學術產出-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

Citation Infomation

  • No doi shows Citation Infomation
題名 2008年電視總統選舉新聞的政治偏差
Political Bias in the Television News Coverage of 2008 Presidential Election
作者 黃怡嘉
Huang, Yi Chia
貢獻者 羅文輝
黃怡嘉
Huang, Yi Chia
關鍵詞 政治偏差
總統大選
電視總統選舉新聞
日期 2008
上傳時間 18-Sep-2009 19:48:17 (UTC+8)
摘要 本研究的主要目的,在於分析台灣的六家電視台—台視、中視、華視、民視、TVBS及中天如何報導2008年的總統選舉,並探討這些電視台所報導的總統選舉新聞中是否存在著政治偏差。
研究方法方面,本研究採取了內容分析法及個案分析法兩種研究方法。在內容分析法上,本研究於六家電視台選舉前三個月的電視新聞中,隨機抽取二十五天的晚間新聞做為樣本進行分析。而在個案分析中,本研究則自2008年總統選舉所發生的重要新聞事件中,選取兩起新聞事件進行質化的個案分析,深入探討六家電視台對於個別事件的呈現,檢視其中是否存在政治偏差。本研究所選取的兩個個案分別為馬英九綠卡事件及謝長廷的調查局線民事件。
整體的研究結果顯示,六家電視台中,以中視及民視兩家電視台的政治偏差情形最為明顯。中視的報導較偏向國民黨的總統∕副總統候選人;而民視的報導則明顯偏向民進黨的總統∕副總統候選人。相較之下,華視及TVBS兩家電視台的報導,不論在報導數量、引用的消息來源及新聞給人的整體印象上均較為公正。此外,本研究也發現,和過去的總統選舉新聞相較,台視、中視、華視三家傳統無線台的政治偏差情形已有明顯的改善。這顯示,政府針對無線三台所有權所進行的一連串改革措施,對於三台新聞報導公正性的提昇有相當的成效。
This research examines how television reported the campaign and candidates during the 2008 Presidential Election in Taiwan. This research is based on a content analysis and a case study. Election news stories chosen for analysis were from the evening news of six television stations. Two important news issues were chosen for the case study
Results of this research showed that the election coverage of CTV and FTV were most biased. The coverage of CTV favored KMT candidates, and the coverage of FTV favored DPP candidates. CTS and TVBS-N were far more balanced in their coverage of the election than other television stations. Besides, this research also showed that compared to the campaign coverage of 2000 and 2004 presidential election, the three terrestrial television stations, TTV, CTV and CTS, were more balanced in their coverage of 2008 presidential election. This implies that the change of ownership has contributed to the achievement of more balanced election coverage in the three terrestrial television stations.
參考文獻 一、 中文部分
王天濱(2005)。《新聞自由:被打壓的台灣媒體第四權》。台北:亞太圖書。
王天濱(2002)。《台灣新聞傳播史》。台北:亞太圖書。
王振寰(1993)。〈廣播電視媒體的控制權〉,見鄭瑞城等(1993),《解構廣電媒體:建立廣電新秩序》,頁77-128。台北:澄社。
中視十五年特刊編輯委員會(1984)。《中視十五年》。台北:中視文化公司。
石世豪(2001)。《數位化時代無線電視之定位與發展》。台北:行政院研究發展考核委員會。
〈民進黨人今抗議請願〉(1988年4月5日)。《聯合報》,02版。
〈台視民營化 非凡黃崧掌舵〉(2007年9月6日)。《經濟日報》,A11。
〈台視華視 老董老總辭職〉(2005年12月26日)。《聯合報》,A2。
台視四十年編輯委員會(2002)。《台視四十年》。台北:台灣電視公司。
李秀珠(1996)。〈衛星電視的節目規劃:從文化接近性談起〉,《廣播與電視》,2(3):35-58。
李鴻典(2003年12月)。〈廣電三法修正過關 黨政軍還在觀望〉。《新台灣新聞週刊》,403:31-35。
吳美慧(1988年5月)。〈中視為國民黨厚植財力〉。《財訊月刊》,74:218-224。
何貽謀(2002)。《台灣電視風雲錄》。台北:商務。
〈宋楚瑜指三台報導不公 趙怡:確有媒體未中立〉(2000年3月7日)。《聯合報》,2版,
金溥聰(1996)。〈從選舉聲刺看台灣電視新聞的公正性〉,《民意研究季刊》,196:77-92。
林麗雲(2006)。〈威權主義下台灣電視資本的形成〉,《中華傳播學刊》,9:71-112。
林麗雲(2005)。〈鼓浪前進,沖刷「劣岸」—台灣無線電視改革運動(1988-2004)〉,《台灣史料研究》,24:175-195。
洪賢智(2005)。《電視新論》。台北:亞太圖書。
翁秀琪等(2001)。《無線電視公共化可行性評估報告》。台北:行政院新聞局。
孫秀蕙(1993)。〈台灣電視新聞在政治民主化過程扮演的角色〉,《傳播文化》,2:103-109。
〈這一年,67﹪抱怨教育!〉(2007年12月31日)。《聯合報》,A8。
陳芸芸、劉慧雯譯(2003)。《特新大眾傳播理論》。台北:韋伯。(原書McQuail, D.〔2000〕. McQuail’s mass communication theory.〔4th ed.〕. London: Sage.)
陳貞夙(2005)。《TVBS電視台各部門組織文化、企業再造關鍵成功因素的認知與組織承諾之關聯性研究》。銘傳大學傳播管理研究所碩士論文。
陳炳宏(2001)。《傳播產業研究》。台北:五南。
陳清河(2002)。〈從科技流變論述電視與社會的對話〉,政治大學傳播學院(編),《台灣電視四十年回顧與前瞻研討會論文集》,頁253-301。台北:國立政治大學傳播學院。
陳筱雁(2004)。〈收視率之運用〉,第七屆尼爾森校園種子營書面資料。
張彥清(2004)。《華視再造關鍵成功因素之研究》。國立中山大學傳播管理研究所碩士論文。
張清清(2004)。《TVBS電視台企業再造關鍵成功因素之研究》。銘傳大學傳播管理研究所碩士論文。
張禮智(2005)。《我國無線電視台政治中立問題之探討》。國立成功大學政治經濟研究所碩士論文。
程宗明(2002)。〈對制度改革的回顧與前瞻:四十年的荒原曠野的呼聲〉,政治大學傳播學院(編),《台灣電視四十年回顧與前瞻研討會論文集》,頁303-350。台北:國立政治大學傳播學院。
黃河(2002)。《民眾對四家無線電視台滿意度調查暨四家無線電視台營運狀況之研究》。(行政院新聞局委託研究)。故鄉市場調查股份有限公司。
彭家發(1994)。《新聞客觀性原理》。台北:三民。
〈華視公共化一年報告〉(2007)。取自:華視全球資訊網:http://www.cts.com.tw/about_cts/cts/CTS-TBS.pdf
華視出版社(1986)。《華視十五年》。台北:華視出版社。
華視出版社(1981)。《華視十年》。台北:中華電視台。
溫世光(1983)。《中國廣播電視發展史》。台北:三民。
葉俊傑(1996)。《TVBS王國崛起:邱復生向不可能挑戰》。台北:福爾摩沙出版。
蔡同榮(2003)。《民視與我》。台北:民視文化。
蔡念中(1999)。〈提升電視新聞節目品質-電視社會新聞羶色腥現象之探討〉,《廣播與電視》,14:167-187。
劉德蕙(2004)。《中天電視台企業再造關鍵成功因素之研究》。銘傳大學傳播管理研究所碩士論文。
賴國洲(1997)。〈無線電視〉,中國新聞學會(編),《90年代我國新聞傳播事業》,頁89-132。台北:風雲論壇。
薛承雄(1988)。《媒介支配:解讀台灣的電視新聞》。台灣大學社會研究所碩士論文。
羅文輝(2004)。〈選擇可信度:1992及2002年報紙與電視新聞可信度的比較研究〉,《新聞學研究》,80:1-50。
羅文輝、侯志欽、鄧麗萍、李偉農(2004)。〈2004年電視總統選舉新聞的政黨偏差〉,《廣播與電視》,23:1-21。
羅文輝、黃葳威(2000)。《報紙與電視總統選舉新聞的比較研究》。聯合報系文化基金會專題研究報告。
羅文輝(1995)。〈新聞記者選擇消息來源的偏向〉,《新聞學研究》,50:1-13。
〈關於台視—里程碑〉(2008)。取自:台視全球資訊網:http://www.ttv.com.tw/homev2/ttv/milestones.asp
〈關於中視-公司簡介〉(1998)。取自:中視全球資訊網:http://www.ctv.com.tw/about_ctv/a1.php
〈關於華視-華視簡介〉(2007)。取自:華視全球資訊網:http://www.cts.com.tw/about_cts/cts/aboutcts.htm
〈關於中天—歷史軌跡〉(2007a)。取自:中天電視台網站:http://www.ctitv.com.tw/new/about/index.html
〈關於中天—經營理念〉(2007b)。取自:中天電視台網站:http://www.ctitv.com.tw/new/about/about05.html
〈黨政軍退出三台立法完成 時程未定〉(2006年1月4日)。《聯合報》,A2。
〈黨政軍退出媒體期限前脫手 國民黨賣黨產 中時90億接三中〉(2005年12月27日)。《經濟日報》,A9。
蘇蘅(2002)。〈電視新聞在台灣的發展〉,政治大學傳播學院(編),《台灣電視四十年回顧與前瞻研討會論文集》,頁165-192。台北:國立政治大學傳播學院。
二、英文部分
Barrett, A. W. & Barrington, L. W. (2005). Bias in newspaper photograph selection. Political Research Quarterly, 58(4), 609-618.
Bennett, W. L. & Entman, R. M. (2001). Mediated politics: An introduction. In W. L. Bennett & R. M. Entman (Eds.), Mediated politics: Communication in the future of democracy (pp.1-33). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Blumler, J. G. & Gurevitch, M. (1975). Towards a comparative framework for political communication research. In S. H. Chaffe (Eds.), Political communication: Issues and strategies for research (pp.165-193). Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications.
Boyer, P. J. (1988). Who killed CBS? : The undoing of America’s number one news network. New York: Random House.
Buchanan, B. I. (2001). Mediated electoral democracy; Campaigns, incentives, and reform. In W. L. Bennett & R. M. Entman (Eds.), Mediated politics: Communication in the future of democracy (pp.362-380).New York: Cambridge University Press.
Carter, S. Fico, F. & McCabe, J. A. (2002). Partisan and structural balance in local television election coverage. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly,79(1), 41-53.
Chan, J. M. & Lee, C. C. (1988). Press ideology and organizational control in Hong Kong. Communication Research, 15(2), 185-197.
D’Alessio, D. & Allen, M. (2000). Media bias in presidential elections: A meta-analysis. Journal of Communication, 50(4), 133-156.
Dennis, E. (1997). How liberal are the media anyway? The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 2(4), 115-119.
Downey, J. (2006). The media industries: Do ownership, size and internationalization matter? In D. Hesmondhalgh (Eds.), Media production (pp.8-47). New York: Open University Press.
Efron, E. (1971). The news twisters. Los Angeles: Nash.
Entman, R. M. (2007). Framing bias: Media in the distribution of power. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 163-173.
Evarts, D. & Stempel, G. H. (1974). Coverage of the 1972 Campaign by TV, newsmagazines, and major newspapers. Journalism Quarterly, 51, 645-649.
Fico, F. & Cote, W. (2002). Partisan and structural balance of election stories on the 1998 governor’s race in Michigan. Mass Communication & Society, 5(2), 165-182.
Gamson, W. A. (1992). Talking politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Graber, D. A. (2006). Mass media and American politics. (7th edition). Washington D. C.: Congressional Quarterly Inc.
Graber, D. A. (1972). Personal qualities in presidential images: The contribution of the press. Midwest Journal of Political Science, 16 (1), 46-76.
Gulati, G. J., Just, M. R., & Crigler, A. N. (2004). News coverage of political campaigns. In L. L. Kaid (Eds.), Handbook of political communication research (pp237-256). Mahwah N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Gunter, D. (1997). Measuring bias on television. Luton: University of Luton Press.
Hagen, L. M. (1993). Opportune witness: An analysis of balance in the selection of sources and arguments in the in the leading German newspaper’s coverage of census issue. European Journal of Communication, 8, 317-343.
Hallin, D. C. & Mancini, P. (2004). Comparing media systems: Three models of media and politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hallin, D. C. (1992). Sound bite news: Television coverage of elections, 1968-1988. Journal of Communication, 42(2), 5-24
Hofstetter, C. R. (1978). News bias in 1972: A cross-media comparison. Journalism Monographs, 58, 1-30.
Hofstetter, C. R. (1976). Bias in the news: Network television coverage of the 1972 election campaign. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
Holbert, R. L., & Zubric, S. J. (2000). A comparative analysis: Objective & public journalism techniques. Newspaper Research Journal, 21(4), 50-67.
Kenney, K. & Simpson, C. (1993). Was coverage of the 1988 presidential race by Washington’s two major dailies biased? Journalism Quarterly, 70, 345-355.
Levite, A. (1996). Bias basics: The data clearly demonstrate that liberal journalists report the news liberally. National Review, 48 (20), 63-67.
Lichter, S. R. (2001). A plague on both parties: Substance and fairness in TV election news. The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 6(3), 8-30.
Lo, V. H., Neilan, E. & King, P. T. (1998). Television coverage of the 1995 legislative election in Taiwan. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 42(3), 340-355.
Lo, V. H., King, P. T., Chen, C. H. & Huang, H. L. (1996). Political bias in the news coverage of the Taiwan’s first presidential election. Asian Journal of Communication, 6(2), 43-64.
Lowry, D. T. & Shidler, J. A. (1995). The soundbites, the biters and the bitten: An analysis of network TV news bias in campaign ’92. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 72(1), 33-44.
Joslyn, R. (1984). Mass media and elections. Menlo Park, CA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.
Just, M. R., Crigler, A. N., Alger, D., Cook, T., Kern, M., & West, D. (1996). Crosstalk: Citizens, candidates, and the media in a presidential campaign. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
McQuail, D. (1992). Media performance. London: Sage.
Moriarty, S. e. & Garramone, G. M. (1987). A study of newsmagazine photographs of the 1984 presidential campaign. Journalism Quarterly, 63, 728-734.
Niven, D. (2001). Bias in the news: Partisanship and Negativity in media coverage of presidents George Bush and Bill Clinton. The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 6(3), 31-46.
Page, B. I. & Shapiro, R. Y. (1992). The rational public. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Reeves, R. (1997). The question of media bias. In S. Iyengar & R. Reeves (Eds.), Do the media govern: Politicians, voters and reporters in America (pp.40-43). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Russomanno, J. A. & Everett, S. E. (1995). Candidate sound bites: Too much concern over length? Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 39(3), 408-415.
Ryan, M. (2001). Journalistic ethics, objectivity, existential journalism, standpoint epistemology, and public journalism. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 16(1), 3-22.
Semetko, H. A. (1996). Political balance on television: Campaigns in the United States, Britain, and Germany. The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics,1(1), 51-57.
Shoemaker, P. J. & Reese, S. D. (1991). Mediating the message: Theories of influences on mass media content. New York: Lomgman.
Sigal, L. V. (1986). Sources make the news. In R. K. Manoff & M. Schudson (Eds.), Reading the news: A Pantheon guide to popular culture . New York: Pantheon.
Sigelman, L. (1973). Reporting the news: An organizational analysis. American Journal of Sociology, 79(1), 132-151.
Stevenson, R. L. & Greene, M. T. (1980). A reconsideration of bias in the news. Journalism Quarterly, 57, 115-121.
Stovall, J. G. (1988). Coverage of 1984 presidential campaign. Journalism Quarterly, 65, 443-449.
Vinson, C. D. & Moore, W. V. (2007). The campaign disconnect: Media coverage of the 2000 South Carolina presidential primary. Political Communication, 24(4), 393-413.
Waldman, P. & Devitt, J. (1998). Newspaper photographs and the 1996 presidential election: The question of bias. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 75, 302-311.
Williams, A. (1975). Unbiased study of television news bias. Journal of Communication, 25(4), 190-199.
Woodard, J. D. (1994). Coverage of elections on evening television news shows: 1972-1992. In A. H. Miller & B. E. Gronbeck (Eds.), Presidential campaigns and American self images (pp.109-127). Boulder, CO: Westview.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
新聞研究所
95451017
97
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0095451017
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 羅文輝zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 黃怡嘉zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Huang, Yi Chiaen_US
dc.creator (作者) 黃怡嘉zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Huang, Yi Chiaen_US
dc.date (日期) 2008en_US
dc.date.accessioned 18-Sep-2009 19:48:17 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 18-Sep-2009 19:48:17 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 18-Sep-2009 19:48:17 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0095451017en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/36822-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 新聞研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 95451017zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 97zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究的主要目的,在於分析台灣的六家電視台—台視、中視、華視、民視、TVBS及中天如何報導2008年的總統選舉,並探討這些電視台所報導的總統選舉新聞中是否存在著政治偏差。
研究方法方面,本研究採取了內容分析法及個案分析法兩種研究方法。在內容分析法上,本研究於六家電視台選舉前三個月的電視新聞中,隨機抽取二十五天的晚間新聞做為樣本進行分析。而在個案分析中,本研究則自2008年總統選舉所發生的重要新聞事件中,選取兩起新聞事件進行質化的個案分析,深入探討六家電視台對於個別事件的呈現,檢視其中是否存在政治偏差。本研究所選取的兩個個案分別為馬英九綠卡事件及謝長廷的調查局線民事件。
整體的研究結果顯示,六家電視台中,以中視及民視兩家電視台的政治偏差情形最為明顯。中視的報導較偏向國民黨的總統∕副總統候選人;而民視的報導則明顯偏向民進黨的總統∕副總統候選人。相較之下,華視及TVBS兩家電視台的報導,不論在報導數量、引用的消息來源及新聞給人的整體印象上均較為公正。此外,本研究也發現,和過去的總統選舉新聞相較,台視、中視、華視三家傳統無線台的政治偏差情形已有明顯的改善。這顯示,政府針對無線三台所有權所進行的一連串改革措施,對於三台新聞報導公正性的提昇有相當的成效。
zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This research examines how television reported the campaign and candidates during the 2008 Presidential Election in Taiwan. This research is based on a content analysis and a case study. Election news stories chosen for analysis were from the evening news of six television stations. Two important news issues were chosen for the case study
Results of this research showed that the election coverage of CTV and FTV were most biased. The coverage of CTV favored KMT candidates, and the coverage of FTV favored DPP candidates. CTS and TVBS-N were far more balanced in their coverage of the election than other television stations. Besides, this research also showed that compared to the campaign coverage of 2000 and 2004 presidential election, the three terrestrial television stations, TTV, CTV and CTS, were more balanced in their coverage of 2008 presidential election. This implies that the change of ownership has contributed to the achievement of more balanced election coverage in the three terrestrial television stations.
en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論………………………………………………………………1
第一節 研究動機……………………………………………………1
第二節 研究目的……………………………………………………5


第二章 文獻探討…………………………………………………………8
第一節 台灣電視新聞的發展………………………………………8
第二節 媒介所有權對新聞內容的影響……………………………13
第三節 偏差的定義…………………………………………………15
第四節 相關研究……………………………………………………18
第五節 研究問題……………………………………………………22


第三章 研究方法…………………………………………………………25
第一節 研究對象……………………………………………………25
第二節 六家電視台簡介……………………………………………26
第三節 分析單位……………………………………………………34
第四節 類目建構……………………………………………………34
第五節 編碼及信度檢驗……………………………………………37



第四章 研究發現…………………………………………………………38
第一節 整體資料分析………………………………………………38
第二節 六家電視台資料分析………………………………………44
第三節 個案分析……………………………………………………58


第五章 結論…………………………………………………………………95
第一節 重要研究發現………………………………………………95
第二節 研究發現的意義……………………………………………105
第三節 對選舉實務的建議…………………………………………107
第四節 研究限制……………………………………………………109
第五節 對未來研究的建議…………………………………………110


參考文獻………………………………………………………………………112
中文書目……………………………………………………………………112
英文書目……………………………………………………………………115


附錄………………………………………………………………………………121
附錄一:編碼表……………………………………………………………121
zh_TW
dc.format.extent 93744 bytes-
dc.format.extent 119497 bytes-
dc.format.extent 114915 bytes-
dc.format.extent 118792 bytes-
dc.format.extent 199745 bytes-
dc.format.extent 245355 bytes-
dc.format.extent 279930 bytes-
dc.format.extent 449576 bytes-
dc.format.extent 210421 bytes-
dc.format.extent 167258 bytes-
dc.format.extent 126124 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0095451017en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 政治偏差zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 總統大選zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 電視總統選舉新聞zh_TW
dc.title (題名) 2008年電視總統選舉新聞的政治偏差zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Political Bias in the Television News Coverage of 2008 Presidential Electionen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、 中文部分zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 王天濱(2005)。《新聞自由:被打壓的台灣媒體第四權》。台北:亞太圖書。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 王天濱(2002)。《台灣新聞傳播史》。台北:亞太圖書。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 王振寰(1993)。〈廣播電視媒體的控制權〉,見鄭瑞城等(1993),《解構廣電媒體:建立廣電新秩序》,頁77-128。台北:澄社。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中視十五年特刊編輯委員會(1984)。《中視十五年》。台北:中視文化公司。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 石世豪(2001)。《數位化時代無線電視之定位與發展》。台北:行政院研究發展考核委員會。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 〈民進黨人今抗議請願〉(1988年4月5日)。《聯合報》,02版。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 〈台視民營化 非凡黃崧掌舵〉(2007年9月6日)。《經濟日報》,A11。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 〈台視華視 老董老總辭職〉(2005年12月26日)。《聯合報》,A2。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 台視四十年編輯委員會(2002)。《台視四十年》。台北:台灣電視公司。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 李秀珠(1996)。〈衛星電視的節目規劃:從文化接近性談起〉,《廣播與電視》,2(3):35-58。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 李鴻典(2003年12月)。〈廣電三法修正過關 黨政軍還在觀望〉。《新台灣新聞週刊》,403:31-35。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 吳美慧(1988年5月)。〈中視為國民黨厚植財力〉。《財訊月刊》,74:218-224。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 何貽謀(2002)。《台灣電視風雲錄》。台北:商務。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 〈宋楚瑜指三台報導不公 趙怡:確有媒體未中立〉(2000年3月7日)。《聯合報》,2版,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 金溥聰(1996)。〈從選舉聲刺看台灣電視新聞的公正性〉,《民意研究季刊》,196:77-92。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 林麗雲(2006)。〈威權主義下台灣電視資本的形成〉,《中華傳播學刊》,9:71-112。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 林麗雲(2005)。〈鼓浪前進,沖刷「劣岸」—台灣無線電視改革運動(1988-2004)〉,《台灣史料研究》,24:175-195。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 洪賢智(2005)。《電視新論》。台北:亞太圖書。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 翁秀琪等(2001)。《無線電視公共化可行性評估報告》。台北:行政院新聞局。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 孫秀蕙(1993)。〈台灣電視新聞在政治民主化過程扮演的角色〉,《傳播文化》,2:103-109。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 〈這一年,67﹪抱怨教育!〉(2007年12月31日)。《聯合報》,A8。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳芸芸、劉慧雯譯(2003)。《特新大眾傳播理論》。台北:韋伯。(原書McQuail, D.〔2000〕. McQuail’s mass communication theory.〔4th ed.〕. London: Sage.)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳貞夙(2005)。《TVBS電視台各部門組織文化、企業再造關鍵成功因素的認知與組織承諾之關聯性研究》。銘傳大學傳播管理研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳炳宏(2001)。《傳播產業研究》。台北:五南。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳清河(2002)。〈從科技流變論述電視與社會的對話〉,政治大學傳播學院(編),《台灣電視四十年回顧與前瞻研討會論文集》,頁253-301。台北:國立政治大學傳播學院。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳筱雁(2004)。〈收視率之運用〉,第七屆尼爾森校園種子營書面資料。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 張彥清(2004)。《華視再造關鍵成功因素之研究》。國立中山大學傳播管理研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 張清清(2004)。《TVBS電視台企業再造關鍵成功因素之研究》。銘傳大學傳播管理研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 張禮智(2005)。《我國無線電視台政治中立問題之探討》。國立成功大學政治經濟研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 程宗明(2002)。〈對制度改革的回顧與前瞻:四十年的荒原曠野的呼聲〉,政治大學傳播學院(編),《台灣電視四十年回顧與前瞻研討會論文集》,頁303-350。台北:國立政治大學傳播學院。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 黃河(2002)。《民眾對四家無線電視台滿意度調查暨四家無線電視台營運狀況之研究》。(行政院新聞局委託研究)。故鄉市場調查股份有限公司。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 彭家發(1994)。《新聞客觀性原理》。台北:三民。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 〈華視公共化一年報告〉(2007)。取自:華視全球資訊網:http://www.cts.com.tw/about_cts/cts/CTS-TBS.pdfzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 華視出版社(1986)。《華視十五年》。台北:華視出版社。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 華視出版社(1981)。《華視十年》。台北:中華電視台。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 溫世光(1983)。《中國廣播電視發展史》。台北:三民。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 葉俊傑(1996)。《TVBS王國崛起:邱復生向不可能挑戰》。台北:福爾摩沙出版。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 蔡同榮(2003)。《民視與我》。台北:民視文化。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 蔡念中(1999)。〈提升電視新聞節目品質-電視社會新聞羶色腥現象之探討〉,《廣播與電視》,14:167-187。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 劉德蕙(2004)。《中天電視台企業再造關鍵成功因素之研究》。銘傳大學傳播管理研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 賴國洲(1997)。〈無線電視〉,中國新聞學會(編),《90年代我國新聞傳播事業》,頁89-132。台北:風雲論壇。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 薛承雄(1988)。《媒介支配:解讀台灣的電視新聞》。台灣大學社會研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 羅文輝(2004)。〈選擇可信度:1992及2002年報紙與電視新聞可信度的比較研究〉,《新聞學研究》,80:1-50。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 羅文輝、侯志欽、鄧麗萍、李偉農(2004)。〈2004年電視總統選舉新聞的政黨偏差〉,《廣播與電視》,23:1-21。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 羅文輝、黃葳威(2000)。《報紙與電視總統選舉新聞的比較研究》。聯合報系文化基金會專題研究報告。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 羅文輝(1995)。〈新聞記者選擇消息來源的偏向〉,《新聞學研究》,50:1-13。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 〈關於台視—里程碑〉(2008)。取自:台視全球資訊網:http://www.ttv.com.tw/homev2/ttv/milestones.aspzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 〈關於中視-公司簡介〉(1998)。取自:中視全球資訊網:http://www.ctv.com.tw/about_ctv/a1.phpzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 〈關於華視-華視簡介〉(2007)。取自:華視全球資訊網:http://www.cts.com.tw/about_cts/cts/aboutcts.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 〈關於中天—歷史軌跡〉(2007a)。取自:中天電視台網站:http://www.ctitv.com.tw/new/about/index.htmlzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 〈關於中天—經營理念〉(2007b)。取自:中天電視台網站:http://www.ctitv.com.tw/new/about/about05.htmlzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 〈黨政軍退出三台立法完成 時程未定〉(2006年1月4日)。《聯合報》,A2。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 〈黨政軍退出媒體期限前脫手 國民黨賣黨產 中時90億接三中〉(2005年12月27日)。《經濟日報》,A9。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 蘇蘅(2002)。〈電視新聞在台灣的發展〉,政治大學傳播學院(編),《台灣電視四十年回顧與前瞻研討會論文集》,頁165-192。台北:國立政治大學傳播學院。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 二、英文部分zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Barrett, A. W. & Barrington, L. W. (2005). Bias in newspaper photograph selection. Political Research Quarterly, 58(4), 609-618.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bennett, W. L. & Entman, R. M. (2001). Mediated politics: An introduction. In W. L. Bennett & R. M. Entman (Eds.), Mediated politics: Communication in the future of democracy (pp.1-33). New York: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Blumler, J. G. & Gurevitch, M. (1975). Towards a comparative framework for political communication research. In S. H. Chaffe (Eds.), Political communication: Issues and strategies for research (pp.165-193). Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Boyer, P. J. (1988). Who killed CBS? : The undoing of America’s number one news network. New York: Random House.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Buchanan, B. I. (2001). Mediated electoral democracy; Campaigns, incentives, and reform. In W. L. Bennett & R. M. Entman (Eds.), Mediated politics: Communication in the future of democracy (pp.362-380).New York: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Carter, S. Fico, F. & McCabe, J. A. (2002). Partisan and structural balance in local television election coverage. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly,79(1), 41-53.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chan, J. M. & Lee, C. C. (1988). Press ideology and organizational control in Hong Kong. Communication Research, 15(2), 185-197.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) D’Alessio, D. & Allen, M. (2000). Media bias in presidential elections: A meta-analysis. Journal of Communication, 50(4), 133-156.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dennis, E. (1997). How liberal are the media anyway? The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 2(4), 115-119.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Downey, J. (2006). The media industries: Do ownership, size and internationalization matter? In D. Hesmondhalgh (Eds.), Media production (pp.8-47). New York: Open University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Efron, E. (1971). The news twisters. Los Angeles: Nash.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Entman, R. M. (2007). Framing bias: Media in the distribution of power. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 163-173.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Evarts, D. & Stempel, G. H. (1974). Coverage of the 1972 Campaign by TV, newsmagazines, and major newspapers. Journalism Quarterly, 51, 645-649.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fico, F. & Cote, W. (2002). Partisan and structural balance of election stories on the 1998 governor’s race in Michigan. Mass Communication & Society, 5(2), 165-182.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gamson, W. A. (1992). Talking politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Graber, D. A. (2006). Mass media and American politics. (7th edition). Washington D. C.: Congressional Quarterly Inc.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Graber, D. A. (1972). Personal qualities in presidential images: The contribution of the press. Midwest Journal of Political Science, 16 (1), 46-76.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gulati, G. J., Just, M. R., & Crigler, A. N. (2004). News coverage of political campaigns. In L. L. Kaid (Eds.), Handbook of political communication research (pp237-256). Mahwah N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gunter, D. (1997). Measuring bias on television. Luton: University of Luton Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hagen, L. M. (1993). Opportune witness: An analysis of balance in the selection of sources and arguments in the in the leading German newspaper’s coverage of census issue. European Journal of Communication, 8, 317-343.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hallin, D. C. & Mancini, P. (2004). Comparing media systems: Three models of media and politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hallin, D. C. (1992). Sound bite news: Television coverage of elections, 1968-1988. Journal of Communication, 42(2), 5-24zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hofstetter, C. R. (1978). News bias in 1972: A cross-media comparison. Journalism Monographs, 58, 1-30.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hofstetter, C. R. (1976). Bias in the news: Network television coverage of the 1972 election campaign. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Holbert, R. L., & Zubric, S. J. (2000). A comparative analysis: Objective & public journalism techniques. Newspaper Research Journal, 21(4), 50-67.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kenney, K. & Simpson, C. (1993). Was coverage of the 1988 presidential race by Washington’s two major dailies biased? Journalism Quarterly, 70, 345-355.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Levite, A. (1996). Bias basics: The data clearly demonstrate that liberal journalists report the news liberally. National Review, 48 (20), 63-67.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lichter, S. R. (2001). A plague on both parties: Substance and fairness in TV election news. The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 6(3), 8-30.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lo, V. H., Neilan, E. & King, P. T. (1998). Television coverage of the 1995 legislative election in Taiwan. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 42(3), 340-355.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lo, V. H., King, P. T., Chen, C. H. & Huang, H. L. (1996). Political bias in the news coverage of the Taiwan’s first presidential election. Asian Journal of Communication, 6(2), 43-64.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lowry, D. T. & Shidler, J. A. (1995). The soundbites, the biters and the bitten: An analysis of network TV news bias in campaign ’92. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 72(1), 33-44.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Joslyn, R. (1984). Mass media and elections. Menlo Park, CA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Just, M. R., Crigler, A. N., Alger, D., Cook, T., Kern, M., & West, D. (1996). Crosstalk: Citizens, candidates, and the media in a presidential campaign. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McQuail, D. (1992). Media performance. London: Sage.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Moriarty, S. e. & Garramone, G. M. (1987). A study of newsmagazine photographs of the 1984 presidential campaign. Journalism Quarterly, 63, 728-734.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Niven, D. (2001). Bias in the news: Partisanship and Negativity in media coverage of presidents George Bush and Bill Clinton. The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 6(3), 31-46.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Page, B. I. & Shapiro, R. Y. (1992). The rational public. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Reeves, R. (1997). The question of media bias. In S. Iyengar & R. Reeves (Eds.), Do the media govern: Politicians, voters and reporters in America (pp.40-43). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Russomanno, J. A. & Everett, S. E. (1995). Candidate sound bites: Too much concern over length? Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 39(3), 408-415.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ryan, M. (2001). Journalistic ethics, objectivity, existential journalism, standpoint epistemology, and public journalism. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 16(1), 3-22.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Semetko, H. A. (1996). Political balance on television: Campaigns in the United States, Britain, and Germany. The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics,1(1), 51-57.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Shoemaker, P. J. & Reese, S. D. (1991). Mediating the message: Theories of influences on mass media content. New York: Lomgman.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sigal, L. V. (1986). Sources make the news. In R. K. Manoff & M. Schudson (Eds.), Reading the news: A Pantheon guide to popular culture . New York: Pantheon.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sigelman, L. (1973). Reporting the news: An organizational analysis. American Journal of Sociology, 79(1), 132-151.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Stevenson, R. L. & Greene, M. T. (1980). A reconsideration of bias in the news. Journalism Quarterly, 57, 115-121.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Stovall, J. G. (1988). Coverage of 1984 presidential campaign. Journalism Quarterly, 65, 443-449.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Vinson, C. D. & Moore, W. V. (2007). The campaign disconnect: Media coverage of the 2000 South Carolina presidential primary. Political Communication, 24(4), 393-413.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Waldman, P. & Devitt, J. (1998). Newspaper photographs and the 1996 presidential election: The question of bias. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 75, 302-311.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Williams, A. (1975). Unbiased study of television news bias. Journal of Communication, 25(4), 190-199.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Woodard, J. D. (1994). Coverage of elections on evening television news shows: 1972-1992. In A. H. Miller & B. E. Gronbeck (Eds.), Presidential campaigns and American self images (pp.109-127). Boulder, CO: Westview.zh_TW