1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. 學術產出
  3. College of Science
  4. Theses
  5. Item

學術產出-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

Citation Infomation

  • No doi shows Citation Infomation
題名 從正負向情緒解釋框架效應：對情緒管理理論與情緒壓抑效果的驗證
作者 王悄竹
貢獻者 顏乃欣
Yen, Nai Shing
王悄竹
關鍵詞 框架效應
情緒管理理論
情緒壓抑效果
framing effect
mood management theory
dampening effect
日期 2008
上傳時間 19-Sep-2009 11:54:49 (UTC+8)
摘要 本論文主要從情緒解釋框架效應，由情緒管理理論（Mood management theory）、情緒壓抑效果(Dampening effect)解釋框架效應，並利用問卷驗證兩理論之正確性。情緒管理理論認為:在正向框架下，受試為了保持好心情，選擇能保持好心情的確定選項；在負向框架下，受試為了逃離負向情緒，選擇有機會沒有人損失的風險選項。而情緒壓抑效果則認為:受試會對不確定選項會有一個情緒的壓抑效果，因此在正向框架下，受試對風險選項的正向情緒較低，因此選擇確定選項；負向框架下，受試對風險選項的負向情緒較低，因此選擇風險選項。另外，對於過去文獻中顯現人們對亞洲疾病問題比賭局問題要來的風險追逐的現象，情緒管理理論比情緒壓抑效果更能由情緒的角度提供解釋。情緒管理理論預期受試面對賭局問題比亞洲疾病問題，在正向框架下的正向情緒較高，在負向框架下的負向情緒較低。情緒壓抑效果預期受試在正向框架下，對於確定選項有較高的正向情緒，因此選擇確定選項；面對負向框架，對於不確定選項有較低的負向情緒，因此選擇不確定選項。本文採用問卷的方式，在實驗一與實驗二中，對於上述的理論作檢驗，結果支持情緒管理理論的預測，情緒壓抑效果僅獲得部分支持。本文除了對於過去框架效應的相關文章作一統整外，對於框架效應的發生提供一個情緒解釋基礎，並使用情緒管理理論驗證並支持之。
參考文獻 Berkowitz, L., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2004a). Toward an understanding of the determinants of anger. Emotion, 4, 107–130.
Berkowitz, L., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2004b). More thoughts about anger determinants. Emotion, 4, 151–155.
Bless, H., Betsch, T., & Franzen, A. (1998). Framing the framing effect: The impact of context cues on solutions to the ‘Asian disease’ problem. European Journal of Social Psychology, 28, 287–291.
Bohm, P. & Lind, H. (1992). A note on the robustness of a classical framing result. Special issue: Experimental economics. Journal of Economic Psychology, 13, 355–361.
Bower, G. H. (1981). Mood and memory. American Psychologist, 36,  129-148.
Bueno de Mesquita, B., & McDermott, R. (2004). Crossing no man’s land: Cooperation from the trenches. Political Psychology, 25, 271–287.
Clore, G. L., Schwarz, N., & Conway, M. (1994). Affective causes and consequences of social information processing. In R. S. Wyer & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (2nd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 323-419). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
De Martino, B., Kumaran, D., Seymour, B., & Dolan R. J. (2006). Frames, biases and rational decisionmaking in the human brain. Science, 313, 684–687.
DeSteno, D., Petty, R., Rucker, D., & Wegener, D. (2000). Beyond valence in the perception of likelihood: The role of emotion specificity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 397–416.
Druckman, J. N. & McDermott, R. (2008). Emotion and the Framing of Risky Choice. Political Behavior, 30, 297–321.
Edwards, W. (1954). The theory of decision making. Psychological Bulletin, 51, 380–417.
Ellsworth, P. (1991). Some implications of cognitive appraisal theories of emotion. In K. T. Strongman (Ed.), International review of studies on emotion (vol. 1, pp. 143–161). New York: Wiley
Eric, v. D. & Marcel, Z. (2006). The Dampening Effect of Uncertainty
on Positive and Negative Emotions. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 19, 171–176.
Fagley, N. S., & Kruger, L. (1986). The effect of problem framing on the program choices of school psychologists. Paper presented at the 94th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, August, Washington, DC.
Fagley, N. S. & Miller, P. M. (1987). The effects of decision framing on choice of risky vs certain options. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 39, 264–277.
Fagley, N. S., & Miller, P. M. (1997). Framing effects and arenas of choice: Your money or your life? Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 71, 355–373.
Forgas, J. P. (1995). Mood and judgment: The affect infusion model (AIM). Psychological Bulletin, 117,39-66.
Fox, C. R. & Poldrack, R. A. (2009). Prospect theory and the brain. In P. W. Glimcher, C. Camerer, R. A. Poldrack & E. Fehr (Eds.), Neuroeconomics: Decision making and the brain. (Vol. 2, pp. 166) London: Elsevier.
Frisch, B. (1993). Reasons for framing effects. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 54, 399–429.
Gonzalez, C., Dana, J., Koshino, H., & Just, M. (2005). The framing effect and risky decisions: Examining cognitive functions with fMRI. Journal of Economic Psychology, 26, 1-20.
Gross, K. (2008). Framing Persuasive Appeals: Episodic and Thematic Framing, Emotional Response, and Policy Opinion. Political Psychology, 29(2), 169-192.
Gross, K., & D’Ambrosio, L. (2004). Framing Emotional Response. Political Psychology, 25(1), 1-29.
Highhouse, S., & Paese, P. W. (1996). Problem domain and prospect frame: Choice under opportunity versus threat. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 124–132.
Highhouse, S. & Yuce, P. (1996). Perspectives, perceptions, and risk-taking behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 65, 159–167.
Jou, J. W., Shanteau, J., & Harris, R. J. (1996). An information processing view of framing effects: The role of causal schemas in decision making. Memory & Cognition, 24, 1–15.
Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47, 263–291.
K hberger, A. (1995). The framing of decisions: A new look at old problems. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 62, 230–240.
K hberger, A., Schulte-Mecklenbeck, M., & Perner, J. (1999). The effects of framing, reflection, probability, and payoff on risk preference in choice tasks. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 78, 204–231.
Larrick, R. P., Smith, E. E., and Yates, J. F. (1992, November). Reflecting on the reflection effect: Disrupting the effects of framing through thought. In D. Kahneman (Chair) Society for Judgment and Decision Making, St Louis, MO.
Lazarus, R. S. (1993). Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lerner, J., & Keltner, D. (2001). Fear, anger, and risk. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 146–159.
Levin, I. P. & Chapman, D. P. (1990). Risk taking, frame of reference, and characterization of victim groups in AIDS treatment decisions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 26, 421–434.
Levin, I. P., Gaeth, G. J., Schreiber, J., & Lauriola, M. (2002). A new look at framing effects: Distribution of effect sizes, individual differences, and independence of types of effects. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 88, 1, 411-429.
Levin, I. P., Schneider, S. L., & Gaeth, G. J. (1998). All frames are not created equal: A typology and critical analysis of framing effects. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 76, 149–188.
Li, S., & Xie, X. (2006). A new look at the ‘‘Asian disease’’ problem: A choice between the best possible outcomes or between the worst possible outcomes? Thinking & Reasoning, 12 (2), 129 – 143.
Loewenstein, G., & Lerner, J. S. (2003). The Role of Affect in Decision Making, In R. J. Davidso, K. R. Scherer & H. H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of Affective Sciences (pp.187-211). NY: Oxford Press.
Macdonald, R. R. (1986). Credible conceptions and implausible probabilities. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 39, 15-27.
Mann, L. (1992). Stress, affect and risk-taking. In J. F. Yates (Ed.), Risk-taking behavior (pp.201-23). New York: Wiley.
Marcus, G. E., Sullivan, J. L., Thiess-Morse, E., & Stevens, D. (2005). The emotional foundation of political cognition: The impact of extrinsic anxiety on the formation of political tolerance judgments. Political Psychology, 26, 949–963.
Miller, P. M. & Fagley, N. S. (1991). The effects of framing, problem variations, and providing rationale on choice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 517–522.
Nabi, R. L. (2003). Exploring the Framing Effects of Emotion: Do Discrete Emotions Differentially Influence Information Accessibility, Information Seeking, and Policy Preference? Communication Research, 30, 224-247.
Nygren, T. E. (1998). Reacting to perceived high- and low-risk win-lose opportunities in a risky decision-making task: Is it framing or affect or both? Motivation and Emotion, 22, 73-98.
Ortony, A., Clore, G. L., & Collins, A. (1988). The cognitive structure of emotions. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Piñón, A., & Gärling, T. (2004). Effects of mood on adoption of loss frame in risky choice. Göteborg Psychological Reports, 34, No. 5.
Reyna, V. F., & Brainerd, C. J. (1991). Fuzzy-trace theory and framing effects in choice: Gist extraction, truncation, and conversion. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 4, 249–262.
Reyna, V. F., & Brainerd, C. J. (1995). Fuzzy-trace theory: An interim synthesis. Learning and Individual Differences, 7, 1 – 75.
Roseman, I. J. (1991). Appraisal determinants of discrete emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 5, 161–200.
Schneider, S. L. (1992). Framing and conflict: Aspiration level contingency, the status quo, and current theories of risky choice. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 1040–1057.
Schwarz, N., & Clore, G.L. (1988). How do I feel about it? Informative
functions of affective states. In K. Fiedler & J. Forgas (Eds.),
Affect, cognition, and social behavior (pp. 44–62). Toronto, ON, Canada: Hogrefe International
Simon, H. A. (1955). A behavior model of rational choice. Quarterly Journal of Economics. 69, 99-118.
Sitkin, S. B. & Pablo, A. L. (1992). Reconceptualizing the determinants of risk behavior. Academy on Management Review, 17, 9–38.
Slovic, P., Finucane, M. L., Peters, E., & MacGregor, D.G. (2002). The
affect heuristic. In T. Gilovich, D. Griffin, & D. Kahneman (Eds.),
Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgment (pp.397–420). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Smith, C., & Ellsworth, P. (1985). Patters of cognitive appraisal in emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 813–838.
Takemura, K. (1993). The effect of decision frame and decision justification on risky choice. Japanese Psychological Research, 35, 36–40.
Takemura, K. (1994). Influence of elaboration on the framing of decision. Journal of Psychology, 128, 33–39.
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981). The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science, 211, 453–458..
Wang, X. T. (1996). Framing effects: Dynamics and task domains. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 68, 145–157.
Wang, X. T. & Johnston, V. S. (1995). Perceived social context and risk preference: Are-examination of framing effects in a life-death decision problem. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 8, 279–293.
Zillmann, D. (1988). Mood management: Using entertainment to full advantage. In L. Donohew, H. E. Sypher, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Communication, social cognition, and affect (pp. 147-171). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
心理學研究所
94752007
97
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094752007
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 顏乃欣zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Yen, Nai Shingen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 王悄竹zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 王悄竹zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2008en_US
dc.date.accessioned 19-Sep-2009 11:54:49 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 19-Sep-2009 11:54:49 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 19-Sep-2009 11:54:49 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0094752007en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/37071-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 心理學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 94752007zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 97zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本論文主要從情緒解釋框架效應，由情緒管理理論（Mood management theory）、情緒壓抑效果(Dampening effect)解釋框架效應，並利用問卷驗證兩理論之正確性。情緒管理理論認為:在正向框架下，受試為了保持好心情，選擇能保持好心情的確定選項；在負向框架下，受試為了逃離負向情緒，選擇有機會沒有人損失的風險選項。而情緒壓抑效果則認為:受試會對不確定選項會有一個情緒的壓抑效果，因此在正向框架下，受試對風險選項的正向情緒較低，因此選擇確定選項；負向框架下，受試對風險選項的負向情緒較低，因此選擇風險選項。另外，對於過去文獻中顯現人們對亞洲疾病問題比賭局問題要來的風險追逐的現象，情緒管理理論比情緒壓抑效果更能由情緒的角度提供解釋。情緒管理理論預期受試面對賭局問題比亞洲疾病問題，在正向框架下的正向情緒較高，在負向框架下的負向情緒較低。情緒壓抑效果預期受試在正向框架下，對於確定選項有較高的正向情緒，因此選擇確定選項；面對負向框架，對於不確定選項有較低的負向情緒，因此選擇不確定選項。本文採用問卷的方式，在實驗一與實驗二中，對於上述的理論作檢驗，結果支持情緒管理理論的預測，情緒壓抑效果僅獲得部分支持。本文除了對於過去框架效應的相關文章作一統整外，對於框架效應的發生提供一個情緒解釋基礎，並使用情緒管理理論驗證並支持之。zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 中文摘要………………………………………………………………4
英文摘要………………………………………………………………6
緒論……………………………………………………………………8
文獻探討………………………………………………………………9
從認知角度探討框架效應………………………………………10
從情緒的角度解釋框架效應……………………………………20
研究目的………………………………………………………………32
實驗一…………………………………………………………………33
方法………………………………………………………………34
 結果………………………………………………………………35
討論………………………………………………………………41
實驗二…………………………………………………………………42
方法………………………………………………………………42
結果………………………………………………………………44
討論………………………………………………………………50
綜合討論………………………………………………………………51
參考文獻………………………………………………………………58
附錄……………………………………………………………………65
附錄一 實驗一問卷……………………………………………65
附錄二 實驗二問卷……………………………………………69		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 111583 bytes-
dc.format.extent 101789 bytes-
dc.format.extent 130197 bytes-
dc.format.extent 123926 bytes-
dc.format.extent 135006 bytes-
dc.format.extent 137912 bytes-
dc.format.extent 154546 bytes-
dc.format.extent 149266 bytes-
dc.format.extent 169428 bytes-
dc.format.extent 135006 bytes-
dc.format.extent 137505 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094752007en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 框架效應zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 情緒管理理論zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 情緒壓抑效果zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) framing effecten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) mood management theoryen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) dampening effecten_US
dc.title (題名) 從正負向情緒解釋框架效應：對情緒管理理論與情緒壓抑效果的驗證zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Berkowitz, L., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2004a). Toward an understanding of the determinants of anger. Emotion, 4, 107–130.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Berkowitz, L., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2004b). More thoughts about anger determinants. Emotion, 4, 151–155.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bless, H., Betsch, T., & Franzen, A. (1998). Framing the framing effect: The impact of context cues on solutions to the ‘Asian disease’ problem. European Journal of Social Psychology, 28, 287–291.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bohm, P. & Lind, H. (1992). A note on the robustness of a classical framing result. Special issue: Experimental economics. Journal of Economic Psychology, 13, 355–361.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bower, G. H. (1981). Mood and memory. American Psychologist, 36,  129-148.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bueno de Mesquita, B., & McDermott, R. (2004). Crossing no man’s land: Cooperation from the trenches. Political Psychology, 25, 271–287.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Clore, G. L., Schwarz, N., & Conway, M. (1994). Affective causes and consequences of social information processing. In R. S. Wyer & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (2nd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 323-419). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) De Martino, B., Kumaran, D., Seymour, B., & Dolan R. J. (2006). Frames, biases and rational decisionmaking in the human brain. Science, 313, 684–687.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) DeSteno, D., Petty, R., Rucker, D., & Wegener, D. (2000). Beyond valence in the perception of likelihood: The role of emotion specificity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 397–416.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Druckman, J. N. & McDermott, R. (2008). Emotion and the Framing of Risky Choice. Political Behavior, 30, 297–321.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Edwards, W. (1954). The theory of decision making. Psychological Bulletin, 51, 380–417.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ellsworth, P. (1991). Some implications of cognitive appraisal theories of emotion. In K. T. Strongman (Ed.), International review of studies on emotion (vol. 1, pp. 143–161). New York: Wileyzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Eric, v. D. & Marcel, Z. (2006). The Dampening Effect of Uncertaintyzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) on Positive and Negative Emotions. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 19, 171–176.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fagley, N. S., & Kruger, L. (1986). The effect of problem framing on the program choices of school psychologists. Paper presented at the 94th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, August, Washington, DC.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fagley, N. S. & Miller, P. M. (1987). The effects of decision framing on choice of risky vs certain options. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 39, 264–277.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fagley, N. S., & Miller, P. M. (1997). Framing effects and arenas of choice: Your money or your life? Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 71, 355–373.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Forgas, J. P. (1995). Mood and judgment: The affect infusion model (AIM). Psychological Bulletin, 117,39-66.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fox, C. R. & Poldrack, R. A. (2009). Prospect theory and the brain. In P. W. Glimcher, C. Camerer, R. A. Poldrack & E. Fehr (Eds.), Neuroeconomics: Decision making and the brain. (Vol. 2, pp. 166) London: Elsevier.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Frisch, B. (1993). Reasons for framing effects. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 54, 399–429.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gonzalez, C., Dana, J., Koshino, H., & Just, M. (2005). The framing effect and risky decisions: Examining cognitive functions with fMRI. Journal of Economic Psychology, 26, 1-20.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gross, K. (2008). Framing Persuasive Appeals: Episodic and Thematic Framing, Emotional Response, and Policy Opinion. Political Psychology, 29(2), 169-192.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gross, K., & D’Ambrosio, L. (2004). Framing Emotional Response. Political Psychology, 25(1), 1-29.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Highhouse, S., & Paese, P. W. (1996). Problem domain and prospect frame: Choice under opportunity versus threat. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 124–132.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Highhouse, S. & Yuce, P. (1996). Perspectives, perceptions, and risk-taking behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 65, 159–167.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jou, J. W., Shanteau, J., & Harris, R. J. (1996). An information processing view of framing effects: The role of causal schemas in decision making. Memory & Cognition, 24, 1–15.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47, 263–291.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) K hberger, A. (1995). The framing of decisions: A new look at old problems. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 62, 230–240.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) K hberger, A., Schulte-Mecklenbeck, M., & Perner, J. (1999). The effects of framing, reflection, probability, and payoff on risk preference in choice tasks. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 78, 204–231.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Larrick, R. P., Smith, E. E., and Yates, J. F. (1992, November). Reflecting on the reflection effect: Disrupting the effects of framing through thought. In D. Kahneman (Chair) Society for Judgment and Decision Making, St Louis, MO.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lazarus, R. S. (1993). Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lerner, J., & Keltner, D. (2001). Fear, anger, and risk. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 146–159.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Levin, I. P. & Chapman, D. P. (1990). Risk taking, frame of reference, and characterization of victim groups in AIDS treatment decisions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 26, 421–434.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Levin, I. P., Gaeth, G. J., Schreiber, J., & Lauriola, M. (2002). A new look at framing effects: Distribution of effect sizes, individual differences, and independence of types of effects. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 88, 1, 411-429.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Levin, I. P., Schneider, S. L., & Gaeth, G. J. (1998). All frames are not created equal: A typology and critical analysis of framing effects. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 76, 149–188.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Li, S., & Xie, X. (2006). A new look at the ‘‘Asian disease’’ problem: A choice between the best possible outcomes or between the worst possible outcomes? Thinking & Reasoning, 12 (2), 129 – 143.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Loewenstein, G., & Lerner, J. S. (2003). The Role of Affect in Decision Making, In R. J. Davidso, K. R. Scherer & H. H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of Affective Sciences (pp.187-211). NY: Oxford Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Macdonald, R. R. (1986). Credible conceptions and implausible probabilities. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 39, 15-27.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mann, L. (1992). Stress, affect and risk-taking. In J. F. Yates (Ed.), Risk-taking behavior (pp.201-23). New York: Wiley.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Marcus, G. E., Sullivan, J. L., Thiess-Morse, E., & Stevens, D. (2005). The emotional foundation of political cognition: The impact of extrinsic anxiety on the formation of political tolerance judgments. Political Psychology, 26, 949–963.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Miller, P. M. & Fagley, N. S. (1991). The effects of framing, problem variations, and providing rationale on choice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 517–522.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Nabi, R. L. (2003). Exploring the Framing Effects of Emotion: Do Discrete Emotions Differentially Influence Information Accessibility, Information Seeking, and Policy Preference? Communication Research, 30, 224-247.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Nygren, T. E. (1998). Reacting to perceived high- and low-risk win-lose opportunities in a risky decision-making task: Is it framing or affect or both? Motivation and Emotion, 22, 73-98.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ortony, A., Clore, G. L., & Collins, A. (1988). The cognitive structure of emotions. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Piñón, A., & Gärling, T. (2004). Effects of mood on adoption of loss frame in risky choice. Göteborg Psychological Reports, 34, No. 5.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Reyna, V. F., & Brainerd, C. J. (1991). Fuzzy-trace theory and framing effects in choice: Gist extraction, truncation, and conversion. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 4, 249–262.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Reyna, V. F., & Brainerd, C. J. (1995). Fuzzy-trace theory: An interim synthesis. Learning and Individual Differences, 7, 1 – 75.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Roseman, I. J. (1991). Appraisal determinants of discrete emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 5, 161–200.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schneider, S. L. (1992). Framing and conflict: Aspiration level contingency, the status quo, and current theories of risky choice. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 1040–1057.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schwarz, N., & Clore, G.L. (1988). How do I feel about it? Informativezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) functions of affective states. In K. Fiedler & J. Forgas (Eds.),zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Affect, cognition, and social behavior (pp. 44–62). Toronto, ON, Canada: Hogrefe Internationalzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Simon, H. A. (1955). A behavior model of rational choice. Quarterly Journal of Economics. 69, 99-118.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sitkin, S. B. & Pablo, A. L. (1992). Reconceptualizing the determinants of risk behavior. Academy on Management Review, 17, 9–38.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Slovic, P., Finucane, M. L., Peters, E., & MacGregor, D.G. (2002). Thezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) affect heuristic. In T. Gilovich, D. Griffin, & D. Kahneman (Eds.),zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgment (pp.397–420). New York: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Smith, C., & Ellsworth, P. (1985). Patters of cognitive appraisal in emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 813–838.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Takemura, K. (1993). The effect of decision frame and decision justification on risky choice. Japanese Psychological Research, 35, 36–40.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Takemura, K. (1994). Influence of elaboration on the framing of decision. Journal of Psychology, 128, 33–39.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981). The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science, 211, 453–458..zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wang, X. T. (1996). Framing effects: Dynamics and task domains. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 68, 145–157.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wang, X. T. & Johnston, V. S. (1995). Perceived social context and risk preference: Are-examination of framing effects in a life-death decision problem. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 8, 279–293.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Zillmann, D. (1988). Mood management: Using entertainment to full advantage. In L. Donohew, H. E. Sypher, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Communication, social cognition, and affect (pp. 147-171). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.zh_TW