學術產出-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

Citation Infomation

  • No doi shows Citation Infomation
題名 台灣不動產投資信託之表現與投資組合
作者 鄭佩宜
貢獻者 張金鶚
鄭佩宜
關鍵詞 不動產投資信託
投資組合
T-REITs
日期 2006
上傳時間 19-Sep-2009 13:13:54 (UTC+8)
摘要 國內不動產投資信託發行至今已屆兩年,從各檔REITs上市造成大量的超額認購的盛況顯示,REITs顯然將成為一項重要的投資工具。但國內缺乏市場實際表現的討論,因此本研究針對國內施行狀況進行研究。在各檔績效表現方面,以富邦二號表現較佳,三鼎與基泰之星之表現則略顯較差,而且各檔REITs均無顯著的股價蜜月期。在整體REITs市場方面,透過T-REITs指數的建立與指數走勢,得知目前國內REITs整體呈上升的趨勢;而於流通情況方面大致在新REITs上市當日,有相對較高的成交量之外,整體而言國內REITs週轉率明顯低於大盤與營建股;在報酬與風險方面,顯示T-REITs是具有低風險、穩定報酬特性的投資標的。

本文檢驗T-REITs加入投資組合之可行性,由相關係數分析得知,T-REITs相較於其他股票提供較佳的避險能力,是具有對抗通貨膨脹與利率變動之規避風險功用的投資工具,且T-REITs與其他股票走勢的相關性低,乃是分散投資組合風險的有效途徑。另外,由共整合檢定結果顯示,T-REITs指數與大盤指數以及T-REITs與營建股價指數之間,均無共整合之均衡關係存在,表示投資人可達到投資分散風險之目的。整體而言,國內REITs是一項值得加入投資組合的商品。
T-REITs has been launched for two years, and the oversubscribtion of all REITs demonstrates that T-REITs has become an important investment instrument. But due to the lack of study on the market performance in the domestic area, therefore derives the necessity of relative research. We find that Fubon No. 2 REIT REIT is better than the others, and none of the REITs have honeymoon period. Through the establishment of T-REITs index, we discover that T-REITs has been trending up; the turnover rates are relatively higher when T-REITs first goes public, but significantly lower than that of market index and property stocks overall. Moreover, our findings indicate that T-REITs is an investment instrument which provides stabile return at a low risk.

In this study, We investigate if T-REITs is capable of hedging. From the correlation analysis, we discover that T-REITs provides a better hedge over other stocks as an investment instrument, which is effective against inflation and variation of interest rates. And also, the cointergration test shows that T-REITs, market index and property stocks are not cointergrated, suggesting that markets tend to behave differently during the time of our observation; hense the investment portfolio shares the benefit of diversification by including REITs, therefore worthy of investment.
參考文獻 【中文部份】
1. 吳怡蕙、張金鶚,2006,台灣REITs個人與法人投資需求之研究─過去、現在與未來,2007年中華民國住宅學會第十六屆年會學術研討會論文集。
2. 姜堯民,2002,Taiwan-REITs成功的關鍵在流動性,台灣金融財務季刊,第三輯第二期,23-35。
3. 翁偉翔、張金鶚、陳明吉,2003,台灣不動產證券化產品市場需求之初探,住宅學報,12,1-29。
4. 陳彧如,2005,不動產投資信託對投資組合多角化的影響-全球實證,國立中央大學財務金融研究所碩士論文。
5. 張金鶚,2004,日本不動產證券化之實施經驗與其對不動產市場影響探討,住宅學報,13:2,89-116。
6. 張金鶚,2004,他山之石,可否攻錯?-從美國不動產證券化經驗探討國內相關課題,律師雜誌,第295期,36-53。
7. 張金鶚,2006,台北市不動產估價師公會演講,Graaskamp估價思潮與不動產證券化估價審查談不動產估價技術與估價師的職業規範。
8. 鄭佩宜、張金鶚,2006,台灣不動動產投資信託之表現與投資組合,2007年中華民國住宅學會第十六屆年會學術研討會論文集。
9. 鍾惠民、吳壽山、周賓凰、范懷文,2006,財金計量,臺北市:華泰文化事業公司。
【英文部份】
1. Adrangi, B., Chatrath, A. and Raffiee, K. (2004), REITs Investments and Hedging Against Inflation, Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management, 10:2, 97-112.
2. Balogh, C. and Corgel, J.B. (1992), Initial return behaviour of one class of composite security IPOs: REITs. Working Paper, Bentley College
3. Booth, P. M.(2002), Real Estate Investment in an Asset/Liability Modeling Context, Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management, 8:3, 183-198.
4. Chan, K. C., Hendershott P. and Sanders A. B., (1990), Risk and Return on Real Estate:Evidence from Equity REITs, AREUEA Journal. 18 (4): 431-452
5. Chan, S. H., Erickson, J., Wang, K.(2003), Real Estate Investment Trusts, Oxford Press.
6. Chen, J. and Peiser, R.(1999), The Risk and Return Characteristics of REITs – 1993-1997, Real Estate Finance, Spring, 61-68.
7. Glascock, J. L., Market Conditions(1991), Risk and Real Estate Portfolio Returns: Some Empirical Evidence, Journal of Real Estate Finance & Economics, 4:4, 363-73.
8. Glascock, J. L., Chiuling Lu, Raymond (2002), REITs Returns and Inflation: Perverse or Reverse Causality Effects?, Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics. Boston, 24: 3, 301-317
9. Howe, J. S. and J. D. Shilling(1990), REITs Advisor Performance, Journal of the American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, 18, 479-500.
10. Jensen, M. C.(1968), The Performance of Mutual Funds in the Period 1945-1964, Journal of Finance, 23:2, 389-416.
11. John L. Glascock, Chiuling Lu and Raymond W. So (2000), Further Evidence on the Integration of REIT, Bond, and Stock Returns, The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 20:2, 177-194.
12. Joseph T L Ooi; Kim-Hiang Liow(2004), Risk-Adjusted Performance of Real Estate Stocks: Evidence from Developing Markets, The Journal of Real Estate Research, 26: 4,371-395.
13. Lee, S., Stevenson, S. (2005), The Case for REITs in the Mixed-Asset Portfolio in the Short and Long Run, Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management. 11:2, 55-80.
14. Li, Y. and K. Wang(1995), The Predictability of REITs Returns and Market Segmentation, The Journal of Estate Research, 10:2, 471-481.
15. Ling, D. C. and A. Naranjo (1999), The integration of commercial real estate markets and stock markets , Real Estate Economics, 27:3, 1-28.
16. Lowy, J. M.(1999), Real estate investment trusts., Tax Management Real Estate Journal. 15(5), 115-158.
17. Matysiak, G. A. and Brown, G.. R. (1977), A Time-Varying Analysis of Abnormal Performance of U.K. Property Companies, Applied Financial Economics, 7, 367-77.
18. Newell, G., Chau, K. W., Wong S. K. and McKinnell, K. (2005), Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management, 11:3, 263-280.
19. Ong, S. E. (1995), Singapore real estate and property stocks – a cointegraton test, Journal of Property Research, No.12, 29-39.
20. Redman, A. L. and H. Manakyan(1995), A Multivariate Analysis of REITs Performance by Financial and Real Asset Portfolio Characteristics, Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 10, 169-75.
21. Rosen, K. T.(2001), Real Estate Investment Trusts : A Safe Haven in Volatile Financial Markets , Lend Lease Rosen.
22. Sharpe, W. F(1966), Mutual Fund Performance, Journal of Business, 39:1, 119-38.
23. Sowden, W and S. Young(1997), The Impact of Real Estate Investment Manager Mergers, Real Estate Review, Summer 1996, 26:2, 7-13.
24. Treynor, J. E.(1965), How to Rate Management of Investment Funds, Harvard Business Review, 43:1, 63-75.
25. Wang, K., S. H. Chan and G. W. Gau(1992), Initial Public Offerings of Equity Securities: Anomalous Evidence Using REITs, Journal of Financial Economics, 31, 381-410..
26. Wang, K. and Erickson, J. (1997), The Stock Performance of securitized Real Estate and Master Eimited Partnerships, Real Estate Economics, 25:2, 295-319.
27. Wilson, H., Fabozzi, S. F. and Gordon, J. (2003), Why Real Estate? , Journal of Portfolio Management: Special Real Estate Issue, 12-27.
28. Wilson, P. and Okunev, J. (1997), “Using Nonlinear Tests to examine integration between real estate and stock markets”, Real Estate Economics, 25:3, 487-503.
29. Zietz, E., Sirmans, G. S., Friday, H.. S.(2003), The Environment and Performance of Real Estate Investment Trusts. In: Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management, Vol. 9 No. 2, 127 – 165.
描述 博士
國立政治大學
地政研究所
94257020
95
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094257020
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 張金鶚zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 鄭佩宜zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 鄭佩宜zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2006en_US
dc.date.accessioned 19-Sep-2009 13:13:54 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 19-Sep-2009 13:13:54 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 19-Sep-2009 13:13:54 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0094257020en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/37345-
dc.description (描述) 博士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 地政研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 94257020zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 95zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 國內不動產投資信託發行至今已屆兩年,從各檔REITs上市造成大量的超額認購的盛況顯示,REITs顯然將成為一項重要的投資工具。但國內缺乏市場實際表現的討論,因此本研究針對國內施行狀況進行研究。在各檔績效表現方面,以富邦二號表現較佳,三鼎與基泰之星之表現則略顯較差,而且各檔REITs均無顯著的股價蜜月期。在整體REITs市場方面,透過T-REITs指數的建立與指數走勢,得知目前國內REITs整體呈上升的趨勢;而於流通情況方面大致在新REITs上市當日,有相對較高的成交量之外,整體而言國內REITs週轉率明顯低於大盤與營建股;在報酬與風險方面,顯示T-REITs是具有低風險、穩定報酬特性的投資標的。

本文檢驗T-REITs加入投資組合之可行性,由相關係數分析得知,T-REITs相較於其他股票提供較佳的避險能力,是具有對抗通貨膨脹與利率變動之規避風險功用的投資工具,且T-REITs與其他股票走勢的相關性低,乃是分散投資組合風險的有效途徑。另外,由共整合檢定結果顯示,T-REITs指數與大盤指數以及T-REITs與營建股價指數之間,均無共整合之均衡關係存在,表示投資人可達到投資分散風險之目的。整體而言,國內REITs是一項值得加入投資組合的商品。
zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) T-REITs has been launched for two years, and the oversubscribtion of all REITs demonstrates that T-REITs has become an important investment instrument. But due to the lack of study on the market performance in the domestic area, therefore derives the necessity of relative research. We find that Fubon No. 2 REIT REIT is better than the others, and none of the REITs have honeymoon period. Through the establishment of T-REITs index, we discover that T-REITs has been trending up; the turnover rates are relatively higher when T-REITs first goes public, but significantly lower than that of market index and property stocks overall. Moreover, our findings indicate that T-REITs is an investment instrument which provides stabile return at a low risk.

In this study, We investigate if T-REITs is capable of hedging. From the correlation analysis, we discover that T-REITs provides a better hedge over other stocks as an investment instrument, which is effective against inflation and variation of interest rates. And also, the cointergration test shows that T-REITs, market index and property stocks are not cointergrated, suggesting that markets tend to behave differently during the time of our observation; hense the investment portfolio shares the benefit of diversification by including REITs, therefore worthy of investment.
en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論……………………………………………………………………....1
第一節 研究動機與研究問題………………………………………………1
第二節 研究方法與研究流程………………………………………………4
第三節 研究架構與研究範圍………………………………………………6
第二章 相關理論與文獻回顧……………………………………………………7
第一節 績效表現衡量相關文獻……………………………………………7
第二節 不動產投資信託指數………………………………………………9
第三節 投資組合理論與相關研究………………………………………..11
第四節 小結………………………………………………………………..14
第三章 各檔REITs資料與表現分析…….........................................................15
第一節 研究資料說明……………………………………………………..15
第二節 各檔REITs表現分析……………………………………………..18
第三節 小結………………………………………………………………..24
第四章 台灣不動產投資信託(T-REITs)指數建立與表現………………...25
第一節 T-REITs指數之建立……………………………………………...25
第二節 T-REITs之表現…………………………………………………...27
第五章 T-REITs納入投資組合之可行性……………………………………..33
第一節 T-REITs之投資避險……………………………………………...33
第二節 T-REITs與其他股票市場之互動………………………………...37
第六章 結論與建議…………………………………………………………….40
第一節 結論……………………………………………………………….40
第二節 建議與後續研究………………………………………………….42
參考文獻………………………………………………………………………….44
附錄……………………………………………………………………………….47



圖目錄
圖1-1:研究流程圖……………………………………………………………….5
圖3-1:國內REITs發行規模…………………………………………………...16
圖3-2:國內REITs投資不動產區位及類型…………………………………...16
圖3-3:各檔REITs之總報酬率圖……………………………………………...20
圖4-1:T-REITs指數走勢圖…………………………………………………….27
圖4-2:T-REITs週轉率………………………………………………………….30
圖4-3:中央公債利率與國內REITs配息率…………………………………...32
圖5-1:消費者物價指數圖……………………………………………………...34
圖5-2:五大銀行平均利率圖…………………………………………………...34
圖5-3:T-REITs與其它指數走勢……………………………………………….36



表目錄
表3-1:台灣證券交易所上市REITs…………………………………………..…15
表3-2:各檔REITs基本資料…………………………………………………….17
表3-3:各檔REITs風險調整後績效表現……...………………………………..18
表3-4:各檔REITs年化總報酬率…………...…………………………………..19
表3-5:各檔REITs流通情形 ……………...……………………………………21
表3-6:各檔REITs超額報酬檢定…...…………………………………………..22
表4-1:事件檢定結果(一)..……………………………………………….......29
表4-2:事件檢定結果(二)..……………………………………………….......29
表4-3:T-REITs之報酬與風險………………………………………………......31
表5-1:Person相關係數分析結果……………………………………………….35
表5-2:單根檢定結果…………………………………………………………….38
表5-3:共整合關係檢定結果(T-REITs指數與大盤指數)…………………..39
表5-4:共整合關係檢定結果(T-REITs指數與營建股指數)………………..39
表7-1:我國與日本REITs之制度比較…………………………………………48
表7-2:T-REITs與J-REITs之報酬風險………………………………….……..49
表7-3:公開發行之J-REITs……………………………………………………..50
zh_TW
dc.format.extent 43718 bytes-
dc.format.extent 92301 bytes-
dc.format.extent 86340 bytes-
dc.format.extent 81095 bytes-
dc.format.extent 127650 bytes-
dc.format.extent 139147 bytes-
dc.format.extent 195303 bytes-
dc.format.extent 170662 bytes-
dc.format.extent 161471 bytes-
dc.format.extent 128986 bytes-
dc.format.extent 86939 bytes-
dc.format.extent 117722 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094257020en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 不動產投資信託zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 投資組合zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) T-REITsen_US
dc.title (題名) 台灣不動產投資信託之表現與投資組合zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 【中文部份】zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1. 吳怡蕙、張金鶚,2006,台灣REITs個人與法人投資需求之研究─過去、現在與未來,2007年中華民國住宅學會第十六屆年會學術研討會論文集。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2. 姜堯民,2002,Taiwan-REITs成功的關鍵在流動性,台灣金融財務季刊,第三輯第二期,23-35。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 3. 翁偉翔、張金鶚、陳明吉,2003,台灣不動產證券化產品市場需求之初探,住宅學報,12,1-29。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 4. 陳彧如,2005,不動產投資信託對投資組合多角化的影響-全球實證,國立中央大學財務金融研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 5. 張金鶚,2004,日本不動產證券化之實施經驗與其對不動產市場影響探討,住宅學報,13:2,89-116。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 6. 張金鶚,2004,他山之石,可否攻錯?-從美國不動產證券化經驗探討國內相關課題,律師雜誌,第295期,36-53。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 7. 張金鶚,2006,台北市不動產估價師公會演講,Graaskamp估價思潮與不動產證券化估價審查談不動產估價技術與估價師的職業規範。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 8. 鄭佩宜、張金鶚,2006,台灣不動動產投資信託之表現與投資組合,2007年中華民國住宅學會第十六屆年會學術研討會論文集。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 9. 鍾惠民、吳壽山、周賓凰、范懷文,2006,財金計量,臺北市:華泰文化事業公司。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 【英文部份】zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1. Adrangi, B., Chatrath, A. and Raffiee, K. (2004), REITs Investments and Hedging Against Inflation, Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management, 10:2, 97-112.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2. Balogh, C. and Corgel, J.B. (1992), Initial return behaviour of one class of composite security IPOs: REITs. Working Paper, Bentley Collegezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 3. Booth, P. M.(2002), Real Estate Investment in an Asset/Liability Modeling Context, Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management, 8:3, 183-198.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 4. Chan, K. C., Hendershott P. and Sanders A. B., (1990), Risk and Return on Real Estate:Evidence from Equity REITs, AREUEA Journal. 18 (4): 431-452zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 5. Chan, S. H., Erickson, J., Wang, K.(2003), Real Estate Investment Trusts, Oxford Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 6. Chen, J. and Peiser, R.(1999), The Risk and Return Characteristics of REITs – 1993-1997, Real Estate Finance, Spring, 61-68.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 7. Glascock, J. L., Market Conditions(1991), Risk and Real Estate Portfolio Returns: Some Empirical Evidence, Journal of Real Estate Finance & Economics, 4:4, 363-73.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 8. Glascock, J. L., Chiuling Lu, Raymond (2002), REITs Returns and Inflation: Perverse or Reverse Causality Effects?, Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics. Boston, 24: 3, 301-317zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 9. Howe, J. S. and J. D. Shilling(1990), REITs Advisor Performance, Journal of the American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, 18, 479-500.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 10. Jensen, M. C.(1968), The Performance of Mutual Funds in the Period 1945-1964, Journal of Finance, 23:2, 389-416.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 11. John L. Glascock, Chiuling Lu and Raymond W. So (2000), Further Evidence on the Integration of REIT, Bond, and Stock Returns, The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 20:2, 177-194.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 12. Joseph T L Ooi; Kim-Hiang Liow(2004), Risk-Adjusted Performance of Real Estate Stocks: Evidence from Developing Markets, The Journal of Real Estate Research, 26: 4,371-395.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 13. Lee, S., Stevenson, S. (2005), The Case for REITs in the Mixed-Asset Portfolio in the Short and Long Run, Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management. 11:2, 55-80.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 14. Li, Y. and K. Wang(1995), The Predictability of REITs Returns and Market Segmentation, The Journal of Estate Research, 10:2, 471-481.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 15. Ling, D. C. and A. Naranjo (1999), The integration of commercial real estate markets and stock markets , Real Estate Economics, 27:3, 1-28.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 16. Lowy, J. M.(1999), Real estate investment trusts., Tax Management Real Estate Journal. 15(5), 115-158.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 17. Matysiak, G. A. and Brown, G.. R. (1977), A Time-Varying Analysis of Abnormal Performance of U.K. Property Companies, Applied Financial Economics, 7, 367-77.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 18. Newell, G., Chau, K. W., Wong S. K. and McKinnell, K. (2005), Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management, 11:3, 263-280.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 19. Ong, S. E. (1995), Singapore real estate and property stocks – a cointegraton test, Journal of Property Research, No.12, 29-39.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 20. Redman, A. L. and H. Manakyan(1995), A Multivariate Analysis of REITs Performance by Financial and Real Asset Portfolio Characteristics, Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 10, 169-75.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 21. Rosen, K. T.(2001), Real Estate Investment Trusts : A Safe Haven in Volatile Financial Markets , Lend Lease Rosen.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 22. Sharpe, W. F(1966), Mutual Fund Performance, Journal of Business, 39:1, 119-38.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 23. Sowden, W and S. Young(1997), The Impact of Real Estate Investment Manager Mergers, Real Estate Review, Summer 1996, 26:2, 7-13.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 24. Treynor, J. E.(1965), How to Rate Management of Investment Funds, Harvard Business Review, 43:1, 63-75.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 25. Wang, K., S. H. Chan and G. W. Gau(1992), Initial Public Offerings of Equity Securities: Anomalous Evidence Using REITs, Journal of Financial Economics, 31, 381-410..zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 26. Wang, K. and Erickson, J. (1997), The Stock Performance of securitized Real Estate and Master Eimited Partnerships, Real Estate Economics, 25:2, 295-319.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 27. Wilson, H., Fabozzi, S. F. and Gordon, J. (2003), Why Real Estate? , Journal of Portfolio Management: Special Real Estate Issue, 12-27.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 28. Wilson, P. and Okunev, J. (1997), “Using Nonlinear Tests to examine integration between real estate and stock markets”, Real Estate Economics, 25:3, 487-503.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 29. Zietz, E., Sirmans, G. S., Friday, H.. S.(2003), The Environment and Performance of Real Estate Investment Trusts. In: Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management, Vol. 9 No. 2, 127 – 165.zh_TW