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題名 權力與榮耀－馬基維利政治思想之研究
作者 劉長城
Liu Chang-Cheng
貢獻者 江宜樺
劉長城
Liu Chang-Cheng
關鍵詞 馬基維利
權力
野心
榮耀
德行
命運女神
共和主義
腐化
日期 2002
上傳時間 19-Sep-2009 15:34:21 (UTC+8)
摘要 　　對於馬基維利（Niccolò Machiavelli, 1469-1527）政治思想的理解與詮釋解，向來是西方政治思想中爭論的課題。本論文即從個別行動者的角度出發，探討當他們有機會讀了《君王論》和《史論》，對於現實中的政治生活，有什麼體悟？對於自身的政治行動，起了什麼指導作用？針對這個問題，筆者歸納出三個主要的面向，試圖對馬基維利的政治思想，做一較為全面性的敘述。
　　首先，做為一個政治行動者，不論是一城之主，或者是伺機而起的臣民，馬基維利是否為他設下了行為的終極目標？
　　筆者所欲提出的一個詮釋是，馬基維利在《君王論》中，雖然主要探討君主如何保障其統治地位，但他在一些段落文句中，對於祖國的繁榮昌盛、對於共善，透露出和《史論》一書相同的關懷。他認為理想的政治行動者最終應該為祖國、共善而奉獻。不過他也了解人類的本性是自利的，極容易為了追求財富、名望等個人私欲而忽視公共利益。那麼，要如何讓自私自利的人願意為國家共善服務呢？馬基維利並不採取改變人性的作法，而是藉著重新定義人們所追求的目標──「榮耀」──來解決這個困境。馬基維利主張政治行動的目的在追求榮耀，而惟有振興祖國、完成對公眾有益的壯舉，才能贏得永恆的榮耀。換句話說，政治行動者追求榮耀乃是基於個人欲望的滿足，但在這過程中，國家的共善亦獲得實現與促進。這個「榮耀」論述，正可以將個人私利與祖國共善連結起來。
　　接下來兩個面向則屬於實踐的層次。馬基維利政治思想的第二個面向，即在鋪陳行動者本身應具備哪些條件與特質，才能在權力的舞台上展露頭角、脫穎而出，進而促進共善、光大祖國，獲得榮耀。他運用德行與機運這一組古典的概念來分析政治行動者的崛起與敗亡，其論點存在傳承與具有革命性格之處。
　　第三個面向關注的焦點是，當政治行動者面對創建、改革政治社會等現實課題。關於城邦中政治制度的選擇，在王政與共和之間，馬基維利從效益的角度，認為共和體制最能夠達成與促進國家的共善，使祖國能夠在短時間內成長擴張，達到偉大的地位。然而在共和國中，自由生活有被野心人士腐化的危機，為了防止腐化的發生，必須在制度安排上去節制、疏導人們的野心，並且需要有德行的政治行動者將這些制度落實。要是當行動者身處的城邦已經腐化不堪，馬基維利認為此時惟有採行王政式的權力，也是就是以「一人支配」的形態，以血腥暴力等極端的手段，剷除原先的既得利益者，自由的生活才有可能重新建立。
參考文獻 （一）馬基維利作品
　1988 Florentine Histories. Translated by Laura F. Banfield and Harvey C. Mansfield. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
　1988 The Prince. Edited by Quentin Skinner & Russell Price. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
　1989 Machiavelli: The Chief Works and Others. 3 vols.Translated by Allan Gilbert. Durham: Duke University Press.
　1993 《君主論》，潘漢典譯。北京：商務。
　1996 Discourses on Livy. Translated by Harvey C. Mansfield and Nathan Tarcov. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
　1998 《佛羅倫薩史》，李活譯。台北：台灣商務。
　1998 《君主論》，閻克文譯。台北：台灣商務。
　1998 The Prince. Translated by Harvey C. Mansfield. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.2nd ed.
　2003 《李維羅馬史疏義》，呂健忠譯。台北：左岸文化。
（二）中英文參考資料
易君博
　1993 〈愛匹克迪泰斯的政治思想〉，收入於氏著，《政治理論與研究方法》，台北：三民。
張旺山
　1995 〈馬基維里革命：「國家理性」初探之一〉，收入於陳秀容、江宜樺主編，《政治社群》。台北：中研院社科所。
蔡英文
　1999 〈古典共和公民社會的理想與奧古斯丁政治神學之解釋〉，《台灣哲學研究》，第二期，頁71-107。
蕭高彥
　1998 〈馬基維利論政治秩序 —— 一個形上學的考察〉，《政治科學論叢》，第九期 。頁145-172。
　2002a 〈共和主義與現代政治〉，《政治與社會哲學評論》，第一期。頁85-116。
　2002b 〈西塞羅與馬基維利論政治道德〉，《政治科學論叢》，第十六期。頁1-28。
Aquinas, Thomas
　1979 On Kingship. Westport, Conn.: Hyperion Press.
Augustine, Saint
　1998 The City of God against the Pagans. R. W. Dyson ed. New York: Cambridge University Press.
　2001 Augustine: Political Writings. E. M. Atkins & Robert Doraro eds. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Ball, Terence
　1984 "The Picaresque Prince: Reflection on Machiavelli and Moral Change," Political Theory. 12(4): 521-536.
Baron, Hans
　1988 In Search of Florentine Civic Humanism: Essays on the Traditions from Medieval to Modern Thought. Vol. 2. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Berlin, Isaiah
　1982 Against the Current: Essays in The History of Ideas. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982.
Bireley, Robert
1990 The Counter-Reformation Prince: Anti-Machiavellianism or Catholic Statecraft in Early Modern Europe. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Boethius,
　1969 The Consolation of Philosophy. Translated by V. E. Watts. London: Penguin Books.
Bracciolini, Giovanno Francesco Poggio
2000 “On the Inconstancy of Fortune,” in Peter Elmer, Nick Webb, and Roberta Wood eds.The Renaissance in Europe: An Anthology. New Heaven: Yale Univeristy Press.
Burckhardt, Jacob著，何新譯
　1991 《意大利文藝復興時期的文化》。北京：商務印書館。
Burke, Peter
　1987 The Italian Renaissance : Culture and Society in Italy Oxford: Polity Press.
Cassirier, Ernst
1946 The Myth of the State. New Heaven: Yale Univsiety Press.
2000 The Individual and the Cosmos in Renaissance Philosophy. Translated by Mario Domandi. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications.
Chabod, Federico
　1958 Machiavelli and the Renaissance. Translated by David Moore. New York: Harper and Row.
Cicero,
　1991 On Duties. M. T. Griffin and E. M. Atkins eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cioffari, Vincenzo
　1947 "The Function of Fortune in Dante, Boccaccio and Machiavelli," Italica 24(1): 1-3.
1974 "Fortune, Fate, and Chance, " in Philip P. Wiener ed. Dictionary of the History of Ideas. Vol. 2 New York: Charles Scribner`s sons. pp. 116-126.
Cochrane, Eric W.
1961 "Machiavelli: 1940-1960," The Journal of Modern History. 33(2): 113-136.
Crick, Bernard
　1970 "Introduction," in Bernard Crick ed., Machiavelli the Discourses. Harmondworth: Penguin.
Croce, Benedetto
　1946 Politics and Morals. Translated by Salvatore J. Castiglione. London: George Allen &Unwin Ltd.
Deane, Herbert A.
　1963 The Political and Social Ideas of St. Augustine. New York: Columbia University Press.
Earl, Donald
　1967 The Moral and Political Tradition of Rome. Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell University Press.
　1972 “The Roman Tradition,” in Etienne Gareau ed. , Classical Values and the Modern World. Ottawa: The Univeristy of Ottawa Press. pp. 143-162.
Fleisher, Martin
　1972 "A Passion for Politics: The Vital Core of the World of Machiavelli," in Martin Fleisher ed. Machiavelli and the Nature of Political Thought. London: Croom Helm.
Fisher, Markus
　1995 Machiavelli: A Systematic Interpretation. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Political Science, University of Chicago.
　2000 Well-Ordered Licence: On the Unity of Machiavelli’s Thought. Boston: Lexington Books.
Flanagan, Thomas
　1972 "The Concept Fortuna in Machiavelli," in Anthony Parel ed., Political Calculus. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Fowler, W. Warde
1914 "Fortune (Roman), " in James Hastings ed., Encyclodpedia of Regligoin and Ethics. Vol VI EdinBurgh: T & T Clark. pp. 98-104.
Garin, Eugenio
　1965 Italian Humanism: Philosophy and Civic Life in the Renaissance. Translated by Peter Munz. New York: Harper & Row.
Geerken, John
　1976 "Machiavelli Studies Since 1969," Journal of the History of Ideas . 37(2): 351-68.
Gilbert, Allan H.
　1938 Machiavelli`s Prince and Its Forerunners. New York: Barnes & Noble.
Gilbert, Felix
　1951 "On Machiavelli’s Ideas of Virtú," Renaissance News. 4(4): 53-55.
　1965 Machiavelli and Guicciardini: Politics and History in Sixteen-Century Florence. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
　1977 History: Choice and Commitment. Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Hannaford, I.
　1972 "Machiavelli`s Concept of Virtu in The Prince and The Discourses Reconsidered." Political Studies. 20(2): 185-89.
Hankins, James
1996 "Humanism and the Origins of Modern Political Thought, " in Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Humanism. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 118-141.
Hulliung, Mark
　1983 Citizen Machiavelli. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Kraye, Jill
1999 "Moral Philosophy, " in Encyclopedia of the Renaissance. New York: Scribner`s. pp. 183-185.
Kristeller, Paul Oskar
　1990 Renaissance Thought and the Arts. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Long, A. A.
　1995 "Cicero’s Politics in De Officiis,"in André Laks and Malcoim Schofield. eds., Justice and Generosity: Studies in Hellenistic Social and Political Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge Univeristy Press, pp. 213-240.
Mansfield, Harvey C.
　1996 Machiavelli`s Virtue. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Morford, Mark,
2002 The Roman Philosophers: From the time of Cato the Censor to the Death of Marcus Aurelius. London: Routlege.
Meinecke, Friedrich
　1984 Machiavellism: the Doctrine of Raison D`etat and Its Place in Modern History. London: Westview Press.
Najemy, John M.
　1993 Between Friends: Discourses of Power and Desire in the Machiavelli-Vettori letters of 1513-1515. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Newell, W. R.
　1987 "How Original is Machiavelli? A Consideration of Skinner`s Interpretation of Virtue and Fortune," Political Theory. 15: 612-634.
Oldfield, Adrian
　1990 Citizenship and Community: Civic Republicanism and the Modern World. London: Routledge.
Poppi, Antonino
1988 "Fate, Fortune, Providence and Human Freedom," in Charles Schmidt etc. ed.The Cambridge History of Renaissance philosophy. New York : Cambridge University Press. pp. 641-667.
Pitkin, Hanna Fenichel
　1984 Fortune Is a Woman. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Plamenatz, John
　1972 "In Search of Machiavellian Virtú," in Anthony Parel ed., Political Calculus. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Pocock, J. G. A.
　1975 Machiavellian Moment. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Price, Russell
　1973 "The Sense of Virtú in Machiavelli," European Studies Review. 4: 315-345.
　1977 "The Theme of Gloria in Machiavelli," Renaissance Quarterly. 30: 588-631.
1982 "Ambizione in Machiavelli`s Thought," History of Political Thought. 3(3): 383-445.
　1988 "Notes on the vocabulary of the Prince,” in Quentin Skinner & Russell Price eds., The Prince. Cambridge: Cambridge Univesity Press.
Sallust
　1996 《喀提林陰謀　朱古達戰爭》，王以鑄、崔妙因譯，北京：商務印書館。
Seigel, Jerold E.
　1974 "Virtu in and Since the Renaissance," in Philip P. Wiener ed. Dictionary of the History of Ideas. Vol. 2 New York: Charles Scribner`s sons. pp. 476-486.
Skinner, Quentin
　1978 The Foundations of Modern Political Thought. Vol. 1 New York: Cambridge University Press.
　1981 Machiavelli. New York: Oxfor University Press.
　1990 "Machiavelli`s Discorsi and the Pre-humanist Origins of Republican Ideas," in Gisela Bock, et al. eds. Machiavelli and Republicanism. New York: Cambridge University Press.
　2002 Visions of Politics. Vol II. Renaissance Virtues.New York: Cambridge University Press.
Stephens, John
　1990 The Italian Renaissance: The Origions of Intellectual and Artistic Change Before the Reformation. London: Longman.
Sullivan, Francis A.
　1941 "Cicero and Gloria, " Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 72: 382-91.
Whitefield, J. H.
　1947 Machiavelli. Basil: Oxford University Press.
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
政治研究所
84252001
91
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0842520013
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 江宜樺zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 劉長城zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Liu Chang-Chengen_US
dc.creator (作者) 劉長城zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Liu Chang-Chengen_US
dc.date (日期) 2002en_US
dc.date.accessioned 19-Sep-2009 15:34:21 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 19-Sep-2009 15:34:21 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 19-Sep-2009 15:34:21 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0842520013en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/34506-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 政治研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 84252001zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 91zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 　　對於馬基維利（Niccolò Machiavelli, 1469-1527）政治思想的理解與詮釋解，向來是西方政治思想中爭論的課題。本論文即從個別行動者的角度出發，探討當他們有機會讀了《君王論》和《史論》，對於現實中的政治生活，有什麼體悟？對於自身的政治行動，起了什麼指導作用？針對這個問題，筆者歸納出三個主要的面向，試圖對馬基維利的政治思想，做一較為全面性的敘述。
　　首先，做為一個政治行動者，不論是一城之主，或者是伺機而起的臣民，馬基維利是否為他設下了行為的終極目標？
　　筆者所欲提出的一個詮釋是，馬基維利在《君王論》中，雖然主要探討君主如何保障其統治地位，但他在一些段落文句中，對於祖國的繁榮昌盛、對於共善，透露出和《史論》一書相同的關懷。他認為理想的政治行動者最終應該為祖國、共善而奉獻。不過他也了解人類的本性是自利的，極容易為了追求財富、名望等個人私欲而忽視公共利益。那麼，要如何讓自私自利的人願意為國家共善服務呢？馬基維利並不採取改變人性的作法，而是藉著重新定義人們所追求的目標──「榮耀」──來解決這個困境。馬基維利主張政治行動的目的在追求榮耀，而惟有振興祖國、完成對公眾有益的壯舉，才能贏得永恆的榮耀。換句話說，政治行動者追求榮耀乃是基於個人欲望的滿足，但在這過程中，國家的共善亦獲得實現與促進。這個「榮耀」論述，正可以將個人私利與祖國共善連結起來。
　　接下來兩個面向則屬於實踐的層次。馬基維利政治思想的第二個面向，即在鋪陳行動者本身應具備哪些條件與特質，才能在權力的舞台上展露頭角、脫穎而出，進而促進共善、光大祖國，獲得榮耀。他運用德行與機運這一組古典的概念來分析政治行動者的崛起與敗亡，其論點存在傳承與具有革命性格之處。
　　第三個面向關注的焦點是，當政治行動者面對創建、改革政治社會等現實課題。關於城邦中政治制度的選擇，在王政與共和之間，馬基維利從效益的角度，認為共和體制最能夠達成與促進國家的共善，使祖國能夠在短時間內成長擴張，達到偉大的地位。然而在共和國中，自由生活有被野心人士腐化的危機，為了防止腐化的發生，必須在制度安排上去節制、疏導人們的野心，並且需要有德行的政治行動者將這些制度落實。要是當行動者身處的城邦已經腐化不堪，馬基維利認為此時惟有採行王政式的權力，也是就是以「一人支配」的形態，以血腥暴力等極端的手段，剷除原先的既得利益者，自由的生活才有可能重新建立。		zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 緒　論　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　1

第一章　榮耀──結合自利與共善的橋樑　　9
第一節　人性：自利與野心　　　　　　　　9
第二節　追求共善與榮耀　　　　　　　　 17
第三節　革命性的榮耀觀　　　　　　　　 26

第二章　政治行動者應具備的條件　　　　 41
第一節　機運、命運女神與政治行動者　 　41
第二節　政治行動者的德行　　　　　　　 57
第三節　政治行動者的道德考量　　　　　 70

第三章　政治共同體的擘畫與維持　　　　 81
第一節　王政與共和體制的衡量　　　　　 81
第二節　腐化的防治與拯救　　　　　　　 90
第三節　馬基維利共和思想的特點　　　　103

結　論　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　111

參考文獻　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　117		zh_TW
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dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0842520013en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 馬基維利zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 權力zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 野心zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 榮耀zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 德行zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 命運女神zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 共和主義zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 腐化zh_TW
dc.title (題名) 權力與榮耀－馬基維利政治思想之研究zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) （一）馬基維利作品zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 　1988 Florentine Histories. Translated by Laura F. Banfield and Harvey C. Mansfield. Princeton: Princeton University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 　1988 The Prince. Edited by Quentin Skinner & Russell Price. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 　1989 Machiavelli: The Chief Works and Others. 3 vols.Translated by Allan Gilbert. Durham: Duke University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 　1993 《君主論》，潘漢典譯。北京：商務。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 　1996 Discourses on Livy. Translated by Harvey C. Mansfield and Nathan Tarcov. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 　1998 《佛羅倫薩史》，李活譯。台北：台灣商務。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 　1998 《君主論》，閻克文譯。台北：台灣商務。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 　1998 The Prince. Translated by Harvey C. Mansfield. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.2nd ed.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 　2003 《李維羅馬史疏義》，呂健忠譯。台北：左岸文化。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) （二）中英文參考資料zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 易君博zh_TW
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