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題名 死亡率改善模型的探討及保險商品自然避險策略之應用
作者 陳文琴
貢獻者 黃泓智
陳文琴
關鍵詞 自然避險策略
Principal Component Analysis
Lee-Carter
日期 2007
上傳時間 18-Sep-2009 20:20:15 (UTC+8)
摘要 隨著醫療技術的進步、環境衛生的改善與人類追求健康生活型態的趨勢,全世界人類死亡率不斷逐年地下降中。但死亡率的下降不僅影響政府的社會福利政策,也影響到壽險公司對於未來的不確定性。例如在年金商品定價上,如果使用不適當的死亡率預測將會導致保險公司在未來現金流量上的不穩定,進而影響到公司的財務健全度。因此用來預估死亡率的模型便扮演著相當重要的角色。本研究首先透過Reduction Factor圖形觀察台灣、日本、美國、加拿大、英國與法國的歷年死亡率變動,之後再使用廣為人使用的Lee-Carter模型與其改善方法主成分分析方法(Principal Component Analysis, PCA)預估未來死亡率,最後再比較兩種方法在預測死亡率的表現。再透過計算年金商品與壽險商品的純保費部份,了解忽略死亡率變動趨勢所可能產生的影響。最後利用上述年金商品與壽險商品對於死亡率帶來的影響,討論保險公司在上述情形之下可以採取的最佳自然避險策略。
參考文獻 英文部分
Bell, W.R. (1997) “Comparing and Assessing Time Series Methods for Forecasting Age-Specific Fertility and Mortality Rates.” Journal of Official Statistics 13(3): 279-303.
Blake, D., A. J. G. Cairns and K. Dowd (2006a). Living With Mortality: Longevity Bonds and Other Mortality-Linked Securities, British Actuarial Journal, 12, No.1, 153-197.
Blake, D., Andrew Cairns, Kevin Dowd, and Richard MacMinn (2006b). Longevity Bonds: Financial Engineering, Valuation, and Hedging. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 73, No.4: 647-672.
Cairns, A. J.G., Blake, D., Dowd ,K., Coughlan, Guy D., Epstein, D., Ong, A., and Balevich, I. (2007). A quantitative comparison of stochastic mortality models using data from England and Wales and the United States. Department of Actuarial Mathematics and Statistics, School of Mathematical and Computer Sciences.
Cairns, A.J.G., Blake, D. & Dowd, K. (2005b). Pricing death: Frameworks for the
valuation and securitisation of mortality risk. Working paper, Heriot-Watt University.
Continuous Mortality Investigation Report No.17(1999), Institute of Actuaries and Faculty of Actuaries.
Cox, S.H. & Lin, Y. (2007). Natural hedging of life and annuity mortality risk., North American Actuarial Journal 11(3). 1-15.
Cramer, H., and Wold, H. (1935). Mortality variations in Sweden: a study in graduation and forecasting, Skandinavisk Aktuarietidskrift 18, pp. 164-241.
Dowd, K. (2003). Survivor Bonds: A Comment on Blake and Burrows. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 70, No.2: 339-348.
Dowd, Kevin, David Blake, Andrew J.G. Cairns, and Paul Dawson (2006). Survivor Swaps. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 1: 1-17.
Fries, J. F., (1980). Aging, nature death, and the compression of morbidity. New England Journal of Medicine 303(3), 130-135.
Human Mortality Database 2008. http://www.mortality.org.
Lee, R.D., Carter, L. R. (1992). Modeling and forecasting US mortality. Journal of the American Statistical Association 87 (419), p.659-675.
Lee, R.D.(1997). The Lee-Carter Method for forecasting mortality, with Various Extension and Applications. University of California.
Lewis (1982). C.D. Lewis Industrial and business forecasting methods, Butterworths, London (1982).
Lin, Y. & Cox, S.H. (2005). Securitization of mortality risks in life annuities. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 72, 227-252.
Olivieri, A. (2001). Uncertainty in mortality projections: an actuarial perspective. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, vol.29(2), pp.231-245.
Swiss Re, 2007. Annuities: a private solution to longevity risk. Sigma vol.3.
Wilmoth, J. (1993). Computational methods for fitting and extrapolating the lee-carter method of mortality change, Technical Report, Department of Demography, University of California, Berkeley.
Wilmoth, J.R., Horiuchi, S. (1999). Rectangularization revisited: Variability of age at death within human populations. Demography 36(4), p.475-495.
Wong-Fupuy, C., and Haberman, S. (2004), Projecting mortality trends: Recent
developments in the UK and the US, North American Actuarial Journal, 8: 56-
83.
Wang, L. J., Huang, H. C., Yang, S.S. and Tsai T. J. (2008 forthcoming), An Optimal Product Mix for Hedging Longevity Risk in Life Insurance Companies: The Immunization Theory Approach. Journal of Risk and Insurance.
中文部分
余清祥(2002),死亡率的降低對於退休金純保費的影響:台灣地區的實証研究,壽險季刊,125期,第9-20頁。
曾奕翔(2005),台灣地區死亡率推估的實證方法之研究與相關年金問題之探討,國立政治大學風險管理與保險系研究所碩士論文。
余清祥、曾奕翔(2005),Lee-Carter模型分析:台灣地區死亡率推估之研究,2005年台灣人口學會學術研討會論文。
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
風險管理與保險研究所
95358022
96
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0095358022
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 黃泓智zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 陳文琴zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 陳文琴zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2007en_US
dc.date.accessioned 18-Sep-2009 20:20:15 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 18-Sep-2009 20:20:15 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 18-Sep-2009 20:20:15 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0095358022en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/36972-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 風險管理與保險研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 95358022zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 96zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 隨著醫療技術的進步、環境衛生的改善與人類追求健康生活型態的趨勢,全世界人類死亡率不斷逐年地下降中。但死亡率的下降不僅影響政府的社會福利政策,也影響到壽險公司對於未來的不確定性。例如在年金商品定價上,如果使用不適當的死亡率預測將會導致保險公司在未來現金流量上的不穩定,進而影響到公司的財務健全度。因此用來預估死亡率的模型便扮演著相當重要的角色。本研究首先透過Reduction Factor圖形觀察台灣、日本、美國、加拿大、英國與法國的歷年死亡率變動,之後再使用廣為人使用的Lee-Carter模型與其改善方法主成分分析方法(Principal Component Analysis, PCA)預估未來死亡率,最後再比較兩種方法在預測死亡率的表現。再透過計算年金商品與壽險商品的純保費部份,了解忽略死亡率變動趨勢所可能產生的影響。最後利用上述年金商品與壽險商品對於死亡率帶來的影響,討論保險公司在上述情形之下可以採取的最佳自然避險策略。zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機 1
第二節 研究目標與研究架構 3
第二章 文獻探討與模型介紹 5
第一節 死亡率模型 5
第二節 模型比較 9
第三節 Lee-Carter 模型 10
第四節 主成分分析 11
第五節 長壽風險之風險管理 11
第三章 實證與模擬分析 13
第一節 資料與模型比較標準 13
第二節 各國死亡率情形 16
第三節 Lee-Carter模型的配適與預測 22
第四節 主成分分析法的配適與預測 26
第五節 分析結果的比較 34
第四章 壽險與年金商品純保費之比較 39
第一節 壽險保費的比較 40
第二節 年金保費的比較 48
第五章 自然避險策略 61
第一節 方案假設與模擬 61
第二節 台灣模擬結果 64
第三節 各國結果比較 77
第六章 結論 81
第一節 結論 81
參考文獻 84
附錄 一 RF圖形 87
附錄 二 Lee-Carter 參數結果 88
附錄三 PCA配適迴歸線資料 94
附錄四 保費高低估Contour圖形 100
zh_TW
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dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0095358022en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 自然避險策略zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Principal Component Analysisen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Lee-Carteren_US
dc.title (題名) 死亡率改善模型的探討及保險商品自然避險策略之應用zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 英文部分zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bell, W.R. (1997) “Comparing and Assessing Time Series Methods for Forecasting Age-Specific Fertility and Mortality Rates.” Journal of Official Statistics 13(3): 279-303.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Blake, D., A. J. G. Cairns and K. Dowd (2006a). Living With Mortality: Longevity Bonds and Other Mortality-Linked Securities, British Actuarial Journal, 12, No.1, 153-197.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Blake, D., Andrew Cairns, Kevin Dowd, and Richard MacMinn (2006b). Longevity Bonds: Financial Engineering, Valuation, and Hedging. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 73, No.4: 647-672.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cairns, A. J.G., Blake, D., Dowd ,K., Coughlan, Guy D., Epstein, D., Ong, A., and Balevich, I. (2007). A quantitative comparison of stochastic mortality models using data from England and Wales and the United States. Department of Actuarial Mathematics and Statistics, School of Mathematical and Computer Sciences.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cairns, A.J.G., Blake, D. & Dowd, K. (2005b). Pricing death: Frameworks for thezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) valuation and securitisation of mortality risk. Working paper, Heriot-Watt University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Continuous Mortality Investigation Report No.17(1999), Institute of Actuaries and Faculty of Actuaries.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cox, S.H. & Lin, Y. (2007). Natural hedging of life and annuity mortality risk., North American Actuarial Journal 11(3). 1-15.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cramer, H., and Wold, H. (1935). Mortality variations in Sweden: a study in graduation and forecasting, Skandinavisk Aktuarietidskrift 18, pp. 164-241.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dowd, K. (2003). Survivor Bonds: A Comment on Blake and Burrows. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 70, No.2: 339-348.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dowd, Kevin, David Blake, Andrew J.G. Cairns, and Paul Dawson (2006). Survivor Swaps. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 1: 1-17.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fries, J. F., (1980). Aging, nature death, and the compression of morbidity. New England Journal of Medicine 303(3), 130-135.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Human Mortality Database 2008. http://www.mortality.org.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lee, R.D., Carter, L. R. (1992). Modeling and forecasting US mortality. Journal of the American Statistical Association 87 (419), p.659-675.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lee, R.D.(1997). The Lee-Carter Method for forecasting mortality, with Various Extension and Applications. University of California.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lewis (1982). C.D. Lewis Industrial and business forecasting methods, Butterworths, London (1982).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lin, Y. & Cox, S.H. (2005). Securitization of mortality risks in life annuities. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 72, 227-252.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Olivieri, A. (2001). Uncertainty in mortality projections: an actuarial perspective. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, vol.29(2), pp.231-245.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Swiss Re, 2007. Annuities: a private solution to longevity risk. Sigma vol.3.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wilmoth, J. (1993). Computational methods for fitting and extrapolating the lee-carter method of mortality change, Technical Report, Department of Demography, University of California, Berkeley.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wilmoth, J.R., Horiuchi, S. (1999). Rectangularization revisited: Variability of age at death within human populations. Demography 36(4), p.475-495.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wong-Fupuy, C., and Haberman, S. (2004), Projecting mortality trends: Recentzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) developments in the UK and the US, North American Actuarial Journal, 8: 56-zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 83.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wang, L. J., Huang, H. C., Yang, S.S. and Tsai T. J. (2008 forthcoming), An Optimal Product Mix for Hedging Longevity Risk in Life Insurance Companies: The Immunization Theory Approach. Journal of Risk and Insurance.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中文部分zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 余清祥(2002),死亡率的降低對於退休金純保費的影響:台灣地區的實証研究,壽險季刊,125期,第9-20頁。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 曾奕翔(2005),台灣地區死亡率推估的實證方法之研究與相關年金問題之探討,國立政治大學風險管理與保險系研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 余清祥、曾奕翔(2005),Lee-Carter模型分析:台灣地區死亡率推估之研究,2005年台灣人口學會學術研討會論文。zh_TW