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題名 論漢語中形容詞詞類的非必要性
On the Non-existence of the Adjective Category in Mandarin Chinese
作者 黃琬茹
Huang, Wan-Ju
貢獻者 何萬順
Her, One-Soon
黃琬茹
Huang, Wan-Ju
關鍵詞 詞類
形容詞
特徵界定
普遍性
lexical categories
adjectives
feature specification
universality
日期 2008
上傳時間 19-九月-2009 13:03:35 (UTC+8)
摘要 本篇論文論證在漢語中動詞以及文獻中所認定的形容詞(putative adjectives)之間的區分是非必要的。本文探討了文獻中區分和辨別漢語形容詞詞類的各項準則，並論證這些準則並無法全面性解釋所有傳統上被視為是形容詞的詞彙，也因此使得漢語語法更加複雜和歧異。文獻中所認定的形容詞在句法上並未呈現出形容詞的特性；相反地，它們無論是從時貌標記來看或就範疇功能(categorial function)等方面而論都與動詞一致。因此，把文獻中所認定的形容詞與動詞歸於一類將可維持漢語語法的簡單性。
此外，我們認為Chomsky (1965)以兩個正負號特徵(±N, ±V)所界定出的四個詞類(名詞、動詞、形容詞以及介係詞)並不是普遍性的(universal)；意即，並非所有語言都需要同時擁有這四個詞類。功能語言學派的看法亦同，他們認為語言中最少只需要兩個詞類來執行語言功能，即動詞與名詞，因此只有這兩個詞類具有普遍性，而另兩個詞類的語意功能可藉由它們來執行。對此，我們引用了缺乏形容詞(如：韓語(cf. Kim 2002a, 2002b))及介係詞(如：賽德克語(cf. Huang 1998))語言的語料來佐證只有動詞與名詞具有普遍性的看法。最後，本文採用Bhat (1994)在觀察跨語言間形容詞詞類的行為表現後所提出的形容詞鑑定標準，來證明漢語中並沒有一個獨立的形容詞詞類。
This thesis argues that the verb-adjective distinction in Mandarin Chinese is unnecessary. The criteria for identifying a distinct adjectival category have been proposed by many linguists, e.g., Zhu (1982), Yin (2003), Huang et al (2008); however, they fail to accommodate all putative adjectives as a category. A distinct adjective category requires stipulations to account for the verb-adjective distinction and thus complicates the grammar. Descriptively, putative adjectives in Mandarin Chinese do not exhibit adjectival characteristics; rather, they are unmarked predicates and thus behave similarly as verbs in terms of aspectual marking, N’-ellipsis, and reduplication. Putative adjectives should thus be conflated with verbs to maintain the simplicity of the grammar.
From a typological perspective, some languages have been argued to lack adjectives (e.g., Korean (cf. Kim 2002)) and others, prepositions (e.g., Seediq (cf. Huang 1998)). Therefore, Chomsky’s (1965) four categories defined by two universal feature specifications [±N] and [±V] do not seem to be ubiquitous. Functionalist linguists also assert that only Noun and Verb are universal, for they represent the elementary and central concepts at two extremes of the world while Adjective and Preposition may not be syntactically realized and their semantic concepts are thus associated with either Noun or Verb. Finally, Chinese putative adjectives are further examined with the cross-linguistic criteria proposed in Bhat (1994). The only logical conclusion is that Mandarin Chinese does not distinguish adjectives as a distinct category.
參考文獻 References
Baker, Mark C. 2003. Lexical Categories: Verbs, Nouns, and Adjectives. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Beck, David. 2002. The Typology of Parts of Speech System: The Markedness of Adjectives. New York: Routledge Press.
Bhat, D.N.S. 1994. The Adjectival Category. Criterion for Differentiation and Identification. Philadelphia USA: John Benjamins Publishing Co.
Branigan, Phil. 2000. Cross-linguistic variation in syntax. Linguistics 2103: Reading #7. Available at:
http://www.ucs.mun.ca/~branigan/courses/2103/Readings/reading-7.pdf
Chao, Y. 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley and Los Angles: University of California Press.
Cheng, L. Robert. 1985. A comparison of Taiwanese, Taiwan Mandarin, and Peking Mandarin. Language 61.2: 352-377.
Chomsky, Noam. 1965. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
Chomsky, Noam. 1970. Remarks on nominalization. Readings in English Transformational Grammar, ed. by Roderick. A. Jacobs and Peter S. Rosenbaum, 184-221. Waltham, Mass.: Ginn. and Co.
Chomsky, Noam. 1981. Lectures on Government and Binding: The Pisa Lectures. Holland: Foris Publications.
Croft, William. 1991. Syntactic Categories and Grammatical Relation: The Cognitive Organization of Information. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Culicover, Peter W. 1997. Principles and Parameters. New York: Oxford University Press.
DeLancey, Scott. 1999. Lexical prefixes and the bipartite stem construction in Klamath. International Journal of American Linguistics 65.1: 56-83.
DeLancey, Scott. 2003. Lectures on Functional Syntax. Unpublished ms. Available at: http://www.uoregon.edu/~delancey/sb/functional_syntax.doc
Dixon, R. M. W. 1981. Where Have All the Adjectives Gone? and Other Essays in Semantics and Syntax. NY: Mouton.
Dixon, R. M. W., Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. Eds. 2004. Adjective Classes: A Cross-linguistic Typology. Oxford University Press.
Dragunov A. A. 1960. Untersuchungen zur Grammatik der modernen chinesischen Sprache. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.
Givón, T. 1984. Syntax: A Functional-Typological Introduction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Givon, T. 1995. Functionalism and Grammar. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Haegeman, Liliane. 1994. Introduction to Government and Binding Theory, 2nd edition.Cambridge: Basil Blackwell.
Harada, Naomi. 1999. Interactions between functional and lexical categories: Are adjectives ‘verbal’ or verbs ‘adjectival’? The Proceedings of IACL-7/NACCL-10, 151-168.
Hengeveld, Kees. 1992. Parts of speech. Layered Structure and Reference in a Functional Perspective, ed. by Michael Fortescue, Peter Harder, and Lars Kristofferson, 29-56. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Her, One-Soon. 1991. Grammatical Functions and Verb Subcategorization in Mandarin Chinese. Published Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Hawaii. Taipei: Crane Publishing.
Her, One-Soon. 1997. Interaction and Variation in the Chinese VO Construction. Taipei: Crane Publishing.
Her, One-Soon. 1998. Hanyu zhuti zai yufa cengmian shang de xianzhi [Syntactic constraints on topicalization in Chinese]. Journal of National Chengchi University 77, 1-13.
Her, One-Soon. 2008. Language and group identity: On Taiwan mainlander’s mother tongues and Taiwan Mandarin. Accepted for publication in Language and Linguistics.
Huang, C.-T., Li, Y.-H. & Li, Yafei. 2008. The Syntax of Chinese. Cambridge University Press.
Huang, Shuanfan. 1998. Seediq: Spatial representation in a language without prepositions. National Taiwan University Working Papers in Linguistics 1: 189-208.
Kayne, R. 1994. The Antisymmetry of Syntax. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
Kim, Min-Joo. 2002a. The absence of adjectives in Korean. Proceedings of the 2002 International Conference on Korean Linguistics, Hankwak Mwunhwasa: Seoul, Korea.
Kim, Min-Joo. 2002b. Does Koran have adjectives? ed. by T. Ionin et al. MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 43, 71-89
Lee, Huichi. 2005. On DE in SHI…DE construction. UST Working Papers in Linguistics 1: 131-160.
Li, C., Thompson, S. 1981. Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.
Lin, Jo-Wang. 2000. On the temporal meaning of the verbal –le in Chinese. Language and Linguistics 1, 109-133.
Lin, Jo-Wang. 2003. Temporal reference in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 12, 259-311.
Liu, C.-M., 2006. Degree Modification of Adjectives in Mandarin Chinese. MA thesis, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan.
Liu, Chen-Sheng. 2005. Adjectival predicates and the aspectual suffix –le in Chinese. UST Working Papers in Linguistics 1, 205-228.
Liu, Yue-Hua. 1988. Dongtain zhuci guo1, guo2, le yongfa bijiao [A Comparative Study on the Dynamic Functional Word guo1, guo2 and le]. Yuwen Yanjiu 6-16.
McCawley, J. 1992. Justifying part-of-speech assignments in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 20.2: 211–246.
Nerbonne, John, and Wybo Wiersma. 2006. A measure of aggregate syntactic distance. Proceedings of the Workshop on linguistic Distances, 82-90.
Ou, Tzu-Shan. 2007. Suo Relative Clauses in Mandarin Chinese. Language and Linguistics 8.3: 913-937.
Paul, Waltraud. 2005. Adjectival modification in Mandarin Chinese and related
issues. Linguistics 43.4: 757 -793.
Radford, Andrew. 1988. Transformational Grammar: A First Class. UK: Cambridge University Press.
Perlmutter, D.M. 1978. Impersonal passives and the unaccusativity hypothesis.
Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistic Society, 157-189. Berkeley Linguistic Society, University of California.
Saeed, John I. 1997. Semantics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Saito, Mamoru, T.-H. Jonah Lin, and Keiko Murasugi. 2008. N’-ellipsis and the structure of noun phrases in Chinese and Japanese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 17.3: 247-271.
Simpson, Andrew. 2003. On the status of ‘modifying’ DE and the structure of the Chinese DP. On the Formal Way to Chinese Languages, ed. by Sze-Wing Tang and Cheng-Sheng Kuther Liu, 74-101.
Simpson, Andrew and Z. Wu. 1999. The syntax and interpretation of sentence-final DE. Proceedings of NACCL 10, 257-274.
Smith, Carlota. 1990. Event types in Mandarin. Linguistics 28, 309-336.
Smith, Carlota. 1994. Aspectual viewpoint and situation type in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 3, 107-146.
Soh, Hooi Ling and Jenny Yi-Chun Kuo. 2005. Perfective aspect and accomplishment situations in Mandarin Chinese. Perspectives on Aspect, ed. by Angeliek van Hout, Henriette de Swart and Henk Verkuyl, 199-216. Dordrecht: Springer.
Soh, Hooi Ling and Meijia Gao. 2006. Perfective aspect and transition in Mandarin Chinese: An analysis of double –le sentences. Proceedings of the 2004 Texas Linguistics Society Conference, ed. by Pascal Denis et al., 107-122. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
Stowell, Tim. 1981. The Origins of Phrase Structure. Ph. D. dissertation. MIT.
Sybesma, Rint. 1997. Why Chinese verb le is a resultative predicate. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 6, 215-261.
Tanangkingsing, Michael. 2003. Do we move in different ways or do we differ in our ways to move: A Study of Motion Verbs in Four Austronesian Languages. Presented at the Second Workshop on The Verb in Formosan Languages, Academia Sinica, Taipei, November 1-2.
Tang, Ting-Chi. 1982. Guoyu xingrongci de chongdie guilv [Reduplication of adjectives in Chinese]. Journal of National Taiwan Normal University 27, 279-294.
Thompson, Sandra A. 1988. A discourse approach to the cross-linguistic category “adjective”. Explaining Language Universals, ed. by John A. Hawkins, 167-185. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Tian, Qingqiang. 2004. Chinese Adjectives and Their Event Structure Representations. MA thesis, College of Foreign Languages, Chongqing University, China.
Tsao, Feng-fu. 1996. On verb classification in Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 24.1: 138-191.
Yin, Shiyu. 2003. The Criteria for the Independent Existence of the Adjectival Category. MA thesis, Tianjin Normal University, China.
Yuan, Yu-Lin. 1993. Xiandai Hanyu Qishiju Yanjiu (Contemporary study of imperatives). Beijing University Press.
Zhang, Niina. 2006. On the configuration issue of coordination. Language and Linguistics 7.1: 176-223.
Zhu, Dexi. 1982. Yufa Jiangyi (Lecture notes on grammar). Shangwu inshuguan, Hong Kong.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
94555002
97
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094555002
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 何萬順zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Her, One-Soonen_US
dc.contributor.author (作者) 黃琬茹zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) Huang, Wan-Juen_US
dc.creator (作者) 黃琬茹zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Huang, Wan-Juen_US
dc.date (日期) 2008en_US
dc.date.accessioned 19-九月-2009 13:03:35 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 19-九月-2009 13:03:35 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 19-九月-2009 13:03:35 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0094555002en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/37288-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 94555002zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 97zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本篇論文論證在漢語中動詞以及文獻中所認定的形容詞(putative adjectives)之間的區分是非必要的。本文探討了文獻中區分和辨別漢語形容詞詞類的各項準則，並論證這些準則並無法全面性解釋所有傳統上被視為是形容詞的詞彙，也因此使得漢語語法更加複雜和歧異。文獻中所認定的形容詞在句法上並未呈現出形容詞的特性；相反地，它們無論是從時貌標記來看或就範疇功能(categorial function)等方面而論都與動詞一致。因此，把文獻中所認定的形容詞與動詞歸於一類將可維持漢語語法的簡單性。
此外，我們認為Chomsky (1965)以兩個正負號特徵(±N, ±V)所界定出的四個詞類(名詞、動詞、形容詞以及介係詞)並不是普遍性的(universal)；意即，並非所有語言都需要同時擁有這四個詞類。功能語言學派的看法亦同，他們認為語言中最少只需要兩個詞類來執行語言功能，即動詞與名詞，因此只有這兩個詞類具有普遍性，而另兩個詞類的語意功能可藉由它們來執行。對此，我們引用了缺乏形容詞(如：韓語(cf. Kim 2002a, 2002b))及介係詞(如：賽德克語(cf. Huang 1998))語言的語料來佐證只有動詞與名詞具有普遍性的看法。最後，本文採用Bhat (1994)在觀察跨語言間形容詞詞類的行為表現後所提出的形容詞鑑定標準，來證明漢語中並沒有一個獨立的形容詞詞類。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This thesis argues that the verb-adjective distinction in Mandarin Chinese is unnecessary. The criteria for identifying a distinct adjectival category have been proposed by many linguists, e.g., Zhu (1982), Yin (2003), Huang et al (2008); however, they fail to accommodate all putative adjectives as a category. A distinct adjective category requires stipulations to account for the verb-adjective distinction and thus complicates the grammar. Descriptively, putative adjectives in Mandarin Chinese do not exhibit adjectival characteristics; rather, they are unmarked predicates and thus behave similarly as verbs in terms of aspectual marking, N’-ellipsis, and reduplication. Putative adjectives should thus be conflated with verbs to maintain the simplicity of the grammar.
From a typological perspective, some languages have been argued to lack adjectives (e.g., Korean (cf. Kim 2002)) and others, prepositions (e.g., Seediq (cf. Huang 1998)). Therefore, Chomsky’s (1965) four categories defined by two universal feature specifications [±N] and [±V] do not seem to be ubiquitous. Functionalist linguists also assert that only Noun and Verb are universal, for they represent the elementary and central concepts at two extremes of the world while Adjective and Preposition may not be syntactically realized and their semantic concepts are thus associated with either Noun or Verb. Finally, Chinese putative adjectives are further examined with the cross-linguistic criteria proposed in Bhat (1994). The only logical conclusion is that Mandarin Chinese does not distinguish adjectives as a distinct category.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………….iv
Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………………vi
Chinese Abstract …………………………………………………………………. viii
English Abstract …………………………………………………………………….x
Chapter
1. Introduction….………….…………………………………………………..01
1.1 Motivation and Purpose….........................................................................03
1.2 Conventions of the Data ..……..……………………………..………….07
2. Literature Review…………………………………………………………...08
2.1 Adjectives as a Distinct Category in Mandarin Chinese……….…...…...09
2.1.1 Zhu (1982)…………………………………………….…………....09
2.1.2 Remarks on Zhu (1982)……………………………………...……..13
2.1.3 Yin (2003)…………………………………………….………….…16
2.1.3.1 Differentiation from the nominal category………..…….…17
2.1.3.2 Differentiation from the verbal category………...…….…..20
2.1.4 Remarks on Yin (2003)……………………………………..……...21
2.1.5 Huang et al. (2008)....………………….…………..…….………...24
2.1.5.1 Adjectives as opposed to verbs……………….……...….…25
2.1.5.2 Adjectives as opposed to nouns……………………...…….33
2.1.6 Remarks on Huang et al. (2008)……………………..…………….35
2.2 Conflating Adjectives with Verbs in Mandarin Chinese…………….…...39
2.2.1 McCawley (1992)……………………………………………….…39
2.3 Remarks.…………………………………………………………………45
3. Theoretical Framework……………………………….……………………47
3.1 The Feature Specifications of Lexical Categories……………….……….50
3.2 Nouns and Verbs as the Only Universal Categories………….…….…….54
3.3 The Universality of Adjectives and Prepositions.......................................57
3.3.1 Languages without prepositions……………………………...…….58
3.3.2 Languages without adjectives…………………………...…...…….61

3.4 The Feature Specifications of Lexical Categories in Mandarin Chinese……............................................................................................64
3.4.1 Huang et al.’s proposal (2008).......................................................64
3.4.2 Harada’s proposal (1999)...............................................................65
3.5 Remarks......................................................................................................68
4. Mandarin-internal Evidence Against the Adjective Category...................69
4.1 Putative Adjectives as Predicates...............................................................70
4.2 N’-ellipsis…………...................................................................................74
4.3 [PA+N] as Compounds…………………………………………………...78
4.4 Aspectual Marking…...…………………………………………..………79
4.4.1 Perfective aspect marker –了 –le5…….………………….....….…80
4.4.2 Imperfective aspect markers –著 –zhe5 and在– zai4–……….….81
4.4.3 Experiential aspect marker –過 –kuo4……….……………………82
4.5 Transitivity, Semi-transitivity, and Intransitivity of Putative Adjectives...83
4.6 Conjunction……………………………..………….…………………….90
4.7 Reduplication……………………………………….……………...…….91
4.8 Remarks…………………………………………………………………..93
5. Cross-linguistic Evidence…………………………………………………...95
5.1 Differentiation from Verbs…………………..…………………………...95
5.1.1 Difference in categorial usage……………………………………...95
5.1.2 Difference in dependency status……………………………………97
5.1.3 Difference in the scope of modification……………………………99
5.1.4 Difference in temporal status……………………………………102
5.2 Identification with Verbs…………………...…………………………...104
5.2.1 The same set of inflectional affixes in the predicative use……….104
5.2.2 The same type of nominalizing and adverbializing processes........106
5.2.3 Other derivational processes…………………………………...…108
6. Conclusion………………………………………………………………….110
References……………………………………………………..……………………114		zh_TW
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dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094555002en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 詞類zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 形容詞zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 特徵界定zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 普遍性zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) lexical categoriesen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) adjectivesen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) feature specificationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) universalityen_US
dc.title (題名) 論漢語中形容詞詞類的非必要性zh_TW
dc.title (題名) On the Non-existence of the Adjective Category in Mandarin Chineseen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Referenceszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Baker, Mark C. 2003. Lexical Categories: Verbs, Nouns, and Adjectives. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Beck, David. 2002. The Typology of Parts of Speech System: The Markedness of Adjectives. New York: Routledge Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bhat, D.N.S. 1994. The Adjectival Category. Criterion for Differentiation and Identification. Philadelphia USA: John Benjamins Publishing Co.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Branigan, Phil. 2000. Cross-linguistic variation in syntax. Linguistics 2103: Reading #7. Available at:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) http://www.ucs.mun.ca/~branigan/courses/2103/Readings/reading-7.pdfzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chao, Y. 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley and Los Angles: University of California Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cheng, L. Robert. 1985. A comparison of Taiwanese, Taiwan Mandarin, and Peking Mandarin. Language 61.2: 352-377.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chomsky, Noam. 1965. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chomsky, Noam. 1970. Remarks on nominalization. Readings in English Transformational Grammar, ed. by Roderick. A. Jacobs and Peter S. Rosenbaum, 184-221. Waltham, Mass.: Ginn. and Co.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chomsky, Noam. 1981. Lectures on Government and Binding: The Pisa Lectures. Holland: Foris Publications.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Croft, William. 1991. Syntactic Categories and Grammatical Relation: The Cognitive Organization of Information. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Culicover, Peter W. 1997. Principles and Parameters. New York: Oxford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) DeLancey, Scott. 1999. Lexical prefixes and the bipartite stem construction in Klamath. International Journal of American Linguistics 65.1: 56-83.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) DeLancey, Scott. 2003. Lectures on Functional Syntax. Unpublished ms. Available at: http://www.uoregon.edu/~delancey/sb/functional_syntax.doczh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dixon, R. M. W. 1981. Where Have All the Adjectives Gone? and Other Essays in Semantics and Syntax. NY: Mouton.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dixon, R. M. W., Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. Eds. 2004. Adjective Classes: A Cross-linguistic Typology. Oxford University Press.zh_TW
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