dc.contributor.advisor | 謝美娥 | zh_TW |
dc.contributor.author (作者) | 徐雅嵐 | zh_TW |
dc.contributor.author (作者) | Hsu, Yalan | en_US |
dc.creator (作者) | 徐雅嵐 | zh_TW |
dc.creator (作者) | Hsu, Yalan | en_US |
dc.date (日期) | 2008 | en_US |
dc.date.accessioned | 19-九月-2009 13:49:53 (UTC+8) | - |
dc.date.available | 19-九月-2009 13:49:53 (UTC+8) | - |
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) | 19-九月-2009 13:49:53 (UTC+8) | - |
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) | G0095264002 | en_US |
dc.identifier.uri (URI) | https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/37438 | - |
dc.description (描述) | 碩士 | zh_TW |
dc.description (描述) | 國立政治大學 | zh_TW |
dc.description (描述) | 社會行政與社會工作研究所 | zh_TW |
dc.description (描述) | 95264002 | zh_TW |
dc.description (描述) | 97 | zh_TW |
dc.description.abstract (摘要) | 社會工作者處於人身安全高度危險的工作環境中,國內相關的研究卻不豐富。本研究以處在高風險工作環境中的社會工作者為對象,瞭解他們目前遭受案主暴力對待的現況、回應方式,及對暴力風險的知覺情形。研究以郵寄問卷方式進行,資料蒐集範圍包括臺北市家庭暴力暨性侵害防治中心、各區社會福利服務中心、區域級以上醫療及精神醫療院所,發出231份問卷,回收有效問卷共計165份,回收率為71.43%。 首先,研究發現81.8%的社會工作者生涯中曾遭受某種形式的暴力攻擊,其中心理傷害80.6%、身體傷害16.4%、財產損害26.1%,經常發生的地點在「辦公處所」。研究尚發現44%的社工員經驗到多種形式的暴力,更有72%經驗到一次以上,顯見案主的暴力威脅並非偶發事件,高風險領域社會工作者確實面臨案主暴力威脅;邏輯迴歸分析發現,機構年資不長、工作經驗較短者面對暴力的可能性較高。其次,平均而言工作者身體風險知覺較心理及財務風險知覺為高,進一步以迴歸分析發現,尚未取得證照、保護性服務工作者、機構年資低、工作經驗較短者其風險意識較高。第三,受暴經驗與風險知覺有關,過去曾有受暴經驗的社工員整體風險知覺較高。最後,有關正式通報的情形,百分之五十七點四的受訪者表示遭遇心理傷害時會通報、受身體傷害和財務損害者則有近八成會通報,受到「形而外且具體」傷害時呈報上級的情形則更為普遍。 研究建議如下:實務上,機構應有清楚的政策及通報流程以增加暴力事件的可見度、提供員工情緒支持及教育訓練以提昇工作者風險意識及減緩工作恐懼感;工作者本身應改變信念並增加實務工作知能,避免將暴力事件地下化、私有化,及強化與案主工作時的應對技巧。另外,在教育養成上應有更多人身安全的訓練與關注,以避免社會工作學生因過度擔心阻礙其投入職場的信心。最後,政府政策應針對第一線人身安全高風險的社工員給予實質性保障、儘速將人身安全納入社工師法或專門立法,強調暴力「零容忍」的相關政策,以維護社工人員的尊嚴與生命安全。 | zh_TW |
dc.description.abstract (摘要) | Although social workers are at risk of client violence in the workplace, little research on the situation has been done in Taiwan. The present study surveyed 165 social workers practicing in high risk fields in Taipei in terms of their experiences, reaction, and perception of client violence. The following are the findings. First, a prevalence rate of client violence (81.8%) was found. About eighty percent of social workers had experienced some type of psychological assault by clients during their work. Physical attack was reported by 27 workers (16.4%). Property damage was reported by 43 workers (26.1%). In multiple logistic regression, psychological assault was associated with two variables—less seniority and less social work experience. Second, on the average, scores of physical risk perception was much higher than the other two perceptions. Multiple regression showed that workers who were less senior, worked at protection service, with less social work experience, or without license, had higher scores of risk perception. Third, a significant positive correlation existed between client violence and risk perception. Finally, results indicated that only 57.4% of the subjects who suffered psychological assault had decided to report their experience formally. On the contrary, nearly eighty percent would report when they encountered physical attack or property damage – especially external and concrete harm. Implications for practice, training and policy were discussed. | en_US |
dc.description.tableofcontents | 目 錄 I圖表目錄 V第一章 緒論 1第一節 研究背景與動機 1第二節 研究目的 4第二章 文獻探討 5第一節 案主暴力的內涵 5一、案主暴力的定義與類型 5二、案主暴力的普及率及發生類型 7三、案主暴力的發生原因 9四、案主暴力對社會工作人員的影響 13第二節 社會工作者對案主暴力的回應 16第三節 風險知覺與案主暴力 19一、風險與知覺 19二、風險知覺 20三、風險知覺相關研究與測量 21四、案主暴力風險之知覺 23第三章 研究方法 26第一節 研究流程與期程 26一、研究流程 26二、研究期程 28第二節 名詞界定 29一、高風險社會工作專業人員 29二、案主暴力 29三、風險知覺 30第三節 研究對象之選定 31第四節 研究架構與研究假設 32一、研究架構 32二、研究焦點 33第五節 研究工具 34一、社會工作專業人員社會人口基本資料表 34二、風險知覺量表 34三、案主暴力現況調查表 35四、開放式意見表達空間 35第六節 研究工具之信度與效度 36一、效度 36二、信度 36第七節 資料處理與分析方法 39一、封閉性問卷資料 39二、開放性問卷資料 40第四章 研究分析 41第一節 樣本背景描述 42一、問卷回收結果 42二、樣本基本資料分析 43第二節 社會工作專業人員人身安全現況 51一、案主暴力發生率 51二、案主暴力發生頻率 54三、案主暴力發生地點 55四、不同特性工作者遭受案主暴力對待之內涵差異 57五、案主暴力事件經驗之重要影響因素 61第三節 社會工作專業人員之案主暴力風險知覺現況 68一、社會工作者的風險知覺表現 68二、不同特性工作者之風險知覺表現差異 69三、風險知覺表現之重要影響因素 76第四節 案主暴力風險知覺與受暴經驗關係 80第五節 遭受案主暴力之社會工作專業人員實際通報狀況 82一、通報情形 82二、各類案主暴力事件通報決策之重要影響因素 88第六節 社會工作專業人員對人身安全議題之看法 92一、社會工作者必須要有自我保護的認知 92二、學校應增加相關課程 92三、機構應更看重社工安全的議題 93四、政府應編列相關預算 94五、相關單位應加速立法或修法 95第五章 綜合討論 96第一節 與研究焦點的呼應 96一、高風險領域社會工作者遭受案主暴力之現況 96二、高風險領域社會工作專業人員之風險知覺表現 96三、高風險領域社會工作者的案主暴力風險知覺與受暴經驗有關 97四、高風險領域社會工作者案主暴力事件之通報情形 97第二節 研究結果與討論 99一、社會工作者之人身安全現況 99二、社會工作者之案主暴力風險知覺 101三、受暴經驗對風險知覺的影響 102四、工作者實際通報概況 103第三節 研究限制 106一、研究範圍的推論困境 106二、研究對象的抽樣誤差 106三、研究內容僅有現況的廣度 106第四節 建議 107一、研究上的相關建議 107二、實務上的相關建議 109三、專業教育養成的相關建議 111四、政策上的相關建議 111第五節 結論 112參考文獻 114附 錄附錄一 問卷問候信 121附錄二 研究問卷 122 | zh_TW |
dc.format.extent | 95429 bytes | - |
dc.format.extent | 146060 bytes | - |
dc.format.extent | 136425 bytes | - |
dc.format.extent | 186111 bytes | - |
dc.format.extent | 186327 bytes | - |
dc.format.extent | 319297 bytes | - |
dc.format.extent | 259879 bytes | - |
dc.format.extent | 539506 bytes | - |
dc.format.extent | 218908 bytes | - |
dc.format.extent | 218325 bytes | - |
dc.format.extent | 268941 bytes | - |
dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
dc.language.iso | en_US | - |
dc.source.uri (資料來源) | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0095264002 | en_US |
dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 社會工作專業人員 | zh_TW |
dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 案主暴力 | zh_TW |
dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 人身安全 | zh_TW |
dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 工作安全 | zh_TW |
dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 風險知覺 | zh_TW |
dc.subject (關鍵詞) | Social worker | en_US |
dc.subject (關鍵詞) | client violence | en_US |
dc.subject (關鍵詞) | work safety | en_US |
dc.subject (關鍵詞) | risk perception | en_US |
dc.title (題名) | 高風險社會工作專業人員之案主暴力風險知覺與人身安全現況研究 | zh_TW |
dc.title (題名) | Risk perception of client violence and work safety among social workers practiced in high risk fields | en_US |
dc.type (資料類型) | thesis | en |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 中央健康保險局網站(2008)。《健保特約醫事機構查詢》。上網時間:2008年3月。(http://www.nhi.gov.tw/inquire/query3.asp)。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 王甦、汪安聖原著(2004)。《認知心理學》。臺北:五南。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 王懿琨(2004)。《精神科護理人員因應策略與自覺職業危害之探討》。中山醫學大學醫學研究所碩士論文。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 何明洲(2005)。〈風險知覺-談核四興建的抗爭〉,《科技發展月刊》,第393卷,頁72-74。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 吳明隆、涂金堂原著(2005)。《SPSS與統計應用分析》。臺北:五南。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 吳明儒(2004)。〈社會「不」安全制度--風險原則的再省思〉,《國立政治大學社會學報》,第36卷,頁33-61。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 李碧玲(2004)。《少年犯罪被害恐懼及其因應行為之研究》。國立中正大學犯罪防治研究所碩士論文。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 汪明生、黃國良、郭文俊(2005)。〈酒後駕車風險知覺之實驗研究--資訊整合理論之應用〉,《管理學報》,第4期第22卷,頁429-447。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 汪淑媛(2008)。〈論台灣社工教育對社會工作職業風險之忽視〉,《臺大社工學刊》,第17卷,頁1-42。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 林萬億原著(2006)。《當代社會工作--理論與方法》。台北:五南。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 林萬億、鄭麗珍、陳毓文審訂,陳若平、張祐綾等合譯,Rubin, A.、Babbie, E. R.原著(2005/2007)。《社會工作研究方法》。臺北:五南。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 周長志(2004)。《高齡者交通安全風險感認影響因素之探討》。國立交通大學運輸科技與管理學系碩士論文。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 邱琇琳(2005)。《專業助人者之替代性受創與因應策略—以公部門家防社工為例》。臺灣大學社會工作學研究所碩士論文。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 洪維勵、李宛樺(2008)。〈災難風險知覺與回應行為之研究--以谷關地區旅館業為例〉,《環境與管理研究》,第1期第8卷,頁16-42。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 馬康莊、陳信木譯,Ritzer, G.原著(1992/1995a)。《社會學理論(下)》。台北:巨流圖書。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 馬康莊、陳信木譯,Ritzer, G.原著(1992/1995b)。《社會學理論(上)》。台北:巨流圖書。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 馬芳玲(2006)。《風險認知、組織文化、工作壓力與工作績效之關聯性研究》。大葉大學人力資源暨公共關係學系碩士在職專班碩士論文。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 孫世維(2005)。〈青少年的風險行為與知覺〉,《中華心理衛生學刊》,第1期第18卷,頁87-116。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 張宏哲、林哲立編譯,Ashford, J. B.、Lecroy, C. W.、Lortie, K. L.原著(1999)。《人類行為與社會環境》。台北:雙葉書廊。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 張華葆原著(1992)。《社會心理學理論》。台北:三民書局。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 莊惠勤(2002)。《醫院員工對醫療廢棄物風險知覺之關係研究—以嘉義地區區域醫院為例》。南華大學環境管理研究所碩士論文。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 陳圭如(2005)。〈社會工作者遭受服務案主暴力攻擊問題初探〉,《社區發展季刊》,第108卷,頁209-215。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 陳曉悌(2001)。《台灣居家護理人員工作傷害事件危險知覺之探討》。國立陽明大學社區護理研究所碩士論文。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 陳圭如、孫世維譯,Newhill, C. E.原著(2003/2007)。《案主暴力與社會工作實務》。台北:心理。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 陳麗欣(2002)。〈台灣地區民眾犯罪被害與被害恐懼感之研究-以社會工作員為例〉。《 朝陽科技大學委託研究計畫成果報告》。計畫編號:CYUT91-P-004。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 曾舟君(2006)。《消防人員工作特性、風險知覺、工作壓力與休閒需求之研究-以台中縣消防人員為例》。朝陽科技大學休閒事業管理系碩士班碩士論文。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 劉根維(2003)。《生活型態、知覺風險與性別角色對於消費者行為之研究》。大葉大學事業經營研究所碩士論文。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 劉淑莉(2007)。《國內兒童少年保護社會工作者工作安全需求評估》。東吳大學社會工作學系碩士論文。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 劉源貴(2004)。《組織與管理因素影響勞工工作安全認知模式之研究》。大葉大學工業工程與科技管理學系碩士在職專班碩士論文。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 劉錦添、許績天(1998)。〈主觀工作風險知覺與工資補償--臺灣石化工人的研究〉,《經濟論文》,第1期第26卷,頁51-69。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 劉釋霞(2005)。《高職餐飲類科學生對實習場所危害風險知覺之研究》。南台科技大學技職教育與人力資源發展研究所碩士論文。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 歐陽趙淑賢原著(1988)。《社會心理學》。臺北:三民。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 鄭麗珍(2007)。《社會工作人員的人身安全議題關注與因應提議》。發表於「高風險家庭處遇社會工作者人身安全建構研討會演講稿」。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 顏蜜(2004)。《護理人員專業承諾及工作風險認知與生涯發展、離職傾向關聯性之研究─以某區域醫院為例》。中原大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Arthur, G. L., Brende, J. O., & Quiroz, S. E. (2003). `Violence: Incidence and frequency of physical and psychological assaults affecting mental health providers in Georgia`,The Journal of General Psychology, 130 (1):22. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Baird, I. S. and Thomas, H. (1985). `Toward a contingency model of strategic risk taking`,Academy of Management Review, 10 (2):230-243. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Beaver, H. W. (1999). `Client violence against professional social workers: Frequency, worker characteristics, and impact on worker job satisfaction, burnout, and health`, University of Arkansas, United States -- Arkansas. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Brady, E. (1993). Coping with violent behaviour : A handbook for social work staff (ed.). Harlow: Longman. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Breakwell, G. M. and Rowett, C. (1988). `Violence and social work`. In K. Browne (Ed.), Human aggression: Naturalistic approaches. London: Routledge. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Cox, D. F. (1967). Risk taking and information handing in consumer behavior (ed.). Boston: Harvard University Press. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Gately, L. A. (2004). `Psychology students` training in the management of potentially violent clients`, Texas Woman`s University, United States -- Texas. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Guterman, N. B., Jayaratne, S. D., & Bargal, D. (1996). `Workplace violence and victimization experienced by social workers: A cross-national study of Americans and Isaelis`. In G. VandenbossandE. Bulatao (Eds.), Violence in the workplace (pp. 175-188). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Guy, J. D., Brown, C. K., & Poelstra, P. L. (1990). `Who gets attacked? A national survey of patient violence directed at psychologists in clinical practice`,Professional Psychology-Research and Practice, 21 (6):493-495. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Hodge, A. N. and Marshall, A. P. (2007). `Violence and aggression in the emergency department: A critical care perspective`,Australian Critical Care, 20 (2):61-67. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Horejsi, C., Garthwait, C., & Rolando, J. (1994). `A survey of threats and violence directed against child protection workers in a rural state`,Child Welfare, 73 (2):173. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Jayaratne, S., Croxton, T. A., & Mattison, D. (2004). `A national survey of violence in the practice of social work`,Families in Society, 85 (4):445. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Kipper, W. (1986). `Violence and the social worker`,New Society(9/26):7-8. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Leadbetter, D. (1993). `Trends in assaults on social-work staff: The experience of one Scottish department`,British Journal of Social Work, 23 (6):613-628. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Littlechild, B. (1995). `Violence against social workers`,Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 10 (1):123. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Littlechild, B. (2005). `The nature and effects of violence against child-protection social workers: providing effective support`,British Journal of Social Work, 35 (3):387. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Macdonald, G. and Sirotich, F. (2001). `Reporting client violence`,Social Work, 46 (2):107. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Macdonald, G. and Sirotich, F. (2005). `Violence in the social work workplace: The Canadian experience`,International Social Work, 48 (6):772. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Merriam-Webster Online. (2007). from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Newhill, C. E. (1996). `Prevalence and risk factors for client violence toward social workers`,Families in Society, 77 (8):488. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Newhill, C. E. and Wexler, S. (1997). `Client violence toward children and youth services social workers`,Children and Youth Services Review, 19 (3):195-212. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Pablo, A. L., Sitkin, S. B., & Jemison, D. B. (1996). `Acquisition decision-making processes: The central role of risk`,Journal of Management, 22 (5):723. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Patrick, M. J. (1989). `The effect of attitude and belief on social worker judgments concerning potentially dangerous clients`, University of California, Los Angeles, United States -- California. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Rey, L. D. (1996). `What social workers need to know about client violence`,Families in Society, 77 (1):33. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Ringstad, R. (2005). `Conflict in the workplace: Social workers as victims and perpetrators`,Social Work, 50 (4):305. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Runyan, C. W. (2001). `Moving forward with research on the prevention of violence against workers`,American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 20 (2):169-172. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Sarkisian, G. V. and Portwood, S. G. (2003). `Client violence against social workers: From increased worker responsibility and administrative mishmash to effective prevention policy`,Administration in Social Work, 27 (4):41-59. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Scalera, N. R. (1995). `The critical need for specialized health and safety measures for child welfare workers`,Child Welfare, 74 (2):337. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Schulte, J. M., Nolt, B. J., Williams, R. L., Spinks, C. L., & Hellsten, J. J. (1998). `Violence and threats of violence experienced by public health field-workers`,Jama-Journal of the American Medical Association, 280 (5):439-442. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Shields, G. and Kiser, J. (2003). `Violence and aggression directed toward human service workers: An exploratory study`,Families in Society, 84 (1):13. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Sitkin, S. B. and Pablo, A. L. (1992). `Reconceptualizing the determinants of risk behavior`,Academy of Management Review, 17 (1):9-38. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Sitkin, S. B. and Weingart, L. R. (1995). `Determinants of risky decision-making behavior: A test of the mediating role of risk perceptions and propensity`,Academy of Management Journal, 38 (6):1573-1592. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Sjöberg, L. (2000). `The methodology of risk perception research`,Quality & Quantity, 34 (4):407. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Slovic, P. (1992). `Public Perceptions of Risk`,Risk Management, 39 (3):54. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Song, Ki-bum. (2005). `Prevalence of client violence toward child and family social workers and its effects on burnout, organizational commitment, and turnover intention: A structural equation modeling approach`, Columbia University, United States -- New York. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Spencer, P. C. and Munch, S. (2003). `Client violence toward social workers: The role of management in community mental health programs`,Social Work, 48 (4):532. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Star, B. (1984). `Patient violence / Therapist safety`,Social Work, 29 (3):225-230. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Stone, R. N. and Gronhaug, K. (1993). `Perceived risk: Further considerations for the marketing discipline`,European Journal of Marketing, 27 (3):39. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Tully, C. T., Kropf, N. P., & Price, J. L. (1993). `Is field a hard hat area? A study of violence in field placements`,Journal of Social Work Education, 29 (2):191-199. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | UAW. (2001). Lisa’s Law Signed By Michigan’s Governor. Occupational Health & Safety, from http://www.uaw.org/hs/01/04/hs02.html | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Zimmerman, S. L. (1995). `CH10: Symbolic interaction, family stress theory, conflict theory, feminist and cultural theories`. In, Understanding family policy: theoretical approaches (pp. 196-236). Beverly Hills: Sage. | zh_TW |