論托克維爾的政治思想─ 一個共和主義的詮釋

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題名	論托克維爾的政治思想─ 一個共和主義的詮釋
作者	韋洪武
貢獻者	江宜樺韋洪武
關鍵詞	共和主義托克維爾民主身份平等多數專制民主專制中央集權個體主義自由結社 republicanism Tocqueville democracy equality of condition majority tyranny democratic tyranny centralization individualism freedom association
日期	2003
上傳時間	19-Sep-2009 15:35:02 (UTC+8)
摘要	在托克維爾政治思想中，民主一直是核心的議題，也引發大西洋兩岸知識界熱烈的爭論。直到今天，政治、學術、新聞等各界仍經常引用他的觀點。本文即就托克維爾有關民主體制的思想進行研究，並發現可分梳為民主社會一般傾向、民主社會潛在的腐化危機，及民主體制存續之道三個面向進行討論。而這三個相關的部分，更可就其內在邏輯整合而成共和主義研究途徑。首先，在民主社會的特徵及其發展方面，托克維爾認為民主社會強調國民主權及身份平等，雖然使社會充滿活力；但也易於衝動，缺乏遠見，造成庸俗的中產階級政治。同時在資本主義及工業革命影響下，可能會形成個體主義，使得人際關係疏離，且對公共事務冷漠；也造成物質主義，只想追求物質享受。大多數勞工也會有異化現象，淪為工作的奴隸。不過，民主社會也會發展出諸如結社、地方自治等鍛鍊政治自由的機制，提供個體自主性及公民性格寬廣的公共領域。托克維爾並主張國家利用宗教、法律培養公民參與的熱情與美德。這種觀念下的國家對人生計劃並不中立，顯現共和主義多於自由主義的立場。其次，在民主體制潛藏的腐化危機方面，托克維爾指出三種可能形式。一是因身份平等可能切斷封建社會原有的社會紐帶，使得個體孤立無援，必須服從統治的多數，終而導致一種多數專制─以一種社會一致性窒息個體的思想。二是因公民追求物質主義過甚，竟而完全退出公共領域，並召喚一種保護性權力，在民主自由的形式下，溫柔親切地奴役人民。此亦即民主專制。三是在民主革命初期或資本主義發達之後，必將出現中央集權。國家為解決工業社會複雜的問題，因應人民龐雜的需求，在多數授權下集中所有權力，破壞了政治自由得以維繫的各種機制。第三，在民主體制的維繫方面，托克維爾的主張也充滿共和主義的色彩。例如，為使公民保持自由的技藝，他認為，公民應參與鄉鎮自治、結社（特別是政治結社）、陪審團。而在培養公共精神的美德方面，托克維爾強調宗教的重要性。藉由教條式信仰，宗教可培養公民認識「適當理解的自利原則」。而且，民主社會也有賴宗教提供一種道德與知識的權威。在這一方面，女性公民扮演了傳承與複製的重要角色，因而在托克維爾的民主思想中也占有一席之地。本文最後提出國民主權、身份平等、公私領域、社會共識等四方面的引申討論，進一步分析托克維爾共和主義式的民主思想，對當前主流民主理論所能提供的貢獻。此外，也依個人見解評論其不足之處。 Democracy has always been a core concept and a controversial issue in Tocqueville’s political thought at both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Politicians, scholars as well as journalists still quote Tocqueville’s points at the present time. This thesis studies Tocqueville’s democratic thought, and analyzed it in three aspects: the general tendency of democratic societies, the potential danger of corruption in democratic societies, and the maintenance of democratic system. With the interlock between these aspects, this thesis integrated them into an approach of republicanism to Tocqueville’s democratic thought. For the first aspect, Tocqueville believed that with the emphasis on popular sovereignty and equality of condition, democratic societies will bring themselves diversified vitality. However, the societies will also be passionate and myopic, as the characteristics of mediocre bourgeois politics. Influenced by capitalism and industrial revolution, the prevailing individualism in democratic societies results in social alienation, public apathy and overwhelming materialism. Most workers will degrade into slaves of their works. On the other hand, democracy will promote associations, local self-governments which provide public spheres to practice autonomy and citizenship through the art of political freedom. Furthermore, Tocqueville requested the states to cultivate the passion and virtue of civic participation by means of religion and law. States under this requirement is not neutral toward citizens’ life plans, and seems more republican than liberal. For the second aspect, Tocqueville pointed out three possible forms of corruption from democratic societies: majority tyranny, democratic tyranny and centralization. First, majority tyranny results in extreme exploitation of equality of condition which cut off the original social bonds in feudal societies, hence isolate the individuals and render them totally helpless but to obey the ruling majority. Majority tyranny stifles citizen’s originality with social conformity. Secondly, mainly on account of materialism, citizens would escape into private life and material happiness, and moreover give away thoroughly public affairs to a tutelage power to enslave people gently within the liberal democratic form. That is democratic tyranny. Thirdly, centralization will present itself definitely, either during the early stage of democratic revolution or after capital economy is delivered. In order to solve the complicated problems in industrial societies, respond to a lot of diverse demands, the state concentrate all the power under the delegation of the majority, and destroy all kinds of mechanism which sustaining the art of political freedom. For the third aspect, Tocqueville offered republican solution to the maintenance of democratic system. He thought that citizens should take part in township self-governance, associations (especially political associations) and the jury. He also emphasized the importance of religion in teaching the virtue of public spirit, as well as cultivating the knowledge of “the principle self-interest properly understood” by dogmatic belief. In the same way, religion affords ethical and intellectual authority to democratic societies. In this regard, the female citizens play so important part of sustaining and reproducing these ethical and intellectual lessons that Tocqueville had to illuminate the role of women in his democratic thought. In addition to these interpretations, this thesis presents four related concepts for further discourse: popular sovereignty, equality of condition, public and private sphere and social consensus. Based on these discourses, the thesis evaluates the merit and deficiency of Tocqueville’s thought of republican democracy.
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描述	博士國立政治大學政治研究所 84252501 92
資料來源	http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0084252501
資料類型	thesis

dc.contributor.advisor	江宜樺	zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors)	韋洪武	zh_TW
dc.creator (作者)	韋洪武	zh_TW
dc.date (日期)	2003	en_US
dc.date.accessioned	19-Sep-2009 15:35:02 (UTC+8)	-
dc.date.available	19-Sep-2009 15:35:02 (UTC+8)	-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間)	19-Sep-2009 15:35:02 (UTC+8)	-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers)	G0084252501	en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI)	https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/34468	-
dc.description (描述)	博士	zh_TW
dc.description (描述)	國立政治大學	zh_TW
dc.description (描述)	政治研究所	zh_TW
dc.description (描述)	84252501	zh_TW
dc.description (描述)	92	zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要)	在托克維爾政治思想中，民主一直是核心的議題，也引發大西洋兩岸知識界熱烈的爭論。直到今天，政治、學術、新聞等各界仍經常引用他的觀點。本文即就托克維爾有關民主體制的思想進行研究，並發現可分梳為民主社會一般傾向、民主社會潛在的腐化危機，及民主體制存續之道三個面向進行討論。而這三個相關的部分，更可就其內在邏輯整合而成共和主義研究途徑。首先，在民主社會的特徵及其發展方面，托克維爾認為民主社會強調國民主權及身份平等，雖然使社會充滿活力；但也易於衝動，缺乏遠見，造成庸俗的中產階級政治。同時在資本主義及工業革命影響下，可能會形成個體主義，使得人際關係疏離，且對公共事務冷漠；也造成物質主義，只想追求物質享受。大多數勞工也會有異化現象，淪為工作的奴隸。不過，民主社會也會發展出諸如結社、地方自治等鍛鍊政治自由的機制，提供個體自主性及公民性格寬廣的公共領域。托克維爾並主張國家利用宗教、法律培養公民參與的熱情與美德。這種觀念下的國家對人生計劃並不中立，顯現共和主義多於自由主義的立場。其次，在民主體制潛藏的腐化危機方面，托克維爾指出三種可能形式。一是因身份平等可能切斷封建社會原有的社會紐帶，使得個體孤立無援，必須服從統治的多數，終而導致一種多數專制─以一種社會一致性窒息個體的思想。二是因公民追求物質主義過甚，竟而完全退出公共領域，並召喚一種保護性權力，在民主自由的形式下，溫柔親切地奴役人民。此亦即民主專制。三是在民主革命初期或資本主義發達之後，必將出現中央集權。國家為解決工業社會複雜的問題，因應人民龐雜的需求，在多數授權下集中所有權力，破壞了政治自由得以維繫的各種機制。第三，在民主體制的維繫方面，托克維爾的主張也充滿共和主義的色彩。例如，為使公民保持自由的技藝，他認為，公民應參與鄉鎮自治、結社（特別是政治結社）、陪審團。而在培養公共精神的美德方面，托克維爾強調宗教的重要性。藉由教條式信仰，宗教可培養公民認識「適當理解的自利原則」。而且，民主社會也有賴宗教提供一種道德與知識的權威。在這一方面，女性公民扮演了傳承與複製的重要角色，因而在托克維爾的民主思想中也占有一席之地。本文最後提出國民主權、身份平等、公私領域、社會共識等四方面的引申討論，進一步分析托克維爾共和主義式的民主思想，對當前主流民主理論所能提供的貢獻。此外，也依個人見解評論其不足之處。	zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要)	Democracy has always been a core concept and a controversial issue in Tocqueville’s political thought at both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Politicians, scholars as well as journalists still quote Tocqueville’s points at the present time. This thesis studies Tocqueville’s democratic thought, and analyzed it in three aspects: the general tendency of democratic societies, the potential danger of corruption in democratic societies, and the maintenance of democratic system. With the interlock between these aspects, this thesis integrated them into an approach of republicanism to Tocqueville’s democratic thought. For the first aspect, Tocqueville believed that with the emphasis on popular sovereignty and equality of condition, democratic societies will bring themselves diversified vitality. However, the societies will also be passionate and myopic, as the characteristics of mediocre bourgeois politics. Influenced by capitalism and industrial revolution, the prevailing individualism in democratic societies results in social alienation, public apathy and overwhelming materialism. Most workers will degrade into slaves of their works. On the other hand, democracy will promote associations, local self-governments which provide public spheres to practice autonomy and citizenship through the art of political freedom. Furthermore, Tocqueville requested the states to cultivate the passion and virtue of civic participation by means of religion and law. States under this requirement is not neutral toward citizens’ life plans, and seems more republican than liberal. For the second aspect, Tocqueville pointed out three possible forms of corruption from democratic societies: majority tyranny, democratic tyranny and centralization. First, majority tyranny results in extreme exploitation of equality of condition which cut off the original social bonds in feudal societies, hence isolate the individuals and render them totally helpless but to obey the ruling majority. Majority tyranny stifles citizen’s originality with social conformity. Secondly, mainly on account of materialism, citizens would escape into private life and material happiness, and moreover give away thoroughly public affairs to a tutelage power to enslave people gently within the liberal democratic form. That is democratic tyranny. Thirdly, centralization will present itself definitely, either during the early stage of democratic revolution or after capital economy is delivered. In order to solve the complicated problems in industrial societies, respond to a lot of diverse demands, the state concentrate all the power under the delegation of the majority, and destroy all kinds of mechanism which sustaining the art of political freedom. For the third aspect, Tocqueville offered republican solution to the maintenance of democratic system. He thought that citizens should take part in township self-governance, associations (especially political associations) and the jury. He also emphasized the importance of religion in teaching the virtue of public spirit, as well as cultivating the knowledge of “the principle self-interest properly understood” by dogmatic belief. In the same way, religion affords ethical and intellectual authority to democratic societies. In this regard, the female citizens play so important part of sustaining and reproducing these ethical and intellectual lessons that Tocqueville had to illuminate the role of women in his democratic thought. In addition to these interpretations, this thesis presents four related concepts for further discourse: popular sovereignty, equality of condition, public and private sphere and social consensus. Based on these discourses, the thesis evaluates the merit and deficiency of Tocqueville’s thought of republican democracy.	en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents	第一章導論 1 第一節思想背景 3 第二節共和主義的詮釋 7 第三節研究主題與概念架構 18 第二章民主社會的一般傾向 23 第一節國民主權、身份平等與政治自由 24 第二節個體主義與物質主義 29 第三節社會一致性與市民社會 35 第三章民主體制的腐化 45 第一節個體的孤立與多數專制 46 第二節私領域與民主專制 53 第三節中央集權與民主轉型 61 第四章民主體制的維繫 71 第一節政治自由與社會權威 71 第二節宗教與美德 77 第三節女性的角色 82 第四節共和主義的社會建構 86 第五章結論 97 參考書目 111	zh_TW
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dc.language.iso	en_US	-
dc.source.uri (資料來源)	http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0084252501	en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	共和主義	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	托克維爾	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	民主	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	身份平等	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	多數專制	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	民主專制	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	中央集權	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	個體主義	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	自由	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	結社	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	republicanism	en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	Tocqueville	en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	democracy	en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	equality of condition	en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	majority tyranny	en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	democratic tyranny	en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	centralization	en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	individualism	en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	freedom	en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	association	en_US
dc.title (題名)	論托克維爾的政治思想─ 一個共和主義的詮釋	zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型)	thesis	en
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	一、托克維爾原典	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	DA: Democracy in America , tr. by George Lawrence , Garden City : Doubleday , 1969.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	ER: The European Revolution and Correspondence with Gobineau , tr. by John Lukacs , Gloucestex , Massachusette : Peter Smith , 1968.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	JA: Journey to America, ed. by J.P. Mayer, tr. by George Lawrence, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1960.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	JEI: Journey to England and Ireland, ed. by J.P. Mayer, tr. by George Lawrence, London: Faber and Faber, 1958.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	OR: The Old Regime and the French Revolution , tr. by Stuart Gilbert , Garden City : Doubleday , 1955.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Re: Recollections , ed. By J. P. Mayer and A. P. Kerr , tr. by George Lawrence., Garden City : Doubleday , 1971.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	SL: Selected Letters on Politics and Society , ed. By Roger Boesche , tr. by James Toupin and Roger Boesche , Berkley : University of California Press , 1985.	zh_TW
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