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題名 由安地瓜控告美國禁止線上博奕案—探討服務貿易之部門分類標準
作者 洪佳琳
貢獻者 楊光華
洪佳琳
關鍵詞 服務貿易
服務部門分類
Trade in Service
Service Sectoral classfication
W/120
CPC
日期 2003
上傳時間 18-Sep-2009 18:55:41 (UTC+8)
摘要 WTO爭端解決小組於二00四年三月底針對「美國控告安地瓜禁止線上賭博案」(WT/285)乙案提出保密的期中報告。蕞爾小國安地瓜巴布達擊敗美國獲得勝訴的判決。期中報告指出,美國對於安地瓜線上博奕服務業者所提供之跨境線上博奕服務,在「市場進入」及「國民待遇」未予開放,違反了其於「服務貿易貿易總協定」所為之承諾。
     此期中報告對於服務貿易有特殊之意義。不只因為本案為WTO爭端解決程序中第一個涉及網際網路的案子,本案更是第一個關於服務貿易分類之案例。本案爭點在於安地瓜之線上博奕業者是否得對美國境內之消費者提供線上博奕服務。
     安地瓜認為,根據「聯合國中央產品暫行分類標準」(CPC pro.)及「服務部門分類表」(W/120),美國在其承諾表10.D確承諾跨境線上博奕服務之開放,然美國之國內規章對境外所提供之線上博奕服務卻造成全面禁止之效果,故已違反其所為之承諾。然而美國則認為秘書處所提出之W/120文件並不具有法律拘束力,因此美國承諾表並不受CPC分類之限制。
     W/120文件在解釋承諾表時的法律地位究竟為何,為本案最重要的爭點,本論文將深入探討之。
Late March in 2004, WTO panel released a confidential report of the WTO dispute” United States– Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting”(WT/285).The finding is that the tiny nation of Antigua and Barbuda beat the United States that the United States violates its commitments under the General Agreement on Trade in Service(GATS) by not providing market access and/or national treatment under GATS to on-line cross-border gambling service providers licensed by Antigua and Barbuda.
     The panel report has significant ramification for trade in service. The reason is that this panel decision is not only the first one on Internet-related dispute, but also the first one concerning the general service issues- service classification.
     Antigua asserted that United States has made a GATS commitment for gambling and betting service within Sector 10.D of U.S schedule corresponding Provisional United Nations Central Production Classification (CPC) and the Service Sectoral Classification List(MTN.GNS/W/120). At issue in this case is the provision of internet gambling service to customers in the United States from operators located in Antigua and Barbuda. Antigua and Barbuda argued that the domestic regulation of United States has made total prohibition on the supply of gambling and betting service from outside the United States. However, United States responded that the document W/120 provided by the GATT Secretariat is not legally binding so it’s schedule is not bound by the category of CPC. It means that the United States has no responsibility to allow on-line cress-border gambling service. This thesis has a deeply discussion on the legal status and value of W/120 in interpreting GATS schedules which is the most important issue in this case.
參考文獻 中文部分
1、張新平,「世界貿易組織下的服務貿易」,月旦,一九九六年。
2、羅昌發,「國際貿易法」,元照,二○○○年九月,頁499-632。
英文部分
1、CROOME, J, RESHAPING THE WORLD TRADING SYSTEM- A HISTORY OF THE URUGUAY ROUND, WTO, 1995
2、HOEKMAN, B. M. AND KOSTECKI, M. M., THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF THE WORLD TRADING SYSTEM- THE WTO AND BEYOND, Oxford, 2001
3、MANUAL ON STATISTICS OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SERVICES, UN Doc. No.ST/ESA/STAT/SER.M/86, http://unstats.un.org/unsd/tradeserv/manual.asp
4、HAL S S AND PHILIP A. W, INTERNATIONAL FINANCE, TRANSACTION, POLICY, AND REGULATION, Foundation Press (2003)
5、RICHARD S., BEVERLEY E. AND FILIBERTO A., INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS LAW AND ITS ENVIRONMENT, International Thomason Publishing
6、Nayyar Deepak, Some Reflections on the Uruguay Round and Trade in Services,
Vol.22 Issue5 JOURNAL OF WORLD TRADE 35-47 (1988).
7、Nicolaides Phedon, Economic Aspects of Services: Implications for a GATT
Agreement, Vol.28 Issue5 JOURNAL OF WORLD TRADE125-136 (1994).
8、Sauve Pierre, Assessing the General Agreement on Trade in Services—Half Full
or Half-Empty? Vol.33 Issue4 JOURNAL OF WORLD TRADE125-145(1995).
9、Thornberg , Christopher F. and Frances L. Edwards, Determinants of Service
Trade Liberalization: A Study of the GATS Negotiation, available from
http://www.worldservicescongress.com/papers.cfm.
10、Bhagwati, B., Trade in Service and the Multilateral Trade Neotiation, Vol.1WORLD BANK ECONOMIC REVIEW (1987)
11、Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade of Canada, Classification, the Measurement of Production and International Trade in Service and GATS
12、Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaty, 23 May 1969, 1155 U.N.T.S. 331.
13、General Agreement on Trade in Service.
14、Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes
15、WTO Doc. WT/DS285/1-5
16、_________ WT/DS285,U.S. Request for Preliminary Rulings(Oct. 17, 2003)
17、___________________ First Written Submission of the United States (Nov. 7, 2003)
18、___________________ Opening Statement of the United States at the First Panel Meeting (Dec. 10, 2003)
19、___________________ Closing Statement of the United States at the First Panel Meeting (Dec.1, 2003)
20、___________________ Executive Summary of the U.S. Oral Statements at the First Panel Meeting (Dec.18, 2003)
21、___________________U.S. Answers to the First Set of Panel Questions( Jan.9, 2004)
22、___________________Second Written Submission of the United States ( Jan.9, 2004)
23、__________________ Opening Statement of the United States at the Second Panel Meeting (Jan. 26, 2004)
24、___________________Closing Statement of the United States at the Second Panel Meeting (Jan. 27, 2004)
25、___________________U.S. Answers to the Second Set of Panel Questions (Feb. 2, 2004)
26、___________________U.S. Comments on the Answers of Antigua and Barbuda to the Second Set of Panel Questions (Feb. 11, 2004)
27、___________________ First Written Submission of Antigua and Barbuda(Oct. 1,2003)
28、___________________Comments on the United States’s Request for Preliminary ruling by Antigua and Barbuda(Oct. 22, 2003)
29、___________________Opening Statement at the First Panel Meeting by Antigua and Barbuda (Dec. 10, 2003)
30、___________________Closing Statement at the First Panel Meeting by Antigua and Barbuda (Dec. 15, 2003)
31、___________________Opening Statement at the Second Panel Meeting by Antigua and Barbuda (Jun. 26, 2004)
32、U.S. To Appeal Ruling Against Internet Gambling Prohibition, INSIDE U.S. TRADE(Apr. 2, 2004)
33、United State International Trade Commission, U.S Schedule of Commitments under the General Agreement on Trade in Service-With explanatory materials prepared by the U.S. International Trade Commission.(May 1997)
34、European Communities-Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas, WTO Doc.WT/DS27/AB/R(Sep. 9, 1997)
35、Canada - Certain Measures Affecting the Automotive Industry , WTO Doc.WT/DS139/R(Feb. 11, 2000)
36、European Communities-Customs Classification of Certain Computer Equipment, WTO Doc.WT/DS62/AB/R(Jun. 5, 1998)
37、Developments in International Service Classification Systems and Implications For Negotiations Under the General Agreement on Service In Trade, WTO Doc. S/CSC/W/2(Sep. 13, 1996)
38、Systemization of the Connections between CPC rev.1 and Provisional CPC, Annex, WTO Doc. S/CSC/W/16.(May. 12, 1998)
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際經營與貿易研究所
91351039
92
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0091351039
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 楊光華zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 洪佳琳zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 洪佳琳zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2003en_US
dc.date.accessioned 18-Sep-2009 18:55:41 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 18-Sep-2009 18:55:41 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 18-Sep-2009 18:55:41 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0091351039en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/36592-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國際經營與貿易研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 91351039zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 92zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) WTO爭端解決小組於二00四年三月底針對「美國控告安地瓜禁止線上賭博案」(WT/285)乙案提出保密的期中報告。蕞爾小國安地瓜巴布達擊敗美國獲得勝訴的判決。期中報告指出,美國對於安地瓜線上博奕服務業者所提供之跨境線上博奕服務,在「市場進入」及「國民待遇」未予開放,違反了其於「服務貿易貿易總協定」所為之承諾。
     此期中報告對於服務貿易有特殊之意義。不只因為本案為WTO爭端解決程序中第一個涉及網際網路的案子,本案更是第一個關於服務貿易分類之案例。本案爭點在於安地瓜之線上博奕業者是否得對美國境內之消費者提供線上博奕服務。
     安地瓜認為,根據「聯合國中央產品暫行分類標準」(CPC pro.)及「服務部門分類表」(W/120),美國在其承諾表10.D確承諾跨境線上博奕服務之開放,然美國之國內規章對境外所提供之線上博奕服務卻造成全面禁止之效果,故已違反其所為之承諾。然而美國則認為秘書處所提出之W/120文件並不具有法律拘束力,因此美國承諾表並不受CPC分類之限制。
     W/120文件在解釋承諾表時的法律地位究竟為何,為本案最重要的爭點,本論文將深入探討之。
zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Late March in 2004, WTO panel released a confidential report of the WTO dispute” United States– Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting”(WT/285).The finding is that the tiny nation of Antigua and Barbuda beat the United States that the United States violates its commitments under the General Agreement on Trade in Service(GATS) by not providing market access and/or national treatment under GATS to on-line cross-border gambling service providers licensed by Antigua and Barbuda.
     The panel report has significant ramification for trade in service. The reason is that this panel decision is not only the first one on Internet-related dispute, but also the first one concerning the general service issues- service classification.
     Antigua asserted that United States has made a GATS commitment for gambling and betting service within Sector 10.D of U.S schedule corresponding Provisional United Nations Central Production Classification (CPC) and the Service Sectoral Classification List(MTN.GNS/W/120). At issue in this case is the provision of internet gambling service to customers in the United States from operators located in Antigua and Barbuda. Antigua and Barbuda argued that the domestic regulation of United States has made total prohibition on the supply of gambling and betting service from outside the United States. However, United States responded that the document W/120 provided by the GATT Secretariat is not legally binding so it’s schedule is not bound by the category of CPC. It means that the United States has no responsibility to allow on-line cress-border gambling service. This thesis has a deeply discussion on the legal status and value of W/120 in interpreting GATS schedules which is the most important issue in this case.
en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 3
     第一節 研究動機 3
     第二節 研究限制 4
     第三節 研究架構 4
     第二章 安地瓜控告美國禁止線上博奕案 5
     第一節 案例背景 5
     第二節 實質爭點 6
     第三節 安地瓜之主張 7
     第一項 主張之基礎 7
     第二項 理由 8
     第四節 美國之抗辯 13
     第一項 W/120的效力爭議 13
     第二項 WTO相關案例 15
     第三項 其他國家對於「博奕服務」的承諾情形 16
     第四項 美國承諾表的文義解釋 18
     第五項 美國承諾表的目的解釋 19
     第五節 安地瓜案目前發展 19
     第三章 W/120效力之爭議 20
     第一節 前言 20
     第二節 W/120文件之性質 20
     一、由WTO法律架構解釋: 20
     二、以國際法上一般對協定之解釋方式解釋: 21
     第三節 DSU附註13引用W/120之意涵 22
     第四節 爭端解決相關案例 23
     第五節 安地瓜案之預測 24
     第六節 小結 25
     第四章 服務貿易部門分類標準之探討 26
     第一節 安地瓜案對服務部門分類之衝擊 26
     第二節 GATS前服務部門分類標準之發展 27
     第一項 前言 27
     第二項 選擇CPC為部門分類基礎之因 28
     第三項 小結 30
     第三節 CPC分類系統 31
     第一項 國際性貨品貿易分類的發展歷史 31
     第二項 CPC之發展歷程 31
     第三項 CPC分類號用於GATS承諾表之優點 32
     第四項 GATS中未使用CPC分類標準之部門 34
     第四節 GATS生效後服務部門分類之發展概況 35
     第一項 會員國對於服務部門分類更新之渴望 35
     第二項 W/120之修訂工作 36
     第三項 各服務部門分類修訂的目前發展 36
     第五節 新服務部門的分類 37
     第一項 前言 37
     第二項 各國對新服務部門之見解 38
     第三項 新服務部門議題的前提性問題 39
     第四項 新部門議題之目前發展 40
     第六節 新近發展之部門分類 40
     第一項 CPC v.1及CPC v.1.1 40
     第二項 「國際服務貿易統計手冊」 45
     第五章 GATS服務部門分類之未來展望 48
     第一節 前言 48
     第二節 未來發展統一服務部門分類之可能性 48
     第一項 統一性部門分類的優劣評估 48
     第二項 服務貿易發展統一性部門分類之評估 49
     第三節 適宜談判之服務部門分類 50
     第一項 前言 50
     第二項 適宜談判之服務部門分類 50
     第四節 服務部門改革工作的困境 51
     第六章 結論 52
     附錄 安地瓜案之爭端解決程序 54
     參考文獻 55
zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0091351039en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 服務貿易zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 服務部門分類zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Trade in Serviceen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Service Sectoral classficationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) W/120en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) CPCen_US
dc.title (題名) 由安地瓜控告美國禁止線上博奕案—探討服務貿易之部門分類標準zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中文部分zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1、張新平,「世界貿易組織下的服務貿易」,月旦,一九九六年。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2、羅昌發,「國際貿易法」,元照,二○○○年九月,頁499-632。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 英文部分zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1、CROOME, J, RESHAPING THE WORLD TRADING SYSTEM- A HISTORY OF THE URUGUAY ROUND, WTO, 1995zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2、HOEKMAN, B. M. AND KOSTECKI, M. M., THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF THE WORLD TRADING SYSTEM- THE WTO AND BEYOND, Oxford, 2001zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 3、MANUAL ON STATISTICS OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SERVICES, UN Doc. No.ST/ESA/STAT/SER.M/86, http://unstats.un.org/unsd/tradeserv/manual.aspzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 4、HAL S S AND PHILIP A. W, INTERNATIONAL FINANCE, TRANSACTION, POLICY, AND REGULATION, Foundation Press (2003)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 5、RICHARD S., BEVERLEY E. AND FILIBERTO A., INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS LAW AND ITS ENVIRONMENT, International Thomason Publishingzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 6、Nayyar Deepak, Some Reflections on the Uruguay Round and Trade in Services,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Vol.22 Issue5 JOURNAL OF WORLD TRADE 35-47 (1988).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 7、Nicolaides Phedon, Economic Aspects of Services: Implications for a GATTzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Agreement, Vol.28 Issue5 JOURNAL OF WORLD TRADE125-136 (1994).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 8、Sauve Pierre, Assessing the General Agreement on Trade in Services—Half Fullzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) or Half-Empty? Vol.33 Issue4 JOURNAL OF WORLD TRADE125-145(1995).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 9、Thornberg , Christopher F. and Frances L. Edwards, Determinants of Servicezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Trade Liberalization: A Study of the GATS Negotiation, available fromzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) http://www.worldservicescongress.com/papers.cfm.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 10、Bhagwati, B., Trade in Service and the Multilateral Trade Neotiation, Vol.1WORLD BANK ECONOMIC REVIEW (1987)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 11、Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade of Canada, Classification, the Measurement of Production and International Trade in Service and GATSzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 12、Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaty, 23 May 1969, 1155 U.N.T.S. 331.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 13、General Agreement on Trade in Service.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 14、Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputeszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 15、WTO Doc. WT/DS285/1-5zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 16、_________ WT/DS285,U.S. Request for Preliminary Rulings(Oct. 17, 2003)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 17、___________________ First Written Submission of the United States (Nov. 7, 2003)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 18、___________________ Opening Statement of the United States at the First Panel Meeting (Dec. 10, 2003)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 19、___________________ Closing Statement of the United States at the First Panel Meeting (Dec.1, 2003)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 20、___________________ Executive Summary of the U.S. Oral Statements at the First Panel Meeting (Dec.18, 2003)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 21、___________________U.S. Answers to the First Set of Panel Questions( Jan.9, 2004)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 22、___________________Second Written Submission of the United States ( Jan.9, 2004)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 23、__________________ Opening Statement of the United States at the Second Panel Meeting (Jan. 26, 2004)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 24、___________________Closing Statement of the United States at the Second Panel Meeting (Jan. 27, 2004)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 25、___________________U.S. Answers to the Second Set of Panel Questions (Feb. 2, 2004)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 26、___________________U.S. Comments on the Answers of Antigua and Barbuda to the Second Set of Panel Questions (Feb. 11, 2004)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 27、___________________ First Written Submission of Antigua and Barbuda(Oct. 1,2003)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 28、___________________Comments on the United States’s Request for Preliminary ruling by Antigua and Barbuda(Oct. 22, 2003)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 29、___________________Opening Statement at the First Panel Meeting by Antigua and Barbuda (Dec. 10, 2003)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 30、___________________Closing Statement at the First Panel Meeting by Antigua and Barbuda (Dec. 15, 2003)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 31、___________________Opening Statement at the Second Panel Meeting by Antigua and Barbuda (Jun. 26, 2004)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 32、U.S. To Appeal Ruling Against Internet Gambling Prohibition, INSIDE U.S. TRADE(Apr. 2, 2004)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 33、United State International Trade Commission, U.S Schedule of Commitments under the General Agreement on Trade in Service-With explanatory materials prepared by the U.S. International Trade Commission.(May 1997)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 34、European Communities-Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas, WTO Doc.WT/DS27/AB/R(Sep. 9, 1997)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 35、Canada - Certain Measures Affecting the Automotive Industry , WTO Doc.WT/DS139/R(Feb. 11, 2000)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 36、European Communities-Customs Classification of Certain Computer Equipment, WTO Doc.WT/DS62/AB/R(Jun. 5, 1998)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 37、Developments in International Service Classification Systems and Implications For Negotiations Under the General Agreement on Service In Trade, WTO Doc. S/CSC/W/2(Sep. 13, 1996)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 38、Systemization of the Connections between CPC rev.1 and Provisional CPC, Annex, WTO Doc. S/CSC/W/16.(May. 12, 1998)zh_TW