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題名 個股選擇權之隱含波動度不對稱效果決定因素之探討—以Panel Data模型分析
作者 周弘敏
貢獻者 杜化宇
周弘敏
關鍵詞 隱含波動度不對稱
槓桿效果
Panel Data
日期 2002
上傳時間 18-Sep-2009 19:17:14 (UTC+8)
摘要 隱含波動度不對稱效果對選擇權市場參與者是很重要的,因為隱含波動度變大可增加選擇權買方的報酬相對的會減少選擇權賣方的報酬,並且對選擇權避險者來說是一種額外的風險。過去許多文獻皆已證實股票報酬波動度具有不對稱效果,所謂不對稱效果一般是指負向衝擊對報酬波動度增加的影響較正向衝擊大。然而多數研究是以條件變異數作為波動度的衡量,本研究則打算以選擇權之隱含波動度作為波動度的衡量。研究對象為歐洲期貨交易所交易之二十四家德國公司個股選擇權,利用EGARCH模型探討股票價格變動對個股選擇權之隱含波動度不對稱效果,研究期間從2000年2月14日至2001年12月31日。在不對稱效果成立之下,進而探討公司財務槓桿及公司規模對隱含波動度不對稱程度之影響。除以最小平方法模型分析並與Koutmos and Saidi(1995)對照外,更進一步以Panel Data模型加入公司效果或時間效果作為本研究最終目的的分析依據,研究期間從2000年至2001年。
     本研究實證結果如下:
     1.大多數公司股票選擇權之隱含波動度具有不對稱效果,也就是負向價格變動對隱含波動度增加的影響較正向價格變動大,只有兩家公司例外。
     2.以最小平方法模型分析公司財務槓桿對隱含波動度不對稱程度的影響,實證結果與Koutmos and Saidi(1995)不一致,且不能支持Black(1976)所提出槓桿效果能用以解釋隱含波動度不對稱效果之假說,產生遺漏變數偏誤。
     3.以Panel Data模型加入公司效果或時間效果之考量,分析公司財務槓桿對隱含波動不對稱程度的影響。實證發現隱含波動度不對稱效果可歸因於財務槓桿假說,此外證實存在時間效果但不存在公司效果。
     4.公司規模會影響隱含波動度不對稱程度,兩者呈現正向關係。也就是說規模較大的公司對負向衝擊的反應較規模較小的公司敏感,實證結果與Koutmos and Saidi(1995)一致。
參考文獻 一、中文部分(依作者姓名排序)
王甡,”報酬衝擊對條件波動所造成之不對稱效果—台灣股票市場之實證分析”,證券市場發展季刊,民國八十四年一月,第七券第一期,125-160頁。
林楚雄、劉維琪與吳欽杉,”台灣股票店頭市場股價報酬波動行為的研究”,企業管理學報,民國八十八年三月,第四十四期,165-192頁。
林楚雄、劉維琪與吳欽杉,”不對稱GARCH模型的研究”,管理學報,民國八十八年九月,第十六券第三期,479-515頁。
麥朝成,2002全球經濟展望—從不景氣中再現繁榮,民國九十一年,中央經濟研究院。
二、英文部分(依作者姓氏字母排列)
Bessembinder, H. and P. J. Swguin, (1993), ”Price Volatility, Trading Volume, and Market Depth: Evidence from Futures Markets”, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Vol. 28, P21-39.
Black, F. (1976), “Studies of Stock, Price Volatility Changes”, Proceedings of the 1976 Meetings of the Business and Economics Statistics Section, American Statistical Association, P177-181.
Blair, B., S. H. Poon, and S. J. Taylor, (2002) “Asymmetric and Crash Effects in Stock Volatility for the S&P 100 Index and Its Constituents”, Applied Financial Economics, Vol. 12, P319-329.
Bollerslev, T. (1986), “Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity”, Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 31, P307-327.
Breusch, T., and A. Pagan. (1980), “The LM Test and Its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics”, Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 47, P239-254.
Campbell, J. Y. and L. Hentschel, (1992), “No News is Good News:An Asymmetric Model of Changing Volatility in Stock Returns”, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 31, P281-318.
Cheung, Y. W. and Ng, L. K. (1992), “Stock Price Dynamics and Firm Size: An Empirical Investigation”, Journal of Finance, Vol. 48, P1985-1997.
Christie, A. (1982), “The Stochastic Behavior of Common Stock Variance: Value, Leverage and Interest Rate Effects”, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 10, P407-432.
Davidson, W. N., J. K. Kim, E. Ors, and A. Szakmary, (2001), “Using Implied Volatility on Options to Measure the Relation Between Asset Returns and Variability”, Journal of Banking & Finance, Vol. 25, P1245-1269.
Duffee, G. R. (1995), “Stock Returns and Volatility: A Firm-Level Analysis”, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 37, P399-420.
Engle, R. F. (1990), “Discussion: Stock Market Volatility and the Crash of ’87”, Review of Financial Studies, Vol. 3, P103-106.
Engle, R. F. (1982), “Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity with Estimates of the Variance of UK Inflation”, Econometrica, Vol. 50, P987-1008.
Engle, R. F. and V. K. Ng (1993), “Measuring and Testing the Impact of News on Volatility”, Journal of Finance, Vol. 48, P1749-1778.
Fleming, J. (1998), “The Quality of Market Volatility Forecasts Implied by S&P 100 Index Option Prices”, Journal of Empirical Finance, Vol. 5, P317-345.
Fleming, J., Ostdiek, B., and Whaley, R. E. (1995), “Predicting Stock Market Volatility: A New Measure”, Journal of Futures Markets, Vol. 15, P265-302.
French, R. K., G. W. Schwert, and R. F. Stambaugh, (1987), “Expected Stock Returns and Volatility,” Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 19, P3-29.
Gallant, A. R., P. E. Rossi, and G. Tauchen, (1992), “Stock Prices and Volume”, The Review of Financial Studies, Vol. 5, P199-242.
Glosten, L. R., R. Jagannathan, and D. E. Runkle, (1993), “On the Relation Between the Expected Value and Volatility of the Nominal Excess Return on Stocks”, Journal of Finance, Vol. 48, P1779-1801.
Greene, W. H. (2000), Econometric Analysis, Fourth Edition.
Johnston, J. and Dinardo, J. (1997), Econometric Methods, Fourth Edition.
Koutmos, G. (1998), “Asymmetries in the Conditional Mean and the Conditional Variance: Evidence From Nine Stock Markets”, Journal of Economics and Business, Vol. 50, P277-290.
Koutmos, G. and G.G. Booth, (2002), “Asymmetric Volatility Transmission in International Stock Markets”, Journal of International Money and Finance, Vol. 14, P747-762.
Koutmos, G. and Saidi, R. (1995), “The Leverage Effect in Individual Stocks and the Debt to Equity Ratio”, Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, Vol. 22, P1063-1075.
Longin, F. and Solnik, B. (1995), “Is the Correlation in International Equity Returns Constant: 1960-1990?”, Journal of International Money and Finance, Vol. 14, P3-26.
Nelson, D. (1991), “Conditional Heteroskedasticity in Asset Returns: A New Approach,” Econometrica, Vol. 59, P347-370.
Rabemananjara, R. and J. M. Zakoian, (1993), “Threshold ARCH Models and Asymmetries in Volatility”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, Vol. 8, P31-49.
Schwert, G. W. (1989), “Why Does Stock Market Volatility Change Over Time?”, Journal of Finance, Vol. 44, P1115-1153.
Schwert, G. W. (1990), “Stock Volatility and the Crash of ’87”, Review of Financial Studies, Vol. 3, P77-102.
Simon, D. P. (1997), “Implied Volatility Asymmetries in Treasury Bond Futures Options”, Journal of Futures Markets, Vol. 17, P873-885.
Zakoian, J.M. (1991), “Threshold Heteroskedastic Models”, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Vol. 18, P931-955.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
財務管理研究所
90357024
91
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0090357024
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 杜化宇zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 周弘敏zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 周弘敏zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2002en_US
dc.date.accessioned 18-Sep-2009 19:17:14 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 18-Sep-2009 19:17:14 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 18-Sep-2009 19:17:14 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0090357024en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/36683-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 財務管理研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 90357024zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 91zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 隱含波動度不對稱效果對選擇權市場參與者是很重要的,因為隱含波動度變大可增加選擇權買方的報酬相對的會減少選擇權賣方的報酬,並且對選擇權避險者來說是一種額外的風險。過去許多文獻皆已證實股票報酬波動度具有不對稱效果,所謂不對稱效果一般是指負向衝擊對報酬波動度增加的影響較正向衝擊大。然而多數研究是以條件變異數作為波動度的衡量,本研究則打算以選擇權之隱含波動度作為波動度的衡量。研究對象為歐洲期貨交易所交易之二十四家德國公司個股選擇權,利用EGARCH模型探討股票價格變動對個股選擇權之隱含波動度不對稱效果,研究期間從2000年2月14日至2001年12月31日。在不對稱效果成立之下,進而探討公司財務槓桿及公司規模對隱含波動度不對稱程度之影響。除以最小平方法模型分析並與Koutmos and Saidi(1995)對照外,更進一步以Panel Data模型加入公司效果或時間效果作為本研究最終目的的分析依據,研究期間從2000年至2001年。
     本研究實證結果如下:
     1.大多數公司股票選擇權之隱含波動度具有不對稱效果,也就是負向價格變動對隱含波動度增加的影響較正向價格變動大,只有兩家公司例外。
     2.以最小平方法模型分析公司財務槓桿對隱含波動度不對稱程度的影響,實證結果與Koutmos and Saidi(1995)不一致,且不能支持Black(1976)所提出槓桿效果能用以解釋隱含波動度不對稱效果之假說,產生遺漏變數偏誤。
     3.以Panel Data模型加入公司效果或時間效果之考量,分析公司財務槓桿對隱含波動不對稱程度的影響。實證發現隱含波動度不對稱效果可歸因於財務槓桿假說,此外證實存在時間效果但不存在公司效果。
     4.公司規模會影響隱含波動度不對稱程度,兩者呈現正向關係。也就是說規模較大的公司對負向衝擊的反應較規模較小的公司敏感,實證結果與Koutmos and Saidi(1995)一致。
zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 第壹章、緒論 1
      第一節、研究動機與目的 1
      第二節、研究範圍與對象 5
      第三節、研究架構與流程 6
     第貳章、文獻回顧 8
      第一節、波動度不對稱模型 8
      第二節、股票市場與選擇權市場之波動度不對稱效果 17
      第三節、波動度不對稱效果之解釋原因 22
     第參章、研究方法 28
      第一節、EGARCH模型 29
      第二節、最小平方法模型 32
      第三節、Panel Data模型 32
     第肆章、實證分析與結果 41
      第一節、資料來源與處理 41
      第二節、股票價格變動對個股選擇權之隱含波動度不對稱效果 46
      第三節、公司財務槓桿及公司規模對隱含波動度不對稱程度之影響 54
     第伍章、結論與建議 72
      第一節、結論 72
      第二節、研究限制與建議 73
     參考文獻 75
     表2-1 波動度不對稱模型 16
     表4-1 二十四家德國個股選擇權公司 44
     表4-2 EGARCH(1,1)模型估計結果(2000/2/14~2001/12/31) 50
     表4-3 個股選擇權隱含波動度行為之歸類整理 53
     表4-4 最小平方法模型 57
     表4-5 EGARCH(1,1)估計結果(2000/2/14~2000/12/29) 59
     表4-6 EGARCH(1,1)估計結果(2001/1/1~2001/12/31) 61
     表4-7 固定效果模型及隨機效果模型估計結果 69
     表4-8 Hausman Test 70
     表4-9 OLS模型及Panel Data模型比較 70
     表4-10 F統計量檢定(判斷有無公司效果或時間效果存在) 71
     圖1-1 研究流程圖 7
zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0090357024en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 隱含波動度不對稱zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 槓桿效果zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Panel Dataen_US
dc.title (題名) 個股選擇權之隱含波動度不對稱效果決定因素之探討—以Panel Data模型分析zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、中文部分(依作者姓名排序)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 王甡,”報酬衝擊對條件波動所造成之不對稱效果—台灣股票市場之實證分析”,證券市場發展季刊,民國八十四年一月,第七券第一期,125-160頁。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 林楚雄、劉維琪與吳欽杉,”台灣股票店頭市場股價報酬波動行為的研究”,企業管理學報,民國八十八年三月,第四十四期,165-192頁。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 林楚雄、劉維琪與吳欽杉,”不對稱GARCH模型的研究”,管理學報,民國八十八年九月,第十六券第三期,479-515頁。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 麥朝成,2002全球經濟展望—從不景氣中再現繁榮,民國九十一年,中央經濟研究院。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 二、英文部分(依作者姓氏字母排列)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bessembinder, H. and P. J. Swguin, (1993), ”Price Volatility, Trading Volume, and Market Depth: Evidence from Futures Markets”, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Vol. 28, P21-39.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Black, F. (1976), “Studies of Stock, Price Volatility Changes”, Proceedings of the 1976 Meetings of the Business and Economics Statistics Section, American Statistical Association, P177-181.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Blair, B., S. H. Poon, and S. J. Taylor, (2002) “Asymmetric and Crash Effects in Stock Volatility for the S&P 100 Index and Its Constituents”, Applied Financial Economics, Vol. 12, P319-329.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bollerslev, T. (1986), “Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity”, Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 31, P307-327.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Breusch, T., and A. Pagan. (1980), “The LM Test and Its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics”, Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 47, P239-254.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Campbell, J. Y. and L. Hentschel, (1992), “No News is Good News:An Asymmetric Model of Changing Volatility in Stock Returns”, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 31, P281-318.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cheung, Y. W. and Ng, L. K. (1992), “Stock Price Dynamics and Firm Size: An Empirical Investigation”, Journal of Finance, Vol. 48, P1985-1997.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Christie, A. (1982), “The Stochastic Behavior of Common Stock Variance: Value, Leverage and Interest Rate Effects”, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 10, P407-432.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Davidson, W. N., J. K. Kim, E. Ors, and A. Szakmary, (2001), “Using Implied Volatility on Options to Measure the Relation Between Asset Returns and Variability”, Journal of Banking & Finance, Vol. 25, P1245-1269.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Duffee, G. R. (1995), “Stock Returns and Volatility: A Firm-Level Analysis”, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 37, P399-420.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Engle, R. F. (1990), “Discussion: Stock Market Volatility and the Crash of ’87”, Review of Financial Studies, Vol. 3, P103-106.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Engle, R. F. (1982), “Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity with Estimates of the Variance of UK Inflation”, Econometrica, Vol. 50, P987-1008.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Engle, R. F. and V. K. Ng (1993), “Measuring and Testing the Impact of News on Volatility”, Journal of Finance, Vol. 48, P1749-1778.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fleming, J. (1998), “The Quality of Market Volatility Forecasts Implied by S&P 100 Index Option Prices”, Journal of Empirical Finance, Vol. 5, P317-345.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fleming, J., Ostdiek, B., and Whaley, R. E. (1995), “Predicting Stock Market Volatility: A New Measure”, Journal of Futures Markets, Vol. 15, P265-302.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) French, R. K., G. W. Schwert, and R. F. Stambaugh, (1987), “Expected Stock Returns and Volatility,” Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 19, P3-29.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gallant, A. R., P. E. Rossi, and G. Tauchen, (1992), “Stock Prices and Volume”, The Review of Financial Studies, Vol. 5, P199-242.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Glosten, L. R., R. Jagannathan, and D. E. Runkle, (1993), “On the Relation Between the Expected Value and Volatility of the Nominal Excess Return on Stocks”, Journal of Finance, Vol. 48, P1779-1801.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Greene, W. H. (2000), Econometric Analysis, Fourth Edition.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Johnston, J. and Dinardo, J. (1997), Econometric Methods, Fourth Edition.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Koutmos, G. (1998), “Asymmetries in the Conditional Mean and the Conditional Variance: Evidence From Nine Stock Markets”, Journal of Economics and Business, Vol. 50, P277-290.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Koutmos, G. and G.G. Booth, (2002), “Asymmetric Volatility Transmission in International Stock Markets”, Journal of International Money and Finance, Vol. 14, P747-762.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Koutmos, G. and Saidi, R. (1995), “The Leverage Effect in Individual Stocks and the Debt to Equity Ratio”, Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, Vol. 22, P1063-1075.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Longin, F. and Solnik, B. (1995), “Is the Correlation in International Equity Returns Constant: 1960-1990?”, Journal of International Money and Finance, Vol. 14, P3-26.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Nelson, D. (1991), “Conditional Heteroskedasticity in Asset Returns: A New Approach,” Econometrica, Vol. 59, P347-370.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rabemananjara, R. and J. M. Zakoian, (1993), “Threshold ARCH Models and Asymmetries in Volatility”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, Vol. 8, P31-49.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schwert, G. W. (1989), “Why Does Stock Market Volatility Change Over Time?”, Journal of Finance, Vol. 44, P1115-1153.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schwert, G. W. (1990), “Stock Volatility and the Crash of ’87”, Review of Financial Studies, Vol. 3, P77-102.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Simon, D. P. (1997), “Implied Volatility Asymmetries in Treasury Bond Futures Options”, Journal of Futures Markets, Vol. 17, P873-885.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Zakoian, J.M. (1991), “Threshold Heteroskedastic Models”, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Vol. 18, P931-955.zh_TW