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題名 框架為本之分類詞分析：以台灣華語為例
A Frame-based Approach to Classifiers:A Case Study of Taiwan Mandarin
作者 謝禎田
Hsieh, Chen tien
貢獻者 何萬順
Her, One soon
謝禎田
Hsieh, Chen tien
關鍵詞 框架理論
顯影概念
名物框架
frame
profiling
N-frame
日期 2008
上傳時間 19-Sep-2009 13:04:17 (UTC+8)
摘要 本篇論文從認知語意學的角度來探討分類詞的本質，並且結合了Fillmore (1975) 的框架 (frame) 理論和Langacker (1987) 的顯影(profiling) 概念，作為分析的理論基礎，說明語言如何透過分類詞機制來凸顯名詞在認知上的某些語意特徵。本論文所嘗試提出的理論架構最終目的在於解釋所有的分類詞語言，但為提昇語料的可信度，語料來源以台灣華語中的分類詞為主。
研究分析主要建構於名物框架 (N-frame) 的認知基礎上，進而檢視台灣華語中不同類別之名詞藉由不同之分類詞所彰顯的語意特徵 (feature)，同樣重要的是不同的語意特徵在台灣華語分類詞系統中的優先排序。最後我們從其他的分類詞語言中，如閩南語及日語，論證名物框架系及彰顯機制統的普遍性；唯不同的分類詞語言或不同方言中所選擇顯影的語意特徵以及其優先排序都可能有所不同，分類詞系統也因此呈現複雜多樣的面貌。
On the basis of the theory of Frame, proposed by Fillmore (1975), and the models of profile and base segregation, proposed by Langcker (1987), this thesis aims at a cognitive approach to explain how languages manifest certain cognitive features of a noun by means of classifiers. In addition, the theoretical framework tries to explain all the known classifier languages and to foster a greater accountability and reliability of the data, this study focuses on Taiwan Mandarin.
The data analysis is based on the cognitive foundation of an N-frame, whereby it is found that Taiwan Mandarin categorizes nouns by profiling different features of nouns through the use of different classifiers. A hierarchy or ranking of classifier features in Taiwan Mandarin is also provided. Finally, in all known classifier languages, such as Southern Min and Japanese, it is found that the application of the use of an N-frame is consistent and universal in human cognition. The only thing that varies is the profiling system that each language employs and the hierarchy of features it selects. Thus, the use of classifiers manifests varied and complex aspects.
參考文獻 Adams, K. and Nancy F. Conklin. (1973). Toward a theory of
natural classification. Papers from the 9th Regional
Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society. pp. 1-10.
Ahren, Kathleen. (1994). Classifier production in nominals
and aphasics. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 22:203-247.
Alexandra, A. Y. (2000). Classifier: A Typology of Noun
Categorization Devices. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Allan, K. (1977). Classifier. Language 53:285-311.
Biq, Yung-O. (2004). Construction, reanalysis, and
stance: ‘V yi ge N’ and variations in Mandarin
Chinese. Journal of Pragmatics 36: 1655–1672.
Chao, Y. R. (1968). A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley:
University of Calofornia Press.
Cheng, L. R. (1985). A comparison of Taiwanese, Taiwan
Mandarin, and Peking Mandarin. Language 61.2: 352-377.
David, Bostock. (1994). Aristotle Metaphysics. Oxford:
Clarendon Press ; New York : Oxford University Press.
Evans, Vyvyan and Melanie Green Edinburgh. (2006).
Cognitive Linguistics: An Introduction. Edinburgh
University.
Fillmore, Charles. (1982). Frame Semantics, in Linguistic
Society of Korea. Linguistics in the Morning Calm, ed.
by Linguistic Society of Korea: 111-137. Seoul: Hanshin
Publishing.
Gorard, S. (2003). Quantitative Methods in Social Science.
London : Continuum.
Her, O., in press. Language and Group Identity: On Taiwan
Mainlanders` Mother Tongue and Taiwan Mandarin. To
appear in Language and Linguistics.
Heine, Bernd, Ulrike Claudi and Friederike Hunnemeyer
(1991). Grammaticalization: A Conceptual Framework.
Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Hong, Z. (2007). Numeral classifiers in Mandarin Chinese.
Journal of East Asian Linguistics 16 (1): 43-59.
Hsu, Hui-ju. (2006). Some Aspects of Phonological Leveling
in Taiwan Mandarin. Ph.d Dissertation, National Taiwan
Normal University.
Hu, Q. (1993). The Acquisition of Chinese Classifiers by
Young Mandarin-speaking Children. Ph.D. Dissertation,
Boston University.
Lakkoff, George. (1986). Classifiers as a reflection of
mind. in Craig (1986), 13-51.
Langacker, Ronald W. (1987). Foundations of Cognitive
Grammar, Vol. I: Theoretical Prerequisites. Stanford,
California: Stanford University Press.
Li, C. & Thompson, S. (1981). Mandarin Chinese: A
Functional Reference Grammar. Berkeley: University of
California Press.
Li, Wendan. (2000). The pragmatic function of numeral-
classifiers in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of Pragmatics:
An Interdisciplinary Journal of Language Studies 32
(8): 1113-33.
Liang, Y-C. (2006). Nominal Phrases in English and Japanese
Speakers’ L2 Mandarin Grammars. Ph.D. Dissertation.
Cambridge.
Lien, Chinfa & Wang, Pengying. (1999). Shape classifiers in
Mandarin and Taiwanese - A psycholinguistic
perspective. The Biological Basis of Language, ed by
Ovid J. L. Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph.
13:189-221. Project on Linguistic Analysis, University
of California at Berkeley.
Loke, Kit-Ken. (1997). The grammaticalization and
regrammaticalization of Chinese numeral classifier
morphemes. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 25:1-20.
Loke, Kit-Ken. (1996). Norms and realities of Mandarin
shape classifiers. Journal of the Chinese Language
Teachers Association 31(2), 1–22.
Prince, Alan & Paul Smolensky. (1993). Optimality Theory:
Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar.
Manuscript, Rutgers University and University of
Colorado, Boulder.
Rosch, Eleanor. (1987). Principles of categorization.
Cognition and Categorization, ed. by Eleanor Rosch &
Barbara B. Lloyd, 27-48. Hillsdale, NJ; NY: Lawrence
Erlbaum.
Shi, Yuzhi & Li, Charles N. (2002). The establishment of
the classifier system and the grammaticalization of the
morphosyntactic particle de in Chinese. Language
Sciences 24 (1): 1-15.
Sommer, F. (1959). The ordinary language tree. Mind 68: 160-
185.
Sommer, F. (1971). Structural ontology. Philosophia 1: 21-
42.
Tai, J. H.-Y. (2003). Cognitive relativism: resultative
construction in Chinese. Language and Linguistics 4
(2): 301-16.
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classifier Tiao. Journal of the Chinese Language
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Semantic and cognitive basis of Chinese classifiers: A
functional approach. Language and Linguistics 3 (1):
101-32.
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張麗麗、黃居仁，陳克健，賴慶雄編 (1997) 國語日報量詞典。國語日報出版。
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網路資源
Taiwan Google: http://www.google.com.tw/
北京大學漢語語言學研究中心語料庫：http://ccl.pku.edu.cn/Yuliao_Contents.Asp
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
95555012
97
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0095555012
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 何萬順zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Her, One soonen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 謝禎田zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Hsieh, Chen tienen_US
dc.creator (作者) 謝禎田zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Hsieh, Chen tienen_US
dc.date (日期) 2008en_US
dc.date.accessioned 19-Sep-2009 13:04:17 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 19-Sep-2009 13:04:17 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 19-Sep-2009 13:04:17 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0095555012en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/37293-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 95555012zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 97zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本篇論文從認知語意學的角度來探討分類詞的本質，並且結合了Fillmore (1975) 的框架 (frame) 理論和Langacker (1987) 的顯影(profiling) 概念，作為分析的理論基礎，說明語言如何透過分類詞機制來凸顯名詞在認知上的某些語意特徵。本論文所嘗試提出的理論架構最終目的在於解釋所有的分類詞語言，但為提昇語料的可信度，語料來源以台灣華語中的分類詞為主。
研究分析主要建構於名物框架 (N-frame) 的認知基礎上，進而檢視台灣華語中不同類別之名詞藉由不同之分類詞所彰顯的語意特徵 (feature)，同樣重要的是不同的語意特徵在台灣華語分類詞系統中的優先排序。最後我們從其他的分類詞語言中，如閩南語及日語，論證名物框架系及彰顯機制統的普遍性；唯不同的分類詞語言或不同方言中所選擇顯影的語意特徵以及其優先排序都可能有所不同，分類詞系統也因此呈現複雜多樣的面貌。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) On the basis of the theory of Frame, proposed by Fillmore (1975), and the models of profile and base segregation, proposed by Langcker (1987), this thesis aims at a cognitive approach to explain how languages manifest certain cognitive features of a noun by means of classifiers. In addition, the theoretical framework tries to explain all the known classifier languages and to foster a greater accountability and reliability of the data, this study focuses on Taiwan Mandarin.
The data analysis is based on the cognitive foundation of an N-frame, whereby it is found that Taiwan Mandarin categorizes nouns by profiling different features of nouns through the use of different classifiers. A hierarchy or ranking of classifier features in Taiwan Mandarin is also provided. Finally, in all known classifier languages, such as Southern Min and Japanese, it is found that the application of the use of an N-frame is consistent and universal in human cognition. The only thing that varies is the profiling system that each language employs and the hierarchy of features it selects. Thus, the use of classifiers manifests varied and complex aspects.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents CHAPTER
I.INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………1
1.1 Motivation and Purpose…………………………………… 3
1.2 Conventions of the Data……………………………………5
1.3 Organization of the Thesis………………………………6
II.LITERATURE REVIEW ………………………………………………7
2.1 Mass and Count Distinction in Nouns……………………7
2.2 Ge Test………………………………………………………………9
2.3 Adjective Insertion Test……………………………………11
2.4 De Test………………………………………………………………12
2.5 Semantic Selection Test………………………………………14
2.6 Remarks………………………………………………………………16
III.THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS………………………………………20
3.1 Categorization……………………………………………………20
3.1.1 Prototype…………………………………………………………21
3.1.2 Category Membership…………………………………………22
3.1.3 Family Resemblances…………………………………………22
3.1.4 Gestalt……………………………………………………………24
3.2 Frames and Profile/Base System……………………………24
3.2.1 Frames……………………………………………………………25
3.2.2 Cognitive Units and Domains……………………………27
3.2.3 Profile/Base Segregation…………………………………27
3.3 Hu’s Proposal……………………………………………………29
3.4 Remarks………………………………………………………………30
IV.DATA ANALYSIS………………………………………………………32
4.1 Grammatical Foundations to Distinguish Cs and Ms…32
4.1.1 The Semantic Level……………………………………………33
4.1.2 The Syntactic Level…………………………………………35
4.2 The Ranking of Competing Cs of a Noun…………………41
4.2.1 Major Semantic Domains of Mandarin Cs………………41
4.2.2 The Special Status of Ge…………………………………46
4.2.3 The Hierarchy of Features of Classifiers…………50
4.2.3.1 The Ranking with Experimental Evidence …………51
4.2.3.2 The Uni-directionality of the Hierarchy…………62
4.3 The Profiling System in the N-frame in Taiwan
Mandarin............................................65
4.3.1 Four Levels of Features and Three Constraints in the
N-frame...........................................66
4.3.2 The Experimental Evidence for the TEAPOT Frame……69
4.3.3 N-frame in Other Languages – Japanese………………71
V.CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………74
5.1 Summary of the Thesis…………………………………………74
5.2 Issues for Future Study………………………………………76

REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………78
APPENDIXES……………………………………………………………… 84
A.Sets of Classifier Selection Questions…………………84
B.Answers to Classifier Questions for Three Nouns……86
C.Answers to Classifier Questions for the TEAPOT Frame…87		zh_TW
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dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0095555012en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 框架理論zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 顯影概念zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 名物框架zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) frameen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) profilingen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) N-frameen_US
dc.title (題名) 框架為本之分類詞分析：以台灣華語為例zh_TW
dc.title (題名) A Frame-based Approach to Classifiers:A Case Study of Taiwan Mandarinen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Adams, K. and Nancy F. Conklin. (1973). Toward a theory ofzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) natural classification. Papers from the 9th Regionalzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society. pp. 1-10.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ahren, Kathleen. (1994). Classifier production in nominalszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) and aphasics. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 22:203-247.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Alexandra, A. Y. (2000). Classifier: A Typology of Nounzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Categorization Devices. Oxford: Oxford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Allan, K. (1977). Classifier. Language 53:285-311.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Biq, Yung-O. (2004). Construction, reanalysis, andzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) stance: ‘V yi ge N’ and variations in Mandarinzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chinese. Journal of Pragmatics 36: 1655–1672.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chao, Y. R. (1968). A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) University of Calofornia Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cheng, L. R. (1985). A comparison of Taiwanese, Taiwanzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mandarin, and Peking Mandarin. Language 61.2: 352-377.zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Publishing.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gorard, S. (2003). Quantitative Methods in Social Science.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) London : Continuum.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Her, O., in press. Language and Group Identity: On Taiwanzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mainlanders` Mother Tongue and Taiwan Mandarin. Tozh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) appear in Language and Linguistics.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Heine, Bernd, Ulrike Claudi and Friederike Hunnemeyerzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) (1991). Grammaticalization: A Conceptual Framework.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chicago: Chicago University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hong, Z. (2007). Numeral classifiers in Mandarin Chinese.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Journal of East Asian Linguistics 16 (1): 43-59.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hsu, Hui-ju. (2006). Some Aspects of Phonological Levelingzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) in Taiwan Mandarin. Ph.d Dissertation, National Taiwanzh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hu, Q. (1993). The Acquisition of Chinese Classifiers byzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Young Mandarin-speaking Children. Ph.D. Dissertation,zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) classifiers in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of Pragmatics:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) An Interdisciplinary Journal of Language Studies 32zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) (8): 1113-33.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Liang, Y-C. (2006). Nominal Phrases in English and Japanesezh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cambridge.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lien, Chinfa & Wang, Pengying. (1999). Shape classifiers inzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mandarin and Taiwanese - A psycholinguisticzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) perspective. The Biological Basis of Language, ed byzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ovid J. L. Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 13:189-221. Project on Linguistic Analysis, Universityzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) of California at Berkeley.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Loke, Kit-Ken. (1997). The grammaticalization andzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) regrammaticalization of Chinese numeral classifierzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) morphemes. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 25:1-20.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Loke, Kit-Ken. (1996). Norms and realities of Mandarinzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) shape classifiers. Journal of the Chinese Languagezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Teachers Association 31(2), 1–22.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Prince, Alan & Paul Smolensky. (1993). Optimality Theory:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Manuscript, Rutgers University and University ofzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Colorado, Boulder.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rosch, Eleanor. (1987). Principles of categorization.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cognition and Categorization, ed. by Eleanor Rosch &zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Shi, Yuzhi & Li, Charles N. (2002). The establishment ofzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) the classifier system and the grammaticalization of thezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) morphosyntactic particle de in Chinese. Languagezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sciences 24 (1): 1-15.zh_TW
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