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題名 2005年中美、中歐紡織品配額貿易談判之政治經濟分析
The Politics of Sino-US and Sino-EU Textile Quota Negotiations in 2005
作者 吳文欽
Wu, Wen Chin
貢獻者 何思因
Ho, Szu Yin
吳文欽
Wu, Wen Chin
關鍵詞 紡織品貿易
配額談判
國際談判
雙層賽局
保護主義
textile trade
quota neotiation
international bargaining
two level game theory
protectionism
日期 2006
上傳時間 19-Sep-2009 15:28:43 (UTC+8)
摘要 國際貿易會決定國內不同行為者的利益分配，促使國內產生主張自由貿易與支持保護主義的陣營，進而影響貿易政策的制訂。本論文以紡織品貿易為主題，首先闡述保護主義為何在貿易自由化浪潮中，依舊能夠貫穿20世紀後半葉的紡織品貿易，卻又在1990年代末期開始式微；其次，本論文分析當全球紡織品貿易於2005年全面取消配額之後，中國紡織品的大量出口，如何引發進口國內部保護主義勢力的反撲，令歐盟和美國先後和中國重新展開紡織品配額談判。最後，本論文分析歐、美境內自由貿易與保護主義兩個陣營，如何影響和中國的談判結果，並藉此比較具有不同制度的經濟體，如何回應國際經濟秩序的變化。

本文援引Robert Putnam所提出的「雙層賽局」分析架構，並進一步討論國內制度如何國際談判產生影響。經研究後發現，歐盟和美國內部的政治聯盟是影響談判結果的重要因素。這兩起談判雖然都源於本國紡織業者在受到中國紡織品的強力挑戰之後，進而要求政府必須出面解決這個問題，但是，由於歐盟和美國內部政治制度設計的不同，讓不同陣營有不同的施力空間，最後使得兩起談判結果有所差異。在歐盟方面，紡織產業和進口商之間的衝突，透過歐盟尊重多元的政治制度設計而有了旗鼓相當的局勢，因此歐盟執委會出面和中國談判之前，必須兼顧這兩個陣營的利益，令歐盟和中國的談判結果較有利於中國紡織品出口。但是在美國方面，儘管進口商和紡織業者之間的利益也是有所衝突，不過紡織業者最後透過政治運作而佔了上風，加上美國政府也希望藉由限制中國紡織品來降低對中國的貿易逆差，使得中美談判的結果對中國較為嚴格，具有濃厚的保護主義色彩。
International trade distributes various interests to actors, who then form two camps supporting free trade and protectionism, respectively. Both two camps also influence the decision-making of trade policy. This thesis focuses on textile trade and analyzes why protectionism could prevail in the textile trade during the second half of 20th century, and why it declined in the end of 1990s. Second, this thesis analyzes how China’s considerable textile exports after 2005 incur resistances of protectionists in the European Union (EU) and the United States (US). Those protectionists request their government to negotiate with China on textile products. However, those requests attract the counterpunches from supporters of free trade.

By rendering the “Two-level Game Theory”, this thesis discovers that the domestic coalitions in the EU and the US significantly determine the results of negotiations. Although both negotiations result from powerful challenges of Chinese textile products, the EU and the US have their own institutional designs and then take different responses. In the EU, conflicts between textile industry and textile importers are of approximately equal strength. The European Commission has to hold an eclectic position between the supporters of free trade and protectionists. As a result, the results of EU-Sino negotiation favor China’s textile export to the European market. On the other hand, even though there are conflicts between textile producers and importers, producers get the upper hand by lobbying politicians. In addition, because the US government also intends to reduce the US’ tremendous trade deficit with China by limiting China’s textile product, the US-Sino textile quota negotiation is much more protectionism-oriented.
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三、 網站部分：
中國商務部
http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/
中國絲綢網
http://www.silk-e.org/
中國貿易救濟信息網
http://www.cacs.gov.cn
世界貿易組織（World Trade Organization）
http://www.wto.org
台灣紡拓會
http://www.textiles.org.tw/
台灣區絲織產業資訊網
http://www.filaweaving.org.tw/
自由貿易協會（Free Trade Association）
http://www.fta-eu.org
美國全國紡織協會(National Textile Association)
http://www.nationaltextile.org/
美國紡織品服裝進口商協會(United States Association of Importers of Textiles and Apparel)
http://www.usaita.com
美國紡織品與成衣服裝辦公室 (Office of Textile and Apparel)：
http://otexa.ita.doc.gov/
美國紡織團體協會(National Council of Textile Organizations)
http://www.ncto.org/
;
美國參議院（The U.S. Senate）
http://www.senate.gov/
美國商務部（The U.S. Chamber of Commerce）
http://www.commerce.gov/
美國國會圖書館（Library of Congress）
http://www.loc.gov/
美國眾議院（The U.S. House）
http://hayes.house.gov/
美國普查局（The U.S. Census of Bureau）
http://www.census.gov/
美國貿易談判代表署(Office of the United State Trade Representative) http://www.ustr.gov/
美國製造商貿易行動聯盟(American Manufacturing Trade Action Coalition)
http://www.amtacdc.org/
香港貿易發展局
http://www.tdctrade.com/
國際紡織成衣局（International Textile and Clothing Bureau）http://www.itcb.org/Index.htm
歐洲各國紡織品進口商協會（European Association of National Organizations of Textile Retailer）
http://www.aedt.org/
歐洲消費者組織（European Consumer’s Organization）
http://www.beuc.org/
歐洲紡織成衣組織（European Apparel and Textile Organization）http://www.euratex.org/
歐洲商會（EuroCommerce）
http://www.eurocommerce.be/
歐洲議會（European Parliament）
http://www.europarl.eu.int/
歐盟執委會（European Commission）
http://ec.europa.eu/index_en.htm
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
政治研究所
93252001
95
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0093252001
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 何思因zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Ho, Szu Yinen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 吳文欽zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Wu, Wen Chinen_US
dc.creator (作者) 吳文欽zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Wu, Wen Chinen_US
dc.date (日期) 2006en_US
dc.date.accessioned 19-Sep-2009 15:28:43 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 19-Sep-2009 15:28:43 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 19-Sep-2009 15:28:43 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0093252001en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/34492-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 政治研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 93252001zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 95zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 國際貿易會決定國內不同行為者的利益分配，促使國內產生主張自由貿易與支持保護主義的陣營，進而影響貿易政策的制訂。本論文以紡織品貿易為主題，首先闡述保護主義為何在貿易自由化浪潮中，依舊能夠貫穿20世紀後半葉的紡織品貿易，卻又在1990年代末期開始式微；其次，本論文分析當全球紡織品貿易於2005年全面取消配額之後，中國紡織品的大量出口，如何引發進口國內部保護主義勢力的反撲，令歐盟和美國先後和中國重新展開紡織品配額談判。最後，本論文分析歐、美境內自由貿易與保護主義兩個陣營，如何影響和中國的談判結果，並藉此比較具有不同制度的經濟體，如何回應國際經濟秩序的變化。

本文援引Robert Putnam所提出的「雙層賽局」分析架構，並進一步討論國內制度如何國際談判產生影響。經研究後發現，歐盟和美國內部的政治聯盟是影響談判結果的重要因素。這兩起談判雖然都源於本國紡織業者在受到中國紡織品的強力挑戰之後，進而要求政府必須出面解決這個問題，但是，由於歐盟和美國內部政治制度設計的不同，讓不同陣營有不同的施力空間，最後使得兩起談判結果有所差異。在歐盟方面，紡織產業和進口商之間的衝突，透過歐盟尊重多元的政治制度設計而有了旗鼓相當的局勢，因此歐盟執委會出面和中國談判之前，必須兼顧這兩個陣營的利益，令歐盟和中國的談判結果較有利於中國紡織品出口。但是在美國方面，儘管進口商和紡織業者之間的利益也是有所衝突，不過紡織業者最後透過政治運作而佔了上風，加上美國政府也希望藉由限制中國紡織品來降低對中國的貿易逆差，使得中美談判的結果對中國較為嚴格，具有濃厚的保護主義色彩。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) International trade distributes various interests to actors, who then form two camps supporting free trade and protectionism, respectively. Both two camps also influence the decision-making of trade policy. This thesis focuses on textile trade and analyzes why protectionism could prevail in the textile trade during the second half of 20th century, and why it declined in the end of 1990s. Second, this thesis analyzes how China’s considerable textile exports after 2005 incur resistances of protectionists in the European Union (EU) and the United States (US). Those protectionists request their government to negotiate with China on textile products. However, those requests attract the counterpunches from supporters of free trade.

By rendering the “Two-level Game Theory”, this thesis discovers that the domestic coalitions in the EU and the US significantly determine the results of negotiations. Although both negotiations result from powerful challenges of Chinese textile products, the EU and the US have their own institutional designs and then take different responses. In the EU, conflicts between textile industry and textile importers are of approximately equal strength. The European Commission has to hold an eclectic position between the supporters of free trade and protectionists. As a result, the results of EU-Sino negotiation favor China’s textile export to the European market. On the other hand, even though there are conflicts between textile producers and importers, producers get the upper hand by lobbying politicians. In addition, because the US government also intends to reduce the US’ tremendous trade deficit with China by limiting China’s textile product, the US-Sino textile quota negotiation is much more protectionism-oriented.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 目次
表目次 iii
圖目次 iv
略語表 v
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 文獻回顧 9
第三節 研究架構 14
第四節 研究方法、資料來源與研究限制 18
第五節 後續章節安排與提要 21

第二章 全球紡織品貿易體制變遷 22
第一節 紡織業與工業發展 22
第二節 第二次世界大戰前的紡織品貿易與紡織業發展 27
第三節 第二次世界大戰後的紡織品貿易體制變遷：從STA到ATC 30

第三章 中國紡織品進出口概況與中國加入WTO紡織品特別防衛條款 42
第一節 中國紡織業與紡織品進出口概況 42
第二節 中國與《過渡時期紡織品特別防衛承諾》 54


第四章 歐盟與中國紡織品貿易及2005年歐中配額談判過程 59
第一節 歐盟與中國紡織品貿易概述 59
第二節 2005年歐盟與中國紡織品貿易糾紛源起與配額談判過程 67
第三節 影響談判的各種因素 76

第五章 美國與中國紡織品貿易及2005年美中配額談判過程 84
第一節 美國與中國美紡織品貿易概述 84
第二節 2005年美國與中國紡織品貿易糾紛源起與配額談判過程 92
第三節 影響談判的各種因素 104

第六章 歐中、美中紡織品配額貿易談判的比較分析 112
第一節 兩場談判的異同 112
第二節 造成談判結果差異的原因 116
第三節 兩場談判的雙層賽局分析 118

第七章 結論與檢討 121

參考文獻 124

表目次

表1.1 《WTO防衛協定》、《中國紡織品特別承諾》）與《中國特定貨
品防衛機制》內容規定之比較 6
表1.2 2005年中歐、中美紡織品配額談判最終協議之比較 7
表2.1 2005年全球主要紡織品進出口國家 25
表2.2 2005年全球主要成衣進出口國家 26
表2.3 1956-1961年美國自部分國家棉製品進口數量 34
表2.4 國際紡織品貿易規範的演變 41
表3.1 中國歷年紡織品進出口貿易總值 45
表3.2 歷年外資投入在中國製造業與紡織業之比例 49
表3.3 2004年中國國營紡織企業與外資紡織企業之比較 50
表3.4 中國紡織企業歷年進出口金額概況 51
表4.1 歐盟歷年自中國進口紡織品與成衣概況 62
表4.2 歐中紡織品貿易金額統計 63
表4.3 歐盟歷年紡織品與成衣主要供應國 64
表4.4 2004年、2005年1-5月歐盟紡織品進口數據 72
表4.5 2005年1-3月歐盟自中國進口紡織品主要類別概況 73
表4.6 2005年歐中紡織品貿易配額談判大事記 74
表5.1 美國歷年自中國進口紡織品與成衣概況 87
表5.2 美中紡織品貿易金額統計 89
表5.3 美國歷年紡織品與成衣主要供應國 90
表5.4 歷年全球各地區出口紡織品與成衣至美國的比例變化 91
表5.5 2005年美國紡織業者要求政府針對中國紡織品進行特別防衛措施概況 98
表5.6 2005年中美紡織品貿易談判大事記 99
表5.7 2005年《中美備忘錄》中各類紡織品的配額增長率 103

圖目次

圖1.1 研究架構 17
圖2.1 紡織與服裝產品之生產鏈 24
圖3.1 歷年中國紡織品與成衣佔世界總出口量百分比 44
圖3.3 歷年主要紡織品出口國佔全球紡織品貿易量比例 52
圖3.4 歷年主要成衣出口國佔全球成衣貿易量比例 53
圖4.1 歷年全球主要紡織品出口國佔歐盟紡織品進口額比例變化65
圖4.2 歷年全球主要成衣出口國佔歐盟成衣進口額比例變化 66
圖5.1 美國歷年對中國貿易逆差 88
圖6.1 中美、中歐紡織品貿易談判賽局模型 119		zh_TW
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dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0093252001en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 紡織品貿易zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 配額談判zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 國際談判zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 雙層賽局zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 保護主義zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) textile tradeen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) quota neotiationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) international bargainingen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) two level game theoryen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) protectionismen_US
dc.title (題名) 2005年中美、中歐紡織品配額貿易談判之政治經濟分析zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Politics of Sino-US and Sino-EU Textile Quota Negotiations in 2005en_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
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