Publications-Theses

題名 Laughter is the Best Pitch: A Research on the Presence of Humor in American and Filipino Advertisements
作者 文詩安
Mildred Ann Vicente
貢獻者 郭貞
Kuo, Cheng
文詩安
Mildred Ann Vicente
關鍵詞 international communication
international advertising
humor
culture
日期 2008
上傳時間 18-Sep-2009 19:46:16 (UTC+8)
摘要 
As an emotional appeal to reach the target audience, humor is a creative tool that uses laughter and entertainment to disarm the cynical viewer to deliver the advertising pitch. In this manner, a funny advertisement would capture audience attention and would have a greater chance of increasing the recall of the brand and the general marketing message. The presence of humor in advertisements spices up the content; thus, making it more interesting and amusing. However, due to the influence of culture to both individual and collective tastes in humor, the universality of humor may not apply to advertising, particularly to international advertising campaigns, at all times. Cultural differences challenge local and international campaigns to understand what the audience would understand, appreciate and buy in the long run.

Adapting the Berger’s humor categories (1993), this thesis identified the prevalent humor categories in American and Filipino advertisements from January 2001 to March 2008 through content analysis. Although some categories are similarly prevalent in both samples, they are used portrayed in different ways. The various uses of these humor techniques are noticeable based on subtlety, physicality, intentions, nature and implied and latent definitions. Also, some humor techniques were combined with others to send the marketing message across effectively. This required the understanding of the overall picture and interaction of audio and visual elements in the advertisement. Therefore, this revealed that even both American and Filipino humor are characterized by their obvious, physical and sometimes vulgar expressions, there are still some differences between the two. American humor has a blunt, straightforward nature, whereas Filipino humor is subtle, conservative and visually goofy. Inferential statistics, on the other hand, revealed that only a few humor categories (four in the audio element, 1 in the visual element), showed the significant difference between American and Filipino advertisements.

To further see the meaning beneath the similarities and differences between the funny American and Filipino advertisements, this thesis provided a textual analysis of the prevalent humor categories that appeared in the content analysis. The humor categories both reflect and challenge the cultural values of both countries. What is present in the society could be seen in the humor content of the advertisements, which may be a validation of the mirroring function of advertising. However, poking fun at the cultural value system in the United States and the Philippines gives them a taste of freedom and a feeling of relief from rules and constraints.
參考文獻 Books
Anholt, S. (2000). Another Bites the Grass: Making Sense of International Advertising. Canada: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Apte, M. (1985). Humor and Laughter: An Anthropological Approach. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
Arnold, D. (2004). The Mirage of Global Markets: How Globalizing Companies Can Succeed as Markets Localize. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Belch, G.E. and Belch, M.A. (2007). Advertising and Promotion: An Integrated Marketing Communications Perspective. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin.
Blackwell, R., Miniard, P. and Engel, J. (2001). Consumer Behavior (9th ed.). Orlando, FL: Harcourt.
Boorstin, D. (1963). The Image. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Bradley, S., Hitchon, J. and Thorson, E. (1994). “Hard Sell versus Soft Sell: A Comparison of British and American Advertising”. Global and Multnational Advertising (Basil G. Englis, ed.) Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Cohen, R. (1997). Negotiating Across Cultures: Communications Obstacles in International Diplomacy. Washington D.C.: U.S. Institute of Peace Press.
Coronel, S. (2005). Hello, Garci? Political Humor in the Cellphone Age. Quezon City, Philippines: Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism (PCIJ).
Davis, M. (1993). What’s So Funny? The Comic Conception of Culture and Society. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
De Mooij, M. (1998). Global Marketing and Advertising: Understanding Cultural Paradoxes. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Dyer, G. (1990). Advertising As Communication. London: Routledge.
Ewen, S. (2001). Captains of Consciousness: Advertising and The Social Roots of the Consumer Culture. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Frith, K.T. and Mueller, B. (2003). Advertising and Societies: Global Issues. NY: Peter Lang.
Hofstede, G. (1997). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Hofstede, G. (1984). Culture’s Consequences. Beverly Hills: Sage.
Hollensen, S. (2001). Global Marketing: A Market-Responsive Approach (2nd ed.). Harlow, England: Prentice Hall.
Kapferer, J-N. (2000). Strategic Brand Management: Creating and Sustaining Brand Equity Long Term (2nd ed.). United Kingdom: Kogan Page.
Kohut, A. (2006). America Against the World. Times Books.
Koller, M. (1988). Humor and Society: Explorations in the Society of Humor. Houston: Cap and Gown Press.
Lamont, M. (1992). Money, Morals and Manners: The Culture of the French and American Upper-Middle Class. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Lash, S. and Urry, J. (1994). Economies of Signs and Space. London: Sage.
Levitt, T. (1983). The Marketing Imagination. New York: The Free Press.
McCarty, J. (1994). “The Role of Cultural Value Orientations in Cross-Cultural Research and International Marketing and Advertising”. Global and Multinational Advertising (Basil G. Englis, ed.) Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
McGhee, P. (1979). Humor: Its Origin and Development. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.
Miller, G. (2000). The Mating Mind: How Sexual Choice Shaped the Evolution of Human Nature. New York: Anchor Books.
Nowell Smith, G.(1993). Quoted in Bennett, Tony. Useful Culture in Relocating Cultural Studies: Developments in Theory and Research. eds. Valder, Blundell, et. al. New York: Routledge.
Ogilvy, D. (1964). Confessions of an Advertising Man. New York: Atheneum Press.
Ogilvy, D. (1985). Ogilvy in Advertising. New York, NY: Vintage Books.
Patton, M.Q. (1990). Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods. (2nd ed.) Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Raskin, V. (1985). Semantic Mechanisms of Humor. Boston: D. Reidel.
Rourke, C. (1959 eds). American Humor: A Study of National Character. New York: New York Review Books.
Shimp, T. (2000). Advertising Promotion – Supplemental Aspects of Integrated Marketing Communication. Orlando, FL: Harcourt, Inc.
Speck, P. (1991). “The Humorous Message Taxonomy: A Framework for the Study of Humorous Ads”. Currents Issues and Research in Advertising (James Leigh and Claude R. Martin, Jr., eds.) Ann Arbor: Michigan Business School.
Stewart, D. and Furse, D. (1986). Effective Television Advertising: A Study of 1000 Commercials. Lexington: Lexington Books.
Suls, J. (1983). “Cognitive Processes in Humor Appreciation”. Handbook of Humor Research (Jeffrey Goldstein, ed.) New York: Springer-Verlag Inc.
Taylor, C., Miracle, G. and Chang, K. (1994). “The Difficult of Standardizing International Advertising: Some Propositions and Evidence from Japanese, Korean, and U.S. Television Advertising.” Global and Multinational Advertising. (Basil G. Englis, ed.) New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Terpstra, V. and Sarathy, R. (2000). International Marketing (8th ed.). Orlando, FL: The Dryden Press.
Triandis, H.C., Vassiliou, V., Vassiliou, G., Tanaka, Y., and Shanmugam, A. (1972). The Analysis of Subjective Culture. New York: Wiley.
United Nations Development Program. (1998). Human Development Report. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Usunier, J-C. (1996). Marketing Across Cultures (2nd edition). Hertfordshire, Great Britain: Prentice Hall Europe.
Walsh, L.S. (1993). International Marketing (3rd ed.).United Kingdom: Longman.
Weissman, G. (1967) International Expansion. Plotting Marketing Strategy: A New Orientation (L.J. Adler, ed.) New York: Simon and Schuster.
Journals
Albers-Miller, N.D. and Gelb, B.D. (1996). “Business Advertising Appeals as a Mirror of Cultural Dimensions: A Study of Eleven Countries”. Journal of Advertising, 25(4), 57-70.
Alden, D., Hoyer, W. and Lee, C. (1993). “Identifying Global and Culture-Specific Dimensions of Humor in Advertising: A Multinational Analysis”. Journal of Marketing, 57, 64-75.
Ancheta, M.R. (2000). “Pig’s Nest in an even Bigger Pen: Pugad Baboy as a Case of Subversion and Renegotiation in Philippine Comedy”. Humanities Diliman, 1(2), 56-86.
Beard, F. (2005). “One Hundred Years of Humor in American Advertising”. Journal of Macromarketing, 25(1), 54,-65.
Berger, A. A. (1987). “Humor: An Introduction”. American Behavioral Scientist, 30(1), 6-16.
Biel, A.L. and Bridgewater, C.A. (1990). “Attributes of Likeable Television Commercials”.Journal of Advertising Research, 30(3), 38-44.
Buijzen, M. and Valkenburg, P. (2004). “Developing a Typology of Humor in Audiovisual Media” Media Psychology, 6, 147-167.
Buzzell, R.D. (1968). “Can You Standardize Multinational Marketing?”. Harvard Business Review, 46, 102-113.
Craik, K. Lampert, M. and Nelson, A. (1996). “Sense of Humor and Styles of Everyday Humorous Conduct”. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 9, 273-302.
Douglas, M. (1968). “The Social Control of Cognition: Some Factors in Joke Cognition”. Man, 3, 361-376.
Douglas, S. and Wind, Y. (1987). The Myth of Globalization. Columbia Journal of World Business, 24(3), 19-30.
Duncan, T. and Ramapasad, J. (1995). “Standardized Multinational Advertising: The Influencing Factors”. Journal of Advertising, 24(3), 55-68.
Dunn, S.W. (1976). “Effect of National Identity on Multinational Promotion in Europe”. Journal of Marketing, 40, 50-57.
Elbashier, A.M. and Nichols, J.R. (1983). “Export Marketing in the Middle East: The Importance of Cultural Differences”. European Journal of Marketing, 17, 89-94.
Esteban, E. (2006). “Parental Verbal Abuse: Culture-Specific Coping Behavior of College Students in the Philippines”. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 36(3), 243-259.
Fine, G.A. and De Soucey, M. (2005). “Joking Cultures: Humor Themes as a Social Regulation in Group Life”. Humor 18(1), 1-22.
Frith, K.T. and Sengupta, S. (1991). “Individualism and Advertising: A Cross-Cultural Comparison”. Asian Mass Communication Research and Information, 18(4), 191-197.
Fry, W.F. Jr, (1987). “Humor and Paradox”. American Behavioral Scientist, 30(1), 42-71.
Fugate, D. (1998). “The Advertising of Services: What is an Appropriate Role of Humor?”. The Journal of Services Marketing, 12(6), 453-472.
Furnham, A., Gunter, B., & Walsh, D. (1998). Effects of program context on memory of humorous television commercials. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 12, 555-567.
Gelb, B. and Zinkhan, G. (1986). “Humor and Advertising Effectiveness After Repeated Exposures to a Radio Commercial”, Journal of Advertising, 14(4), 15-20.
Gregory, G.D. and Munch, J.M. (1997). “Cultural Values in International Advertising: An Examination of Familial Norms and Roles in Mexico”. Psychology and Marketing, 14(2), 99-119.
Han, S.P. and Shavitt, (1994). “Persuasion and Culture: Advertising Appeals in Individualistic and Collectivistic Societies”, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 30, 326-350.
Harris, G. (1984). “The Globalization of Advertising”. International Journal of Advertising, 3, 223-234.
Hornik, J. (1980). “Comparative Evaluation of International versus National Advertising Strategies”. Columbia Journal of World Business, 15, 36-45.
Jain, S. (1989). “Standardization of International Marketing Strategy: Some Research Hypotheses”, Journal of Marketing, 53, 70-79
Kenny, J. (1995). “Tagalog Movies and Identity: Portrayals of the Filipino Self”. The Humanities Bulletin. 4, 106-116.
Kreutzer, R.T. (1988). “Marketing Mix Standardization: An Integrated Approach in Global Marketing”. European Journal of Marketing, 11, 19-30.
Madden, T. and Weinberger, M.G. (1982). “The Effects of Humor on Attention in Magazine Advertising”. Journal of Advertising, 11(3), 8-14.
Melawar, T.C., Turnbull, S. and Balabanis, G. (2000). International Advertising Strategies of Multinational Enterprises in the Middle East. International Journal of Advertising, 19, 529-547.
Milner, L.M. and Collins, J.M. (2000). “Sex-role Portrayals and The Gender of Nations”. Journal of Advertising, 29(1), 67-79.
Miracle, G.E. (1968). “International Advertising Principles and Strategies”. MSU Business Topics, 9, 29-36.
Miracle, G.E. (1990). “The Advertising Environment, Advertising Law and the Standardization of International Advertising: The Case of Japan and the USA”. Proceedings of the National Conference of the American Academy of Advertising (P.A. Stout, ed.), Austin: University of Texas.
Moon, Y.S. and Chan, K. (2003). “Advertising Appeals and Cultural Values in Television Commercials: A Comparison of Hong Kong and Korean”. International Marketing Review, 22(1), 48-66.
Papavassiliou, N. and Stathakopolulos, V. (1997). “Standardization versus Adaptation of International Advertising Strategies: Towards a Framework”. European Journal of Marketing, 31(7), 504-527.
Peebles, D.M. (1989). “Don’t Write Off Global Advertising: A Commentary”. International Marketing Review, 9, 73-78.
Perlmutter, D. (2000). “Humor and Sexual Selection”. Human Nature, 14 (4), 319-336.
Pollay, R.W. (1987). “On the Value of Reflections on the Values in “The Distorted Mirror””. Journal of Marketing, 51, 104-109.
Porter, M. (1986). “Changing patterns of international competition”. California Management Review, 28(2), 9-39.
Quelch, J.A. and Hoff, E.J. (1986). “Customized Global Marketing”. Harvard Business Review, 64, 59-68.
Ricks, D.A., Arpan, J. and Fu, M.Y. (1974). “Pitfalls of Advertising Overseas”. Journal of Advertising Research, 14, 47-50.
Sriram, V. and Gopalakrishna, P. (1991). “Can Advertising Be Standardized Among Similar Countries?”: A Cluster-Based Analysis”. International Journal of Advertising, 10(2), 137-49.
Sternthal, B. and Craig, C.S. (1973). “Humor in Advertising”. Journal of Marketing, 37, 12-18.
Storey, R. (2003). “Ethnic Humor versus “Sense of Humor”: An American Sociocultural Dilemma”. American Behavior Scientist, 30, 27-41.
Vakratsas, D. and Ambler, T. (1999). “How Advetising Works: What Do We Really Know?”, Journal of Marketing, 63(1), 26-43.
Weinberger, M. and Campbell, L. (1991). “The Use and Impact of Humor in Radio Advertising”. Journal of Advertising Research, 31, 644-652.
Weinberger, M. and Spotts, H. (1989). “Humor in US versus UK TV Commercials: A Comparison”. Journal of Advertising, 18(2), 39-44.
Weinberger, M.C., Spotts, H., Campbell, L. and Parsons, A. (1995). “The Use and Effect of Humor in Different Advertising Media”. Journal of Advertising Research, May/June, 44-56.
Wu, B.T.W., Crocker, K. and Rogers, M. (1989). “Humor and Comparatives for High- and Low-Involvement Products”. Journalism Quarterly, 66, 653-651.
Zijderveld, A. (1995). “Humor, Laughter and Sociological Theory”. Sociological Forum, 10 (2), 341-345.
Other Sources
Douglas Daft, “Back to Classic Coke”, Financial Times, March 27, 2000.
Advertising Age, January 20, 1992, p. 52.
Kuipers, G. (2006-08-10) “Humor Styles and Symbolic Boundaries: A Comparative Study of Humor in the Netherlands and the United States” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, Montreal Convention Center, Montreal Quebec, Canada Online. From http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p103993_index.html
Stroh, D. “The Serious Side of Humor is Direct Marketing” http://www.ad-mkt-review.com/public_html/docs/fs060.html
J. Walter Thompson Advertising Agency (1969). “Humor in Advertising”
Levit, M. “Humor in Advertising”. http://www.marketingsource.com/articles/view/2190”
http://www.humorpower.com
http://www.myprofessionaladvertising.com
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際傳播英語碩士學程(IMICS)
95461015
97
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0095461015
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 郭貞zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Kuo, Chengen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 文詩安zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Mildred Ann Vicenteen_US
dc.creator (作者) 文詩安zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Mildred Ann Vicenteen_US
dc.date (日期) 2008en_US
dc.date.accessioned 18-Sep-2009 19:46:16 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 18-Sep-2009 19:46:16 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 18-Sep-2009 19:46:16 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0095461015en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/36809-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國際傳播英語碩士學程(IMICS)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 95461015zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 97zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) As an emotional appeal to reach the target audience, humor is a creative tool that uses laughter and entertainment to disarm the cynical viewer to deliver the advertising pitch. In this manner, a funny advertisement would capture audience attention and would have a greater chance of increasing the recall of the brand and the general marketing message. The presence of humor in advertisements spices up the content; thus, making it more interesting and amusing. However, due to the influence of culture to both individual and collective tastes in humor, the universality of humor may not apply to advertising, particularly to international advertising campaigns, at all times. Cultural differences challenge local and international campaigns to understand what the audience would understand, appreciate and buy in the long run.

Adapting the Berger’s humor categories (1993), this thesis identified the prevalent humor categories in American and Filipino advertisements from January 2001 to March 2008 through content analysis. Although some categories are similarly prevalent in both samples, they are used portrayed in different ways. The various uses of these humor techniques are noticeable based on subtlety, physicality, intentions, nature and implied and latent definitions. Also, some humor techniques were combined with others to send the marketing message across effectively. This required the understanding of the overall picture and interaction of audio and visual elements in the advertisement. Therefore, this revealed that even both American and Filipino humor are characterized by their obvious, physical and sometimes vulgar expressions, there are still some differences between the two. American humor has a blunt, straightforward nature, whereas Filipino humor is subtle, conservative and visually goofy. Inferential statistics, on the other hand, revealed that only a few humor categories (four in the audio element, 1 in the visual element), showed the significant difference between American and Filipino advertisements.

To further see the meaning beneath the similarities and differences between the funny American and Filipino advertisements, this thesis provided a textual analysis of the prevalent humor categories that appeared in the content analysis. The humor categories both reflect and challenge the cultural values of both countries. What is present in the society could be seen in the humor content of the advertisements, which may be a validation of the mirroring function of advertising. However, poking fun at the cultural value system in the United States and the Philippines gives them a taste of freedom and a feeling of relief from rules and constraints.
en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Introduction - page 1
Literature Review - page 4
Method - 24
Results - 30
Conclusion - 74
References - 77
Appendices - 86
zh_TW
dc.format.extent 118401 bytes-
dc.format.extent 112975 bytes-
dc.format.extent 109307 bytes-
dc.format.extent 120525 bytes-
dc.format.extent 124831 bytes-
dc.format.extent 217250 bytes-
dc.format.extent 160364 bytes-
dc.format.extent 2036016 bytes-
dc.format.extent 126507 bytes-
dc.format.extent 169792 bytes-
dc.format.extent 203605 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0095461015en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) international communicationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) international advertisingen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) humoren_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) cultureen_US
dc.title (題名) Laughter is the Best Pitch: A Research on the Presence of Humor in American and Filipino Advertisementsen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bookszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Anholt, S. (2000). Another Bites the Grass: Making Sense of International Advertising. Canada: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Apte, M. (1985). Humor and Laughter: An Anthropological Approach. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Arnold, D. (2004). The Mirage of Global Markets: How Globalizing Companies Can Succeed as Markets Localize. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Belch, G.E. and Belch, M.A. (2007). Advertising and Promotion: An Integrated Marketing Communications Perspective. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Blackwell, R., Miniard, P. and Engel, J. (2001). Consumer Behavior (9th ed.). Orlando, FL: Harcourt.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Boorstin, D. (1963). The Image. Harmondsworth: Penguin.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bradley, S., Hitchon, J. and Thorson, E. (1994). “Hard Sell versus Soft Sell: A Comparison of British and American Advertising”. Global and Multnational Advertising (Basil G. Englis, ed.) Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cohen, R. (1997). Negotiating Across Cultures: Communications Obstacles in International Diplomacy. Washington D.C.: U.S. Institute of Peace Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Coronel, S. (2005). Hello, Garci? Political Humor in the Cellphone Age. Quezon City, Philippines: Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism (PCIJ).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Davis, M. (1993). What’s So Funny? The Comic Conception of Culture and Society. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) De Mooij, M. (1998). Global Marketing and Advertising: Understanding Cultural Paradoxes. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dyer, G. (1990). Advertising As Communication. London: Routledge.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ewen, S. (2001). Captains of Consciousness: Advertising and The Social Roots of the Consumer Culture. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Frith, K.T. and Mueller, B. (2003). Advertising and Societies: Global Issues. NY: Peter Lang.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hofstede, G. (1997). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hofstede, G. (1984). Culture’s Consequences. Beverly Hills: Sage.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hollensen, S. (2001). Global Marketing: A Market-Responsive Approach (2nd ed.). Harlow, England: Prentice Hall.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kapferer, J-N. (2000). Strategic Brand Management: Creating and Sustaining Brand Equity Long Term (2nd ed.). United Kingdom: Kogan Page.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kohut, A. (2006). America Against the World. Times Books.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Koller, M. (1988). Humor and Society: Explorations in the Society of Humor. Houston: Cap and Gown Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lamont, M. (1992). Money, Morals and Manners: The Culture of the French and American Upper-Middle Class. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lash, S. and Urry, J. (1994). Economies of Signs and Space. London: Sage.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Levitt, T. (1983). The Marketing Imagination. New York: The Free Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McCarty, J. (1994). “The Role of Cultural Value Orientations in Cross-Cultural Research and International Marketing and Advertising”. Global and Multinational Advertising (Basil G. Englis, ed.) Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McGhee, P. (1979). Humor: Its Origin and Development. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Miller, G. (2000). The Mating Mind: How Sexual Choice Shaped the Evolution of Human Nature. New York: Anchor Books.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Nowell Smith, G.(1993). Quoted in Bennett, Tony. Useful Culture in Relocating Cultural Studies: Developments in Theory and Research. eds. Valder, Blundell, et. al. New York: Routledge.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ogilvy, D. (1964). Confessions of an Advertising Man. New York: Atheneum Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ogilvy, D. (1985). Ogilvy in Advertising. New York, NY: Vintage Books.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Patton, M.Q. (1990). Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods. (2nd ed.) Newbury Park, CA: Sage.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Raskin, V. (1985). Semantic Mechanisms of Humor. Boston: D. Reidel.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rourke, C. (1959 eds). American Humor: A Study of National Character. New York: New York Review Books.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Shimp, T. (2000). Advertising Promotion – Supplemental Aspects of Integrated Marketing Communication. Orlando, FL: Harcourt, Inc.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Speck, P. (1991). “The Humorous Message Taxonomy: A Framework for the Study of Humorous Ads”. Currents Issues and Research in Advertising (James Leigh and Claude R. Martin, Jr., eds.) Ann Arbor: Michigan Business School.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Stewart, D. and Furse, D. (1986). Effective Television Advertising: A Study of 1000 Commercials. Lexington: Lexington Books.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Suls, J. (1983). “Cognitive Processes in Humor Appreciation”. Handbook of Humor Research (Jeffrey Goldstein, ed.) New York: Springer-Verlag Inc.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Taylor, C., Miracle, G. and Chang, K. (1994). “The Difficult of Standardizing International Advertising: Some Propositions and Evidence from Japanese, Korean, and U.S. Television Advertising.” Global and Multinational Advertising. (Basil G. Englis, ed.) New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Terpstra, V. and Sarathy, R. (2000). International Marketing (8th ed.). Orlando, FL: The Dryden Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Triandis, H.C., Vassiliou, V., Vassiliou, G., Tanaka, Y., and Shanmugam, A. (1972). The Analysis of Subjective Culture. New York: Wiley.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) United Nations Development Program. (1998). Human Development Report. Oxford: Oxford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Usunier, J-C. (1996). Marketing Across Cultures (2nd edition). Hertfordshire, Great Britain: Prentice Hall Europe.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Walsh, L.S. (1993). International Marketing (3rd ed.).United Kingdom: Longman.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Weissman, G. (1967) International Expansion. Plotting Marketing Strategy: A New Orientation (L.J. Adler, ed.) New York: Simon and Schuster.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Journalszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Albers-Miller, N.D. and Gelb, B.D. (1996). “Business Advertising Appeals as a Mirror of Cultural Dimensions: A Study of Eleven Countries”. Journal of Advertising, 25(4), 57-70.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Alden, D., Hoyer, W. and Lee, C. (1993). “Identifying Global and Culture-Specific Dimensions of Humor in Advertising: A Multinational Analysis”. Journal of Marketing, 57, 64-75.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ancheta, M.R. (2000). “Pig’s Nest in an even Bigger Pen: Pugad Baboy as a Case of Subversion and Renegotiation in Philippine Comedy”. Humanities Diliman, 1(2), 56-86.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Beard, F. (2005). “One Hundred Years of Humor in American Advertising”. Journal of Macromarketing, 25(1), 54,-65.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Berger, A. A. (1987). “Humor: An Introduction”. American Behavioral Scientist, 30(1), 6-16.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Biel, A.L. and Bridgewater, C.A. (1990). “Attributes of Likeable Television Commercials”.Journal of Advertising Research, 30(3), 38-44.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Buijzen, M. and Valkenburg, P. (2004). “Developing a Typology of Humor in Audiovisual Media” Media Psychology, 6, 147-167.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Buzzell, R.D. (1968). “Can You Standardize Multinational Marketing?”. Harvard Business Review, 46, 102-113.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Craik, K. Lampert, M. and Nelson, A. (1996). “Sense of Humor and Styles of Everyday Humorous Conduct”. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 9, 273-302.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Douglas, M. (1968). “The Social Control of Cognition: Some Factors in Joke Cognition”. Man, 3, 361-376.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Douglas, S. and Wind, Y. (1987). The Myth of Globalization. Columbia Journal of World Business, 24(3), 19-30.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Duncan, T. and Ramapasad, J. (1995). “Standardized Multinational Advertising: The Influencing Factors”. Journal of Advertising, 24(3), 55-68.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dunn, S.W. (1976). “Effect of National Identity on Multinational Promotion in Europe”. Journal of Marketing, 40, 50-57.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Elbashier, A.M. and Nichols, J.R. (1983). “Export Marketing in the Middle East: The Importance of Cultural Differences”. European Journal of Marketing, 17, 89-94.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Esteban, E. (2006). “Parental Verbal Abuse: Culture-Specific Coping Behavior of College Students in the Philippines”. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 36(3), 243-259.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fine, G.A. and De Soucey, M. (2005). “Joking Cultures: Humor Themes as a Social Regulation in Group Life”. Humor 18(1), 1-22.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Frith, K.T. and Sengupta, S. (1991). “Individualism and Advertising: A Cross-Cultural Comparison”. Asian Mass Communication Research and Information, 18(4), 191-197.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fry, W.F. Jr, (1987). “Humor and Paradox”. American Behavioral Scientist, 30(1), 42-71.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fugate, D. (1998). “The Advertising of Services: What is an Appropriate Role of Humor?”. The Journal of Services Marketing, 12(6), 453-472.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Furnham, A., Gunter, B., & Walsh, D. (1998). Effects of program context on memory of humorous television commercials. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 12, 555-567.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gelb, B. and Zinkhan, G. (1986). “Humor and Advertising Effectiveness After Repeated Exposures to a Radio Commercial”, Journal of Advertising, 14(4), 15-20.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gregory, G.D. and Munch, J.M. (1997). “Cultural Values in International Advertising: An Examination of Familial Norms and Roles in Mexico”. Psychology and Marketing, 14(2), 99-119.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Han, S.P. and Shavitt, (1994). “Persuasion and Culture: Advertising Appeals in Individualistic and Collectivistic Societies”, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 30, 326-350.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Harris, G. (1984). “The Globalization of Advertising”. International Journal of Advertising, 3, 223-234.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hornik, J. (1980). “Comparative Evaluation of International versus National Advertising Strategies”. Columbia Journal of World Business, 15, 36-45.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jain, S. (1989). “Standardization of International Marketing Strategy: Some Research Hypotheses”, Journal of Marketing, 53, 70-79zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kenny, J. (1995). “Tagalog Movies and Identity: Portrayals of the Filipino Self”. The Humanities Bulletin. 4, 106-116.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kreutzer, R.T. (1988). “Marketing Mix Standardization: An Integrated Approach in Global Marketing”. European Journal of Marketing, 11, 19-30.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Madden, T. and Weinberger, M.G. (1982). “The Effects of Humor on Attention in Magazine Advertising”. Journal of Advertising, 11(3), 8-14.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Melawar, T.C., Turnbull, S. and Balabanis, G. (2000). International Advertising Strategies of Multinational Enterprises in the Middle East. International Journal of Advertising, 19, 529-547.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Milner, L.M. and Collins, J.M. (2000). “Sex-role Portrayals and The Gender of Nations”. Journal of Advertising, 29(1), 67-79.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Miracle, G.E. (1968). “International Advertising Principles and Strategies”. MSU Business Topics, 9, 29-36.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Miracle, G.E. (1990). “The Advertising Environment, Advertising Law and the Standardization of International Advertising: The Case of Japan and the USA”. Proceedings of the National Conference of the American Academy of Advertising (P.A. Stout, ed.), Austin: University of Texas.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Moon, Y.S. and Chan, K. (2003). “Advertising Appeals and Cultural Values in Television Commercials: A Comparison of Hong Kong and Korean”. International Marketing Review, 22(1), 48-66.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Papavassiliou, N. and Stathakopolulos, V. (1997). “Standardization versus Adaptation of International Advertising Strategies: Towards a Framework”. European Journal of Marketing, 31(7), 504-527.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Peebles, D.M. (1989). “Don’t Write Off Global Advertising: A Commentary”. International Marketing Review, 9, 73-78.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Perlmutter, D. (2000). “Humor and Sexual Selection”. Human Nature, 14 (4), 319-336.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Pollay, R.W. (1987). “On the Value of Reflections on the Values in “The Distorted Mirror””. Journal of Marketing, 51, 104-109.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Porter, M. (1986). “Changing patterns of international competition”. California Management Review, 28(2), 9-39.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Quelch, J.A. and Hoff, E.J. (1986). “Customized Global Marketing”. Harvard Business Review, 64, 59-68.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ricks, D.A., Arpan, J. and Fu, M.Y. (1974). “Pitfalls of Advertising Overseas”. Journal of Advertising Research, 14, 47-50.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sriram, V. and Gopalakrishna, P. (1991). “Can Advertising Be Standardized Among Similar Countries?”: A Cluster-Based Analysis”. International Journal of Advertising, 10(2), 137-49.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sternthal, B. and Craig, C.S. (1973). “Humor in Advertising”. Journal of Marketing, 37, 12-18.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Storey, R. (2003). “Ethnic Humor versus “Sense of Humor”: An American Sociocultural Dilemma”. American Behavior Scientist, 30, 27-41.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Vakratsas, D. and Ambler, T. (1999). “How Advetising Works: What Do We Really Know?”, Journal of Marketing, 63(1), 26-43.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Weinberger, M. and Campbell, L. (1991). “The Use and Impact of Humor in Radio Advertising”. Journal of Advertising Research, 31, 644-652.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Weinberger, M. and Spotts, H. (1989). “Humor in US versus UK TV Commercials: A Comparison”. Journal of Advertising, 18(2), 39-44.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Weinberger, M.C., Spotts, H., Campbell, L. and Parsons, A. (1995). “The Use and Effect of Humor in Different Advertising Media”. Journal of Advertising Research, May/June, 44-56.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wu, B.T.W., Crocker, K. and Rogers, M. (1989). “Humor and Comparatives for High- and Low-Involvement Products”. Journalism Quarterly, 66, 653-651.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Zijderveld, A. (1995). “Humor, Laughter and Sociological Theory”. Sociological Forum, 10 (2), 341-345.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Other Sourceszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Douglas Daft, “Back to Classic Coke”, Financial Times, March 27, 2000.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Advertising Age, January 20, 1992, p. 52.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kuipers, G. (2006-08-10) “Humor Styles and Symbolic Boundaries: A Comparative Study of Humor in the Netherlands and the United States” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, Montreal Convention Center, Montreal Quebec, Canada Online. From http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p103993_index.htmlzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Stroh, D. “The Serious Side of Humor is Direct Marketing” http://www.ad-mkt-review.com/public_html/docs/fs060.htmlzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) J. Walter Thompson Advertising Agency (1969). “Humor in Advertising”zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Levit, M. “Humor in Advertising”. http://www.marketingsource.com/articles/view/2190”zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) http://www.humorpower.comzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) http://www.myprofessionaladvertising.comzh_TW