001).Predicting suicide ideation in an adolescent
population:examining the role of social problem solving as a
moderator and a mediator.Personality and Individual
Differences,32:1279-291.
Chen,W.J.,Chen,H.M.,Chen,C.C.,Chen,C.C.,& Yu,W.Y.(2002).
Cloninger’s tridimensional personality questionnaire:
Psychometric properties and construct validity in Taiwanese
adults.Comprehensive Psychiatry,Vol.43,No.2,158-166.
Cloninger,C.R.(1987). A systematic method for clinical description
and classification of personality variants.Arch Gen Psychiatry, 44:573-588.
Cloninger,C.R.,Przybeck,T.R.,& Svrakic,D.M.（1991）.The
　　tridimensional personality questionnaire:U.S.normative data.
　　Psychol Rep,69:1047-1057.
Cloninger,C.R.,Svrakic,D.M.,& Przybeck,T.R.(1993).A
psychobiological model of temperament and character.Arch Gen
Psychiatry,50:975-990.
Cloninger,C.R.(1994).Temperament and personality.Curr Opin
Neurobiol,4,266-273.
Cloninger,C.R.,Bayon,C.,& Przybeck,T.R.(1997).Epidemiology and
Axis I comorbidity of antisocial personality.In Stoff,D.M.,
Breiling,J.,& Maser,J.D.(Eds.),Handbook of antisocial
behavior.New York: John Wiley & Sons,Inc.
Crosby,A.E.,Cheltenham,M.P.,& Sacks,J.J.(1999). Incidence of
suicidal ideation and behaviour in the United States.Suicide
and Life-Threatening Behavior,29:131-140.
De Wilde,E.J.,Kienhorst,IC.,Diekstra,R.F.,& Wolters,W.H.
（1993）.The specificity of psychological characteristics of
adolescent suicide attempters.Journal of the American Academy
of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,32:51-59.
Deakin,J.F.W.(1996).5-HT,antidepressant drugs and the
psychosocial origins of depression.Journal of
Psychopharmacology,10:31-38.
Eysenck,H.J.(1977).Personality and factor analysis:A reply to
Guilford.Psychological Bulletin,84:405-411.
Farmer,R.F.,Field,C.E.,Gremore,T.M.,Chapman,A.L.,Nash,H.M.,&
Mayer,J.L.(2003).Passive avoidance learning among females as
a function of Cloninger’s temperament typology.Personality
and Individual Difference,34:983-997.
Ferdinand,R.F.,& Verhulst,F.C.(1995).Psychopathology from
adolescence into young adulthood:an 8-year follow-up study.
American Journal of Psychiatry,152:1586-1594.
Flory,J.D.,Mann,J.J.,Manuck,S.B.,& Muldoon,M.F.(1998).Recovery
from major depression is not associated with normalization of
serotonergic function. Biological Psychiatry,43:320-326.
Harris,E.C.,& Barraclough,B.(198).Excess mortality of mental
disorder.Br.J.Psychiatry,173:11-53.
Higly,J.D.,Thompson,W.T.,Champoux,M.,Goldman,D.,Hasert,M.F.,
Kraemer,G.W.,Suomi,S.J.,& Linnoila,M.(1993).Paternal and
maternal genetic and environmental contributions to CSF
monomine metabolite concentrations in rhesus monkeys.Archives
of General Psychiatry,50:615-623.
Isaccson,G.,& Rick,C.L.(1997).Depression,antidepressants,and
suicide:Pharmacoepidemiological evidence for suicide
prevention.In R.W.Marris,M.M.Silverman,& S.S.Canetto(Eds.),
Review of Suicidology,New York:The Guildford Press.
Jourard,S.M.,& Lasakow,P.(1958).Some factors in self disclosure.
Journal of Abcdrmal and Social Psychology,56:91-98.
Koller,G.P.,Bottlender,U.W.,Wenzel,K.M.,& Soyka,M.(2002).
Impulsivity and aggression as predictors of suicide attempts
in alcoholics.Euro Arch Psychiatry Clinical Neurosci,
252:155-160.
Mann,J.J.,Waternaux,C.,Hass,G.L.,& Malone,K.M.(1999).Toward a
clinical model of suicidal behavior in psychiatric patients.
American Journal of Psychiatry,156:181-189.
Minkoff,K.,Bergman,E.,Beck,A.T.,& Beck,R.Hopelessness,
depression and attempted suicide.American Journal of
Psychiatry,130:455-459.
Nelson,E.C.,Cloninger,C.R.,Przybeck,T.R.,&
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
心理學研究所
90752019
93
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0907520191
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 許文耀zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 蔡靜怡zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 蔡靜怡zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2004en_US
dc.date.accessioned 18-Sep-2009 18:33:30 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 18-Sep-2009 18:33:30 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 18-Sep-2009 18:33:30 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0907520191en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/36439-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 心理學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 90752019zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 93zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 　　根據素質-壓力模式（diathesis-stress model）的觀點指出，素質是增加自殺危險的脆弱特質，個體若具有容易引發自殺的脆弱特質，一但面臨重大的壓力，就容易發展出自殺意念及自殺行為。因此探討素質如何使個體進入自殺歷程，對於自殺預防將有很大的助益。
     
     本研究的目的是探討曾有自殺企圖的受試者與未有自殺企圖的受試者在人格特徵上的差異。受試者是133位曾發生自殺行為的自殺企圖者與133位與有自殺企圖的受試者在性別及年齡上配對的控制組，受試者皆完成三向度人格問卷（Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire,TPQ）、自殺危險程度量表（Scale of suicidal risk），以及貝氏憂鬱量表（Beck depression inventory,BDI）。
     
      　 研究結果顯示，新奇追求(NS)、傷害逃避(HA)與自殺意念，以及憂鬱之間的相關皆達顯著。本研究利用條件化洛回歸分析來預測與自殺企圖有關的危險及保護因子，結果顯示傷害逃避(HA)分數高時最能預測自殺企圖的發生；而新奇追求(NS)分數低時對於自殺企圖具有保護作用，會降低自殺企圖的發生。但是，傷害逃避(HA)分數高與新奇追求(NS)分數低交互作用時達顯著，顯示兩者同時出現時會提高自殺企圖的危險。
     　　		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) According to the diathesis-stress model, diathesis is persistent vulnerability to increase the risk of suicide. Individuals who own the trait of diathesis have been viewed as especially vulnerable to develop the suicidal behaviours when they experience high stress. For suicide prevention, it will be helpful to understand how the diathesis cause individuals enter the suicide process.
      The purpose of this study was to examine the difference between suicide attempters and normal controls in personality characteristic. Subjects were 133 suicide attempter with a history of suicide behaviours and the same number sex- and age-matched normal controls. Subjects completed a questionnaire consisting of Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ), Scale of suicidal risk, and Beck depression inventory(BDI).
      Significant correlation was found among harm avoidance(HA),novelty seeking(NS) and suicide ideation,depression. Conditional logistic regression analyses has been conducted to predict the risk and protective factors of attempted suicide, and it was found that the high harm avoidance was significant risk, but the low novelty seeking was protective. However,the interaction between low novelty seeking and high harm avoidance was significant, when both of them show up, it would be under high suicide risk.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1
      第一節 自殺的定義 4
      第二節 自殺行為的研究 5
      第三節 素質與自殺的相關研究 11
      第四節 素質研究與人格理論 16
      第五節 心理生物模式（psychobiological model）理論 19
      第六節 心理生物模式與自殺的關係 22
     　　第七節 研究目的與假設 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 26
     第二章 研究方法
     第一節 受試者 29
     第二節 研究工具 32
     第三節 施測程序 34
     第四節 資料分析 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 34
     第三章 結果分析
     　　第一節　人格向度與自殺意念、憂鬱的相關 36
     　　第二節 有無自殺企圖在人格向度上的差異顯著性考驗 36
      第三節　以有、無自殺企圖為依變項的條件化洛回歸分析 38
     第四章　討論
     第一節 綜合討論 39
     第二節 研究限制與建議 42
     參考文獻 43
     附錄
     附錄一 三項度人格問卷 51
     附錄二 憂鬱量表 55
     附錄三 自殺危險程度量表 57
     
     
     表目次
     表1-2　 自殺的危險因子 　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　7
     表1-6-1　兩兩向度交互作用後之特徵 　 　　　　　　　　　　 25
     表1-6-2　人格特徵類型與傳統人格分類 25
     表1-6-3　氣質類型 25
     表2-1　 受試者資料表 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 31
     表3 各自變項的平均數及標準差 35
     表3-2-1　t 檢定 37
     表3-2-2　費雪正確機率考驗 37
     表3-3 以有無自殺企圖為依變項的條件化洛基迴歸分析結果 38		zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0907520191en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 自殺企圖zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 素質zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) TPQen_US
dc.title (題名) 自殺企圖者的素質探討--以TPQ為例zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 許文耀，鍾瑞玫（1997）「自殺危險程度量表」的編製及其信、效度考驗，中華心理衛生學刊，10卷，2期，頁1-17.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Apter,A.,Plutchik,R.,& Van Praag,H.M.(1993).Anxiety,impulsivityzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) and depressed mood in relation to suicide and violent behavior.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Acta Psychiatrica Scandivavica,87:1-5.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Apter,A.,& Ofek,H.(2001).Personality constellations and suicidalzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) behaviour.In K.Van Heeringen(Eds.),Understending suicidalzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) behavior. New York: John Wiley & Son LTD.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Beck,A.T.,Weissman,A.,& Trexler,L.(1974).The measurement ofzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) pessimism: The hopelessness scale.Journal of Consulting andzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Clinical Psychology,42,861-865.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Beck,A.T.,Kovacs,M.,& Weissman,A.(1979).Assessment of suicidezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Csernansky,J.G.(1996).Platelet serotonergic markers andzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) tridimensional personality questionnaire measures in azh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) clinical sample.Society of Biological Psychiatry,40:271-278.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Nordstr□m,P.,Schalling,D.,& Asberg,M.(1995).Temperamentalzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) vulnerability in attempted suicide.Acta Psychiatr Scand,92:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 155-160.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Orbach,I.,Feshbach,S.,Carlson,G.,Glaubman,H.,& Gross,Y.(1983).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Attraction and repulsion by life and death in suicide and normalzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) children.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,51:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 661-670.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) intention:The scale for suicide ideation.Journal ofzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Plutchik,R.(2000).Aggression,violence,and suicide.In R.W.Maris,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) A.L.Berman,& M.M.Sliverman (Eds.),Comprehensive textbook ofzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) suicidology.New York:The Guilford Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Pokorny,A.D.(1974).A scheme for classifying suicidal behaviors.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) In A.T.Beck,H.L.P.Resnik & D.J.Lettieri(Eds.),Thezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Prediction of Suicide(p.29-44).Bowie,MD:Charles Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Post,R.M.(1992).Transduction of psychosocial stress into thezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) neurobiology of recurrent affective disorder.American Journalzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) of Psychiatry,149:999-1010.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rifai,A.H.,George,C.J.,Stack,J.A.,Mann,J.J.,&zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Consulting and Clinical Psychology,47(2):343-352.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 　Reynolds,C.F.(1994).Hopelessness in suicide attempters afterzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) acute treatment of major depression in late life.Am Jzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Psychiatry,151:1687-1690.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rudd,M.D.(1989).The prevalence of suicide ideation among collegezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) students.Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior,19(2):zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 173-183.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Runeson,B.,Beskow,J.,& Waern,M.(1996).The suicidal process inzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) suicides among young people.Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 93:35-42.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schotte,D.E.,& Clum,G.A.(1982).Suicide ideation in a collegezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Beck,A.T.,& Steer,R.A.(1988).Manual for the Beck Hopelessnesszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) population: A test of model.Journal of Consulting and Clinicalzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Psychology,50:690-696.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schotte,D.E.,& Clum,G.A.(1987). Problem-solving skills in suicidalzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) psychiatric patients.Journal of Consulting and Clinicalzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Psychology,55:49-54.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Shaffer,D.(1974).Suicide in childhood and early asolescence.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,15:275-291.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sliver,M.A.,Bohnert,M.,& Beck,A.T.(1971).Relation of depression,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) attempted suicid and seriousness of intent.Archives of Generalzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Psychiatry,25:573-576.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Scale. San Antonio,TX:The Psychological Corporation.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Spirito,A.,Brown,L.Overholser,J.,& Fritz,G.(1989).Attemptedzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) suicide in adolescence: A review and critique of the literature.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Clinical Psychology Review,9:335-363.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Van Heeringen,K.,Audenaert,K.,Van de Wiele,L.,&zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Verstraete,A.(2000).Cortisol in violent suicidal behaviour:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) association with personality and monoaminergic activity.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Journal of Affective Disorders,60:181-189.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Van Heeringen,K.,Hawton,K.,& Williams,J.M.G.(2000).Pathways tozh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) suicidal behaviour: an integrative approach.In K.Hawton,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) K.Van Heeringen & A.Board(Eds.),The International Handbook ofzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Beck,A.T.,Steer,R.A.,Kovacs,M.,& Garrison,B.S.(1988).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Suicide and Attempted Suicide. New York: John Wiley & Son LTD.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Van Heeringen,K.(2001).Pathways to suicide:The epidemiology ofzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) the suicidal process.In K.Van Heeringen(Eds.),Understendingzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) suicidal behavior. New York:John Wiley & Son LTD.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Van Heeringen,K.,Audenaert,K.,Van Laere,K.,Dumont,F.,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Slegers,G.,Mertens,J.& Dierckx,R.A.(2003).Prefrontal 5-HT2azh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) receptor binding index, hopelessness and personalityzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) characteristics in attempted suicide.Journal of Affectivezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Disorders,74:149-158.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Van Praag,H.M.(1996).Serotonin-related,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hopelessness and eventual suicide: a 10-year prospective studyzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) anxiety/aggression-driven, stressor-precipitated depression.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) A psycho-biological hypothesis.Eur Psychiatry,11:57-67.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Van Praag,H.M.(2001).About the biological interface betweenzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) psychotraumatic experiences and affective dysregulation.Inzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) K.Van Heeringen(Eds.),Understending suicidal behavior.Newzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) York:John Wiley & Son LTD.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Williams,J.M.G.(1997). Cry of pain: Understanding suicidal andzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) self-harm. Harmondsworth: Penguin.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Williams,J.M.G.,& Pollock,L.R. (2000).The psychology of suicidalzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) behavior.In K.Hawton,K.Van Heeringen & A.Board(Eds.), Thezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) of patients hospitalized with suicidal ideation.Americanzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) International Handbook of Suicide and Attempted Suicide.Newzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) York:John Wiley & Son LTD.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Williams,J.M.G.,& Pollock,L.R.(2001).Psychological aspects of thezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) suicidal process.In K.Van Heeringen(Eds.),Understendingzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) suicidal behavior.New York:John Wiley & Son LTD.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Zuckerman,M.(1999).Vulnerability to psychopathology.A biosocialzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) model.Washington D.C.:American Psychological Association.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Journal of Psychiatry,142:280-283.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Beck,A.T.,& Steer,R.A.(1989).Clinical predictors of eventualzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) suicide: a 5 to 10 year prospective study of suicide attempters.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 　　Journal of Affective Disorder,17:203-209.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Beck,A.T.,Brown,G.K.,& Steer,R.A.(1997).Psychometriczh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) characteristics of the scale for suicide ideation withzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) psychiatric patients.Behaviour Research and Therapy,35:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1039-1046.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bettes,B.A.,& Walker,E.(1986).Symptoms associatd with suicidalzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) behavior in children and adolescents.Journal of Abcdrmal Childzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Psychiatry,14:591-604.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bonner,R.L.,& Rich,A.R.(1987).Toward a predicitive model ofzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) suicide ideation and behavior: Some preliminary data in collegezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) students.Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior,17(1):50-63.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chang,E.C.(2001).Predicting suicide ideation in an adolescentzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) population:examining the role of social problem solving as azh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) moderator and a mediator.Personality and Individualzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Differences,32:1279-291.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chen,W.J.,Chen,H.M.,Chen,C.C.,Chen,C.C.,& Yu,W.Y.(2002).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cloninger’s tridimensional personality questionnaire:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Psychometric properties and construct validity in Taiwanesezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) adults.Comprehensive Psychiatry,Vol.43,No.2,158-166.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cloninger,C.R.(1987). A systematic method for clinical descriptionzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) and classification of personality variants.Arch Gen Psychiatry, 44:573-588.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cloninger,C.R.,Przybeck,T.R.,& Svrakic,D.M.（1991）.Thezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 　　tridimensional personality questionnaire:U.S.normative data.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 　　Psychol Rep,69:1047-1057.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cloninger,C.R.,Svrakic,D.M.,& Przybeck,T.R.(1993).Azh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) psychobiological model of temperament and character.Arch Genzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Psychiatry,50:975-990.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cloninger,C.R.(1994).Temperament and personality.Curr Opinzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Neurobiol,4,266-273.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cloninger,C.R.,Bayon,C.,& Przybeck,T.R.(1997).Epidemiology andzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Axis I comorbidity of antisocial personality.In Stoff,D.M.,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Breiling,J.,& Maser,J.D.(Eds.),Handbook of antisocialzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) behavior.New York: John Wiley & Sons,Inc.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Crosby,A.E.,Cheltenham,M.P.,& Sacks,J.J.(1999). Incidence ofzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) suicidal ideation and behaviour in the United States.Suicidezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) and Life-Threatening Behavior,29:131-140.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) De Wilde,E.J.,Kienhorst,IC.,Diekstra,R.F.,& Wolters,W.H.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) （1993）.The specificity of psychological characteristics ofzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) adolescent suicide attempters.Journal of the American Academyzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,32:51-59.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Deakin,J.F.W.(1996).5-HT,antidepressant drugs and thezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) psychosocial origins of depression.Journal ofzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Psychopharmacology,10:31-38.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Eysenck,H.J.(1977).Personality and factor analysis:A reply tozh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Guilford.Psychological Bulletin,84:405-411.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Farmer,R.F.,Field,C.E.,Gremore,T.M.,Chapman,A.L.,Nash,H.M.,&zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mayer,J.L.(2003).Passive avoidance learning among females aszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) a function of Cloninger’s temperament typology.Personalityzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) and Individual Difference,34:983-997.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ferdinand,R.F.,& Verhulst,F.C.(1995).Psychopathology fromzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) adolescence into young adulthood:an 8-year follow-up study.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) American Journal of Psychiatry,152:1586-1594.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Flory,J.D.,Mann,J.J.,Manuck,S.B.,& Muldoon,M.F.(1998).Recoveryzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) from major depression is not associated with normalization ofzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) serotonergic function. Biological Psychiatry,43:320-326.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Harris,E.C.,& Barraclough,B.(198).Excess mortality of mentalzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) disorder.Br.J.Psychiatry,173:11-53.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Higly,J.D.,Thompson,W.T.,Champoux,M.,Goldman,D.,Hasert,M.F.,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kraemer,G.W.,Suomi,S.J.,& Linnoila,M.(1993).Paternal andzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) maternal genetic and environmental contributions to CSFzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) monomine metabolite concentrations in rhesus monkeys.Archiveszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) of General Psychiatry,50:615-623.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Isaccson,G.,& Rick,C.L.(1997).Depression,antidepressants,andzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) suicide:Pharmacoepidemiological evidence for suicidezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) prevention.In R.W.Marris,M.M.Silverman,& S.S.Canetto(Eds.),zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Review of Suicidology,New York:The Guildford Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jourard,S.M.,& Lasakow,P.(1958).Some factors in self disclosure.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Journal of Abcdrmal and Social Psychology,56:91-98.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Koller,G.P.,Bottlender,U.W.,Wenzel,K.M.,& Soyka,M.(2002).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Impulsivity and aggression as predictors of suicide attemptszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) in alcoholics.Euro Arch Psychiatry Clinical Neurosci,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 252:155-160.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mann,J.J.,Waternaux,C.,Hass,G.L.,& Malone,K.M.(1999).Toward azh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) clinical model of suicidal behavior in psychiatric patients.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) American Journal of Psychiatry,156:181-189.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Minkoff,K.,Bergman,E.,Beck,A.T.,& Beck,R.Hopelessness,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) depression and attempted suicide.American Journal ofzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Psychiatry,130:455-459.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Nelson,E.C.,Cloninger,C.R.,Przybeck,T.R.,&zh_TW