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題名 Optimal Portfolio in Outperforming Its Liability Benchmark for a Defined Benefit Pension Plan
作者 李意豐
Yi-Feng Li
貢獻者 張士傑博士
李意豐
Yi-Feng Li
關鍵詞 shortfall
defined benefit
liability benchmark
stochastic control
dynamic programming
日期 2002
上傳時間 18-Sep-2009 19:23:47 (UTC+8)
摘要 摘要

本文於確定給付退休金計劃下,探討基金經理人於最差基金財務短絀情境發生前極大化管理目標之最適投資組合,基金比值過程定義為基金現值與負債指標之比例,管理人將於指定最差基金比值發生前極大化達成既定經營目標之機率,隨時間改變之基金投資集合包括無風險之現金、債券與股票。本研究建構隨機控制模型描述此最適化問題,並以動態規劃方法求解,由結果歸納,經理人之最適策略包含極小化基金比值變異之避險因素,風險偏好及跨期投資集合相關之避險因素與模型狀態變數相關之避險因素。本研究利用馬可夫練逼近法逼近隨機控制的數值解,結果顯示基金經理人須握有很大部位的債券,且不同的投資期間對於最適投資決策有很大的影響。
關鍵字: 短絀、確定給付、負債指標、隨機控制、動態規劃。
Abstract
This paper analyzes the portfolio problem that is a pension fund manager has to maximize the possibility of reaching his managerial goal before the worst scenario shortfall occurs in a defined benefit pension scheme. The fund ratio process defined as the ratio between the fund level and its accrued liability benchmark is attained to maximize the probability that the predetermined target is achieved before it falls below an intolerable boundary. The time-varying opportunity set in our study includes risk-free cash, bonds and stock index. The problems are formulated as a stochastic control framework and are solved through dynamics programming. In this study, the optimal portfolio are characterized by three components, the liability hedging component, the intertemporal hedging component against changes in the opportunity set, and the temporal hedging component minimizing the variation in fund ratio growth. The Markov chain approximation methods are employed to approximate the stochastic control solutions numerically. The result shows that fund managers should hold large proportions of bonds and time horizon plays a crucial role in constructing the optimal portfolio.
Keywords: shortfall; defined benefit; liability benchmark; stochastic control; dynamic programming.
參考文獻 Reference
Bliss, R. and Ritchken, P. “Empirical Test of Two State-Variable Heath-Jarrow-Mortorn Models.” Journal of Money Credit and Banking 28 (1996): 452-476.
Boyle, P. and Yang, H. “Asset Allocation with Time Variation in Expected Returns.” Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 21 (1997): 201-218.
Brennan, M. J., E. S. Schwartz and R. Lagnado. “Strategic Asset Allocation.” Journal of Economics, Dynamics and Control 21 (1997): 1377-1403.
Brennan, M. J. and Schwartz, E. S. “An Equilibrium Model of Bond Pricing and a Test of Market Efficiency.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 17 (1982): 301-329.
Brennan, M. J., and Schwartz, E. S. The Use of Treasury Bill Futures in Strategic Asset Allocation Programs. In Worldwide Asset And Liability Modeling. (J.M. Mulvey and W.T. Ziemba, Eds.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Browne, S., Beating a Moving Target: Optimal Portfolio Strategies for Outperforming a Stochastic Benchmark. Finance and Stochastics 275-294.
Cairns, A. J. G.. “Some Notes on the Dynamics and Optimal Control of Stochastic Pension Fund Models in Continuous Time.” ASTIN Bulletin 30 (2000): 19-55.
Campbell, J. Y. and L. M. Viceira, “Consumption and Portfolio Decisions when Expected Returns are Time Varying.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 114 (1999): 433-495.
Campbell, J. Y. and L. M. Viceira, “Who Should Buy Long-Term Bonds.” American Economic Review 91 (2001): 99-127.
Chang, S. C. and Cheng, H. Y. “Pension Valuation Under Uncertainty: Implementation of a Stochastic and Dynamic Monitoring System.” Journal of Risk and Insurance 69 (2002): 171-92.
Chang, S. C. “Optimal Pension Funding Through Dynamic Simulations: The Case of Taiwan Public Employees Retirement System.” Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 24 (1999): 187-199.
Chang, S. C. “Realistic Pension Funding: A Stochastic Approach.” Journal of Actuarial Practice 8 (2000): 5-42.
Chang, S. C., Chenghsien Tsai, C. J. Tien and C. Y. Tu. “Dynamic Funding and Investment Strategy for Defined Benefit Pension Schemes: Model Incorporating Asset-Liability Matching Criterions.” Journal of Actuarial Practice 10 (2002): 131-155.
Chang, S. C., Larry Y. Tzeng, Jerry C. Y. Miao. “Pension Funding Incorporating Downside Risks.” Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 32 (2003): 217-228.
Cox, J. C., Ingersoll, J., Ross, S. “A theory of the Term Structure of Interest Rates.” Econometrica 53 (1985): 385--407.
Haberman, S. and Sung, J. H. “Dynamic Approaches to Pension Funding.” Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 15 (1994): 151-162.
Heath, D., A, Jarrow and A. Morton , “Bond Pricing and the Term Structure of Interest Rates.” Econometrica 60 (1992): 77-106.
Josa-Fombellida, R. and J. P. Rinc-Zapatero. “Minimization of Risks in Pension Funding by Means of Contributions and Portfolio Selection.” Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 29 (2001): 35-45.
Karatzas, I., J. P. Lehoczky, S. P. Sethi, and S. E. Shreve. Explicit Solutions of a General Consumption Investment Problem.” Mathematics of Operations Research 11 (1986): 261--294.
Kim, T., and E. Omberg. “Dynamic Nonmyopic Portfolio Behavior.” Review of Financial Studies 9 (1996): 141-161.
Krylov, N. V. Controlled Diffusion Process, New York: Springer-Verlng, 1980.
Kushner, H. J., and Dupois, P. G. Numerical Methods for Stochastic Control Problems in Continuous Time. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1992.
Menoncin, F. “Optimal Portfolio and Background Risk: An Exact and An Approximated Solution.” Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 31 (2002): 249-265.
Merton, R. C. “Lifetime Portfolio Selection under Uncertainty: The Continuous Time Case.” Review of Economics and Statistics 51 (1969): 247-257.
Merton, R. C. “Optimum Consumption and Portfolio Rules in a Continuous Time Model.” Journal of Economic Theory 3 (1971): 373-413.
Merton, R. C. “An Intertemporal Capital Asset Pricing Model.” Econometrica 41 (1973): 867-888.
Merton, R. C. Continuous Time Finance, Cambridge: Basil Blackwell, MA, 1990.
O`Brien, T. “A Stochastic-dynamic Approach to Pension Funding.” Insurance:Mathematics and Economics 5 (1986): 141-146.
O`Brien, T. “A Two-parameter Family of Pension Contribution Functions and Stochastic Optimization.” Insurance:Mathematics and Economics 6 (1987): 129-134.
Petit, M. L. Control Theory and Dynamic Games in Economic Policy Analysis. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Runggaldier, W.J. “Concept and Methods for Discrete and Continuous Time Control Under Uncertainty.” Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 22 (1998): 25-39.
Samuelson, P. “Lifetime Portfolio Selection by Dynamic Stochastic Programming.” Review of Economics and Statistics (1969): 239-246.
Schäl, M. “On Piecewise Deterministic Markov Control Processes: Control of Jumps and of Risk Processes in Insurance.” Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 22 (1998): 75-91.
Sharpe, W. F. “Capital Asset Prices with and without Negative Holdings.” Journal of Finance 64 (1991): 489-509.
Sharpe, W. F. and Lawrence G. Tint. “Liabilities - A New Approach. Journal of Portfolio Management 17 (1990): 5-10.
Sorensen, C. “Dynamic Asset Allocation and Fixed Income Management.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 34 (1999): 513-531.
Wachter, J. A. “Portfolio and Consumption Decisions under Mean-Reverting Returns: An Exact Solution for Complete Markets.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 37 (2002): 63-91.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
風險管理與保險研究所
90358018
91
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0090358018
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 張士傑博士zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 李意豐zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Yi-Feng Lien_US
dc.creator (作者) 李意豐zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Yi-Feng Lien_US
dc.date (日期) 2002en_US
dc.date.accessioned 18-Sep-2009 19:23:47 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 18-Sep-2009 19:23:47 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 18-Sep-2009 19:23:47 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0090358018en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/36730-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 風險管理與保險研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 90358018zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 91zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 摘要

本文於確定給付退休金計劃下,探討基金經理人於最差基金財務短絀情境發生前極大化管理目標之最適投資組合,基金比值過程定義為基金現值與負債指標之比例,管理人將於指定最差基金比值發生前極大化達成既定經營目標之機率,隨時間改變之基金投資集合包括無風險之現金、債券與股票。本研究建構隨機控制模型描述此最適化問題,並以動態規劃方法求解,由結果歸納,經理人之最適策略包含極小化基金比值變異之避險因素,風險偏好及跨期投資集合相關之避險因素與模型狀態變數相關之避險因素。本研究利用馬可夫練逼近法逼近隨機控制的數值解,結果顯示基金經理人須握有很大部位的債券,且不同的投資期間對於最適投資決策有很大的影響。
關鍵字: 短絀、確定給付、負債指標、隨機控制、動態規劃。
zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Abstract
This paper analyzes the portfolio problem that is a pension fund manager has to maximize the possibility of reaching his managerial goal before the worst scenario shortfall occurs in a defined benefit pension scheme. The fund ratio process defined as the ratio between the fund level and its accrued liability benchmark is attained to maximize the probability that the predetermined target is achieved before it falls below an intolerable boundary. The time-varying opportunity set in our study includes risk-free cash, bonds and stock index. The problems are formulated as a stochastic control framework and are solved through dynamics programming. In this study, the optimal portfolio are characterized by three components, the liability hedging component, the intertemporal hedging component against changes in the opportunity set, and the temporal hedging component minimizing the variation in fund ratio growth. The Markov chain approximation methods are employed to approximate the stochastic control solutions numerically. The result shows that fund managers should hold large proportions of bonds and time horizon plays a crucial role in constructing the optimal portfolio.
Keywords: shortfall; defined benefit; liability benchmark; stochastic control; dynamic programming.
en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Contents
1.Introduction﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒ 1
2.The Model﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒7
 2.1 The Basic Framework﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒7
 2.2 The Dynamics of Invested Assets﹒﹒﹒ ﹒﹒﹒﹒8
 2.3 The Background Risks﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒11
 2.4 Active Portfolio Management﹒﹒﹒﹒ ﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒12
3.Control Problem ﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒14
4.Numerical Illustration﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒20
 4.1 Markov chain approximation method ﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒20
 4.2 Data Description﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒23
 4.3 Numerical Result﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒24
5.Conclusion﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒31
Reference ﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒33
zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0090358018en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) shortfallen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) defined benefiten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) liability benchmarken_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) stochastic controlen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) dynamic programmingen_US
dc.title (題名) Optimal Portfolio in Outperforming Its Liability Benchmark for a Defined Benefit Pension Planzh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Referencezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bliss, R. and Ritchken, P. “Empirical Test of Two State-Variable Heath-Jarrow-Mortorn Models.” Journal of Money Credit and Banking 28 (1996): 452-476.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Boyle, P. and Yang, H. “Asset Allocation with Time Variation in Expected Returns.” Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 21 (1997): 201-218.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brennan, M. J., E. S. Schwartz and R. Lagnado. “Strategic Asset Allocation.” Journal of Economics, Dynamics and Control 21 (1997): 1377-1403.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brennan, M. J. and Schwartz, E. S. “An Equilibrium Model of Bond Pricing and a Test of Market Efficiency.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 17 (1982): 301-329.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brennan, M. J., and Schwartz, E. S. The Use of Treasury Bill Futures in Strategic Asset Allocation Programs. In Worldwide Asset And Liability Modeling. (J.M. Mulvey and W.T. Ziemba, Eds.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Browne, S., Beating a Moving Target: Optimal Portfolio Strategies for Outperforming a Stochastic Benchmark. Finance and Stochastics 275-294.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cairns, A. J. G.. “Some Notes on the Dynamics and Optimal Control of Stochastic Pension Fund Models in Continuous Time.” ASTIN Bulletin 30 (2000): 19-55.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Campbell, J. Y. and L. M. Viceira, “Consumption and Portfolio Decisions when Expected Returns are Time Varying.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 114 (1999): 433-495.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Campbell, J. Y. and L. M. Viceira, “Who Should Buy Long-Term Bonds.” American Economic Review 91 (2001): 99-127.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chang, S. C. and Cheng, H. Y. “Pension Valuation Under Uncertainty: Implementation of a Stochastic and Dynamic Monitoring System.” Journal of Risk and Insurance 69 (2002): 171-92.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chang, S. C. “Optimal Pension Funding Through Dynamic Simulations: The Case of Taiwan Public Employees Retirement System.” Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 24 (1999): 187-199.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chang, S. C. “Realistic Pension Funding: A Stochastic Approach.” Journal of Actuarial Practice 8 (2000): 5-42.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chang, S. C., Chenghsien Tsai, C. J. Tien and C. Y. Tu. “Dynamic Funding and Investment Strategy for Defined Benefit Pension Schemes: Model Incorporating Asset-Liability Matching Criterions.” Journal of Actuarial Practice 10 (2002): 131-155.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chang, S. C., Larry Y. Tzeng, Jerry C. Y. Miao. “Pension Funding Incorporating Downside Risks.” Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 32 (2003): 217-228.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cox, J. C., Ingersoll, J., Ross, S. “A theory of the Term Structure of Interest Rates.” Econometrica 53 (1985): 385--407.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Haberman, S. and Sung, J. H. “Dynamic Approaches to Pension Funding.” Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 15 (1994): 151-162.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Heath, D., A, Jarrow and A. Morton , “Bond Pricing and the Term Structure of Interest Rates.” Econometrica 60 (1992): 77-106.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Josa-Fombellida, R. and J. P. Rinc-Zapatero. “Minimization of Risks in Pension Funding by Means of Contributions and Portfolio Selection.” Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 29 (2001): 35-45.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Karatzas, I., J. P. Lehoczky, S. P. Sethi, and S. E. Shreve. Explicit Solutions of a General Consumption Investment Problem.” Mathematics of Operations Research 11 (1986): 261--294.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kim, T., and E. Omberg. “Dynamic Nonmyopic Portfolio Behavior.” Review of Financial Studies 9 (1996): 141-161.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Krylov, N. V. Controlled Diffusion Process, New York: Springer-Verlng, 1980.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kushner, H. J., and Dupois, P. G. Numerical Methods for Stochastic Control Problems in Continuous Time. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1992.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Menoncin, F. “Optimal Portfolio and Background Risk: An Exact and An Approximated Solution.” Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 31 (2002): 249-265.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Merton, R. C. “Lifetime Portfolio Selection under Uncertainty: The Continuous Time Case.” Review of Economics and Statistics 51 (1969): 247-257.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Merton, R. C. “Optimum Consumption and Portfolio Rules in a Continuous Time Model.” Journal of Economic Theory 3 (1971): 373-413.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Merton, R. C. “An Intertemporal Capital Asset Pricing Model.” Econometrica 41 (1973): 867-888.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Merton, R. C. Continuous Time Finance, Cambridge: Basil Blackwell, MA, 1990.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) O`Brien, T. “A Stochastic-dynamic Approach to Pension Funding.” Insurance:Mathematics and Economics 5 (1986): 141-146.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) O`Brien, T. “A Two-parameter Family of Pension Contribution Functions and Stochastic Optimization.” Insurance:Mathematics and Economics 6 (1987): 129-134.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Petit, M. L. Control Theory and Dynamic Games in Economic Policy Analysis. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1990.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Runggaldier, W.J. “Concept and Methods for Discrete and Continuous Time Control Under Uncertainty.” Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 22 (1998): 25-39.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Samuelson, P. “Lifetime Portfolio Selection by Dynamic Stochastic Programming.” Review of Economics and Statistics (1969): 239-246.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schäl, M. “On Piecewise Deterministic Markov Control Processes: Control of Jumps and of Risk Processes in Insurance.” Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 22 (1998): 75-91.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sharpe, W. F. “Capital Asset Prices with and without Negative Holdings.” Journal of Finance 64 (1991): 489-509.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sharpe, W. F. and Lawrence G. Tint. “Liabilities - A New Approach. Journal of Portfolio Management 17 (1990): 5-10.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sorensen, C. “Dynamic Asset Allocation and Fixed Income Management.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 34 (1999): 513-531.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wachter, J. A. “Portfolio and Consumption Decisions under Mean-Reverting Returns: An Exact Solution for Complete Markets.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 37 (2002): 63-91.zh_TW