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題名 Eurasian symbols change and stability in Taiwan popular religion: case study of the 18 deities cult
作者 許義國
Sitnikov, Igor
貢獻者 Blundell, David
許義國
Sitnikov, Igor
關鍵詞 Taiwan Popular Religion
Eurasian Symbols Change and Stability
日期 2008
上傳時間 19-Sep-2009 13:56:21 (UTC+8)
摘要 The case of the “Temple of 18 Deities” (十八王公廟) is an example which shows that the process of changes in religious culture can be both gradual and sudden. From the first glance it seems that the boom of “Temple of 18 Deities” cult suddenly appeared from nowhere. But the analysis of the temple origin mythology and it symbols shows that the opportunities for such sudden changes were created gradually during the long period of religious culture development when fazes of change and conservation were taking turns endlessly in Taiwan societies. Those opportunities traces into more remote times of gradual development of numerous religious cultures which were brought in Taiwan by multitude of migration waves. The “Temple of 18 Deities” cult conserved many stable religious elements which were created in the period of Eurasian cultural unity and bring us to the Neolith and even Paleolithic epoch.
One of the most stable elements in the “Temple of 18 Deities cult is the symbol of a dog. The geographical area of the former dog’s worshiping cults distribution is spread all over Eurasia with the most western point in the British Isles and the most eastern point in Taiwan. The dog symbol in mythologies of many various peoples all over Eurasia is connected to another stable religious element – an idea of the life after death and underworld. The underworld conception origin also should be dated by Paleolithic epoch, because it stability occurring everywhere spreading. Paleolithic hunting religious ideas should be common all over the world, because all the societies passed this faze of evolution in their history.
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Barnes, R. H., (2001) Yami Boats and Boat Building in a Wider Perspective. In Faure, D. (ed.), In Search of the Hunters and Their Tribes: Studies in the History and Culture of the Taiwan Indigenous People. Taipei: Shung Ye Museum of Formosan Aborigines.
Bellwood, P., (1995) Austronesian Prehistory in Southeast Asia: Homeland, Expansion and Transformation. In Bellwood, P., Fox, J. J., Tyron, D. (eds.), The Austronesian: Historical & Comparative Perspectives. Canberra: The Australian National University.
Blust, R., (1999) Subgrouping, Circularity and Extinction: Some Issues in Austronesian Comparative Linguistics. In Zeitoun, E., Li, P. J.-K. (eds.), Selected Papers from the Eighth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Taipei: Symposium Series of the Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica.
Burkert, W., (1985) Greek religion. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Chan, K. Y., (2001) The Mountain Tribes before the Japanese Occupation. In Faure, D. (ed.), In Search of the Hunters and Their Tribes: Studies in the History and Culture of the Taiwan Indigenous People. Taipei: Shung Ye Museum of Formosan Aborigines.
Chen, W.-Ch., (2001) The Mountain Tribes before the Japanese Occupation. In Faure, D. (ed.), In Search of the Hunters and Their Tribes: Studies in the History and Culture of the Taiwan Indigenous People. Taipei: Shung Ye Museum of Formosan Aborigines.
Chiang, B. (2009) In-house Burial and Bilateral Namesakes: House and Access to the Past among the Paiwan. In Blundell, D. (Pr.) Course: Cultural & Ethnic Structure of Taiwan in Chengchi University. Taipei.
Chuang, Y.-Ch., (1989) Lineage Organization on the Taiwan Frontier. In Li, K. Ch., Chang, K. Ch., Wolf, A.P, and Yin, A.Ch.Ch. (eds.), Anthropological Studies of the Taiwan Area: Accomplishments and Prospects. Taipei: National Taiwan University.
Corradi Musi, C., (1997) Shamanism from East to West. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado.
Davidson, J. W., (1903) The Island of Formosa: Past and Present. London: Macmillan.
Davis, W., (1992) Japanese Religion and Society: Paradigms of Structure and Change. New York: State University of New York Press.
De Grummond, Thomson, N., (2006) Etruscan Myth, Sacred History, and Legend. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.
Diamond, J., (1997) Guns, Germs and Steel: A Short History of Everybody for the Last 13,000 Years. New York: W.W. Norton and Company.
Dumezil, G., (1973) Gods of the Ancient Northmen. Los Angeles, Berkeley: University of California Press.
Eliade, M., (1989, 1964) Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy. London.
Eliade, M., Couliano I., Wiesner H., (1991) Consise Guide to World Religion.
Faure, D., (2001) The Mountain Tribes before the Japanese Occupation. In Faure, D. (ed.), In Search of the Hunters and Their Tribes: Studies in the History and Culture of the Taiwan Indigenous People. Taipei: Shung Ye Museum of Formosan Aborigines.
Ford, P. K., (1977) The Mabinogi and Other Medieval Welsh Tales. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Foreign Adventures and the Aborigines of Southern Taiwan, 1867-1874: Western Sources Related to Japan’s 1874 Expedition to Taiwan, (2005) Eskildsen, R. (ed.). Institute of Taiwan History: Academia Sinica.
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Littleton, C. S., (1996) The Comparative Indo-European Mythology of Georges Dumezil. In Segal, R.A. (ed.) Structuralism in Myth: Levi-Strauss, Barthes, Dumezil, and Propp. New York and London: Garland Publishing, Inc.
McCarthy, F. D., (1939) “Trade” in Aboriginal Australia, and “Trade” Relationships with Torres Straits, New Guinea and Malaya. Oceania, X: 81-104, 173-95.
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Мелетинский, Е. М. и Гуревич, А. Я. Германо-скандинавская мифология // Мифы народов мира: энциклопедия. Под ред. Токарева, С. А. - М., 2000. [Meletinsky, E. M. & Gurevich, A. Y., (2000) Germanic-Scandinavic Mythology. In Tokaryev, S.V. (ed.) The Myths of the Peoples of the World. Moscow.]
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Personal Interviews
Blundell, D., (2008) “Temple of 18 Deities” legend of origin: Version 4.
Temple keeper of the “Temple of 18 Deities” in Gaoxiung. Interview by Jensen, A.; student of International Master’s Program in Taiwan Studies, National Chengchi University (Taipei, Taiwan). Gaoxiung, 2008.
Mr. Lian (練), temple keeper of the “Temple of 18 Deities” in Shi Men (石門). Interview by Tso, M.; student of International Master’s Program in Taiwan Studies, National Chengchi University (Taipei, Taiwan). Shi Men, 2008.
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傳說十八王公廟.
http://www.wingnet.com.tw/easytravel/18nurse/before.htm
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
臺灣研究英語碩士學程
94924015
97
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094924015
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor Blundell, Daviden_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 許義國zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Sitnikov, Igoren_US
dc.creator (作者) 許義國zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Sitnikov, Igoren_US
dc.date (日期) 2008en_US
dc.date.accessioned 19-Sep-2009 13:56:21 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 19-Sep-2009 13:56:21 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 19-Sep-2009 13:56:21 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0094924015en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/37473-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 臺灣研究英語碩士學程zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 94924015zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 97zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The case of the “Temple of 18 Deities” (十八王公廟) is an example which shows that the process of changes in religious culture can be both gradual and sudden. From the first glance it seems that the boom of “Temple of 18 Deities” cult suddenly appeared from nowhere. But the analysis of the temple origin mythology and it symbols shows that the opportunities for such sudden changes were created gradually during the long period of religious culture development when fazes of change and conservation were taking turns endlessly in Taiwan societies. Those opportunities traces into more remote times of gradual development of numerous religious cultures which were brought in Taiwan by multitude of migration waves. The “Temple of 18 Deities” cult conserved many stable religious elements which were created in the period of Eurasian cultural unity and bring us to the Neolith and even Paleolithic epoch.
One of the most stable elements in the “Temple of 18 Deities cult is the symbol of a dog. The geographical area of the former dog’s worshiping cults distribution is spread all over Eurasia with the most western point in the British Isles and the most eastern point in Taiwan. The dog symbol in mythologies of many various peoples all over Eurasia is connected to another stable religious element – an idea of the life after death and underworld. The underworld conception origin also should be dated by Paleolithic epoch, because it stability occurring everywhere spreading. Paleolithic hunting religious ideas should be common all over the world, because all the societies passed this faze of evolution in their history.
zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS i
ABSTRACT ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
PHOTOS, TABLES, AND MAPS vi
INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER I:
TEMPLE OF 18 DEITIES AND TAIWAN POPULAR RELIGION 4
1.01. Analyses of the Temple Origin Mythology 4
1.02. Fieldwork and Further Symbols Analyses 10
1.03. Robert Weller and His Study of “Eighteen Lords” Cult 21
1.04. The Chinese Origin of Taiwan Religion 23
1.05. Spread of Cults and Trade / Migration / Patterns 24
1.06. Dominance of Locative Religions in Taiwan 26
1.07. Main Factors in Taiwan Religion Changes 27
1.08. Popular Tradition and Chinese Religion Changes 32
1.09. Popular Cults in Taiwan 34
1.10. Spirits of the Dead and Ghosts 39
CHAPTER II:
EVIDENCE OF PARTICULAR SYMBOLS STABILITY
IN EURASIAN PEOPLES’ MYTHOLOGIES 41
2.01. The Set of Common Symbols in Celtic Mythology 44
2.01-A. Group of Symbols Directly Connected with Idea of Otherworld 45
2.01-B. Group of Symbols Connected with the Symbol of a Dog 47
2.01-C. Group of Symbols Connected with the Crossing the Waters 52
2.01-D. Group of Symbols Connected with the Symbol of a Boar (a Pig) 53
2.02. The Set of Common Symbols in Germanic Mythology 55
2.02-A. Group of Symbols Directly Connected with Idea of Otherworld 55
2.02-B. Group of Symbols Connected with the Symbol of a Dog 58
2.02-C. Group of Symbols Connected with the Crossing the Waters 59
2.03-D. Group of Symbols Connected with the Symbol of a Boar (a Pig) 61
2.03. The Set of Common Symbols in Slavic Mythology 61
2.03-A. Group of Symbols Directly Connected with Idea of Otherworld 62
2.03-B. Group of Symbols Connected with the Symbol of a Dog 64
2.03-C. Group of Symbols Connected with the Crossing the Waters 68
2.04. The Set of Common Symbols in Uralic Mythology 70
2.04-A. Group of Symbols Directly Connected with Idea of Otherworld 70
2.04-B. Group of Symbols Connected with the Symbol of a Dog 72
2.04-C. Group of Symbols Connected with the Crossing the Waters 72
2.05. The Set of Common Symbols in Chinese Mythology 72
2.05-A. Group of Symbols Directly Connected with Idea of Otherworld 73
2.05-B. Group of Symbols Connected with the Symbol of a Dog 78
2.05-C. Group of Symbols Connected with the Crossing the Waters 79
2.06. The Set of Eurasian Symbols in Taiwanese 18 Deities Cult 79
2.06-A. Group of Symbols Directly Connected with Idea of Otherworld 79
2.06-B. Group of Symbols Connected with the Symbol of a Dog 80
2.06-C. Group of Symbols Connected with the Crossing the Waters 82
2.07. The Set of Eurasian Mythological Symbols in Taiwan Indigenous Societies: with other Austronesian Parallels 89
2.07-A. Group of Symbols Directly Connected with Idea of Otherworld 89
2.07-B. Group of Symbols Connected with the Symbol of a Dog 92
2.07-C. Group of Symbols Connected with the Crossing the Waters 95
2.07-D. Group of Symbols Connected with the Symbol of a Boar (a Pig) 98
2.08. The Set of Eurasian Symbols
in Trobrianders Shipwreck Mythology 101
2.08-A. Group of Symbols Directly Connected with Idea of Otherworld 102
2.08-B. Group of Symbols Connected with the Symbol of a Dog 104
2.08-C. Group of Symbols Connected with the Crossing the Waters 109
2.08-D. Group of Symbols Connected with the Symbol of a Boar (a Pig) 111
2.09. Significance of Trade Routs 112
DISCUSSION 117
REFERENCES 121
English Language References 121
Russian Language References 127
Personal Interviews 128
Internet Resources 128
zh_TW
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dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094924015en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Taiwan Popular Religionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Eurasian Symbols Change and Stabilityen_US
dc.title (題名) Eurasian symbols change and stability in Taiwan popular religion: case study of the 18 deities culten_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) English Language Referenceszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Aborigines of South Taiwan in the 1880s: Papers by the South Cape Lightkeeper George Taylor, (1999) Dudbridge, G., (ed.). Taipei: Academia Sinica.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Allen, J., (1984) In Search of the Lapita Homeland: Reconstructing the Prehistory of the Bismarck Archipelago. Journal of Pacific History, 19/4: 186-187.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Barnes, R. H., (2001) Yami Boats and Boat Building in a Wider Perspective. In Faure, D. (ed.), In Search of the Hunters and Their Tribes: Studies in the History and Culture of the Taiwan Indigenous People. Taipei: Shung Ye Museum of Formosan Aborigines.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bellwood, P., (1995) Austronesian Prehistory in Southeast Asia: Homeland, Expansion and Transformation. In Bellwood, P., Fox, J. J., Tyron, D. (eds.), The Austronesian: Historical & Comparative Perspectives. Canberra: The Australian National University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Blust, R., (1999) Subgrouping, Circularity and Extinction: Some Issues in Austronesian Comparative Linguistics. In Zeitoun, E., Li, P. J.-K. (eds.), Selected Papers from the Eighth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Taipei: Symposium Series of the Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Burkert, W., (1985) Greek religion. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chan, K. Y., (2001) The Mountain Tribes before the Japanese Occupation. In Faure, D. (ed.), In Search of the Hunters and Their Tribes: Studies in the History and Culture of the Taiwan Indigenous People. Taipei: Shung Ye Museum of Formosan Aborigines.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chen, W.-Ch., (2001) The Mountain Tribes before the Japanese Occupation. In Faure, D. (ed.), In Search of the Hunters and Their Tribes: Studies in the History and Culture of the Taiwan Indigenous People. Taipei: Shung Ye Museum of Formosan Aborigines.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chiang, B. (2009) In-house Burial and Bilateral Namesakes: House and Access to the Past among the Paiwan. In Blundell, D. (Pr.) Course: Cultural & Ethnic Structure of Taiwan in Chengchi University. Taipei.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chuang, Y.-Ch., (1989) Lineage Organization on the Taiwan Frontier. In Li, K. Ch., Chang, K. Ch., Wolf, A.P, and Yin, A.Ch.Ch. (eds.), Anthropological Studies of the Taiwan Area: Accomplishments and Prospects. Taipei: National Taiwan University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Corradi Musi, C., (1997) Shamanism from East to West. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Davidson, J. W., (1903) The Island of Formosa: Past and Present. London: Macmillan.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Davis, W., (1992) Japanese Religion and Society: Paradigms of Structure and Change. New York: State University of New York Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) De Grummond, Thomson, N., (2006) Etruscan Myth, Sacred History, and Legend. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Diamond, J., (1997) Guns, Germs and Steel: A Short History of Everybody for the Last 13,000 Years. New York: W.W. Norton and Company.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dumezil, G., (1973) Gods of the Ancient Northmen. Los Angeles, Berkeley: University of California Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Eliade, M., (1989, 1964) Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy. London.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Eliade, M., Couliano I., Wiesner H., (1991) Consise Guide to World Religion.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Faure, D., (2001) The Mountain Tribes before the Japanese Occupation. In Faure, D. (ed.), In Search of the Hunters and Their Tribes: Studies in the History and Culture of the Taiwan Indigenous People. Taipei: Shung Ye Museum of Formosan Aborigines.zh_TW
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