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題名 行動電話擴散研究之模型選用及驅動因子分析
Model selection and driving forces for mobile telephony diffusion
作者 朱文伶
Chu, Wen Lin
貢獻者 吳豐祥
Wu, Feng Shang
朱文伶
Chu, Wen Lin
關鍵詞 行動電話
技術擴散
技術預測
驅動因子
低階市場
電信政策
mobile telephony
technology diffusion
technology forecast
driving force
low-end market
telecommunication policy
日期 2009
上傳時間 8-Apr-2010 16:10:54 (UTC+8)
摘要 全球行動電話用戶數於2002年達到12億，首度超過固定電話用戶數之11億；行動電話用戶數並於2008年達41億，為固定電話用戶數(13億)之3倍以上。行動電話相對於固定電話之主要優勢在於系統之建置成本低及佈建速度快；行動電話之快速普及已成為創新擴散研究之重要題材。
行動電話擴散之研究為選取一成長模型(例如Gompertz、Logistic或Bass模型)並類比該模型以求出擴散之參數(例如成長速率)，以進一步(1)了解相關驅動因子(例如技術創新、市場開放等)對擴散參數之影響，及(2)延伸擴散模型曲線以預測未來之成長。
惟成長模型之選取尚無原理原則可供遵循而具隨機性(ad hoc basis)。為找出模型選用之可能規律，以降低模型選用之隨機性並提高成長預測之準確度，本研究以十二個代表性國家(巴、中、法、德、印、日、韓、俄、星、台、英、美)至2007年之資料以比較三個最常用之成長模型之績效，即Gompertz、Logistic及Bass模型。模型績效逐年比較標準係採用rmse值，並輔以Friedman test檢測模型績效差異之顯著性，再對照模型之機制意涵，以進一步了解最適模型之選用原則。
此外，台灣行動電話普及率於2002年為108%居全球之冠，而中國自2001年起取代美國成為全球具最多行動電話用戶數之單一國家，台灣及中國屬行動電話擴散之重要個案，惟目前尚缺此二個案之實證研究。為補足此一缺口，本研究亦對台灣及中國行動電話擴散之驅動因子進行實證研究，以進一步了解擴散之關鍵驅動力。
研究發現由於目前統計軟體之進步，Gompertz、Logistic及Bass三模型均可獲致極佳之匹配度而難分軒輊，惟模型預測力(延伸曲線)則具差異性。12個模型選用樣本國家中之8個國家(巴、中、法、德、日、韓、英、美)係以Gompertz模型具較佳之預測力；依Gompertz模型機制意涵，代表行動電話擴散早期係受網路外部性(口耳相傳)影響，惟至擴散後期(例如過了擴散極大值之一半)則已不相關。此外，若因市場開放等重大變因造成行動電話之快速擴散，則Logistic模型具有較佳之績效，如台灣及俄羅斯屬之。依Logistic模型機制意涵，代表擴散係受網路外部性所影響。Bass模型應用於行動電擴散時，因該模型所算出之創新係數偏低，績效與Logistic模型相近，而Logistic模型為Bass模型之創新係數為0時之特例。
台灣及中國行動電話擴散之驅動因子研究發現(1)價格下降及(2)預付卡之推行對加速擴散具顯著性，兩者均對低階市場之採用具影響力。鑑於高階市場將先飽和，爰未來加速行動電話擴散之關鍵驅動因子應係與推動低階市場採用具密切相關性。以中國為例，未來市場開放競爭造成價格再度大幅下降，將進一步促低階市場採用，加速中國行動電話之普及。
The number of mobile telephone subscriptions reached 1.2 billion globally in 2002, exceeding fixed-line telephony subscriptions (1.1 billion) for the first time. The number of mobile telephone subscriptions reached 4.1 billion globally in 2008, over three times the number of fixed-line telephone subscriptions (1.3 billion). The main advantages of mobile telephony over fixed-line are low cost and rapid facility deployment. The rapid diffusion of mobile telephony has become an important topic in innovation diffusion.
The conventional approach to studying mobile telephony diffusion is to analogize a single growth model, such as the Gompertz, Logistic or Bass model, and calculate the model parameters, for example growth rate. The significance of certain selected driving forces, such as technology innovation or market competition, to the studied parameters, such as growth rate, is then estimated. The diffusion growth can also be forecast by extrapolating the diffusion curve.
Utilizing the growth model analogy is the first step in analyzing mobile telephony diffusion. However, no principles or rules exit for selecting a growth model. To identify rules for model selection to reduce randomness and increase forecast accuracy, this work uses 12 sample countries, namely Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Japan, Korea, Russia, Singapore, Taiwan, the UK and the USA, employing data prior to 2008 to compare the performance of three most commonly used models, namely the Gompertz, Logistic and Bass models. The root mean square error (rmse) is chosen as the criterion for measuring annual model performance. The work uses the Friedman test to examine the significance of differences in performance between models. The implications of model mechanisms are emphasized to investigate the selection rule for the most appropriate model.
The penetration of mobile telephony in Taiwan was 108% in 2002, ranking first in the world. Furthermore, in 2001 the number of mobile telephony in China replaced the United States as number one in the world. Both Taiwan and China are important examples for mobile telephony diffusion. However, no empirical investigation has been performed in these two cases. To fill this gap, this work estimated the driving forces for mobile telephony diffusion in Taiwan and China to learn about the critical drivers of the mobile telephony diffusion.
Empirical results indicate that due to improvements in statistical software, providing good fitness for all three models, namely the Gompertz, Logistic and Bass models, distinguishing which has the best fitness is difficult. However, the performance of the three models is distinguishable when forecasting based on extrapolating the diffusion curve. In eight of the 12 examples, namely Brazil, China, France, Germany, Japan, Korea, the UK and the USA, the Gompertz model is the most appropriate model for forecasting. The mechanism of the Gompertz model means that during the initial stage the diffusion is correlated with network externalities (namely word of mouth), however, this correlation reduces during the later stages (such as pass one half of the maximum potential). Moreover, the cases of Taiwan and Russia demonstrated that the Logistic model performs well provided some significant driver of the diffusion exists. The mechanism of the Logistic model means that the diffusion is correlated with network externalities throughout the whole diffusion. Furthermore, using Chinese data, when the Bass model is applied, because of its low innovation coefficient, it performs similarly to the Logistic model, which is a special case of the Bass model in which the innovation coefficient equals zero.
Empirical results for the critical driving forces of mobile telephony diffusion in Taiwan and China indicate that (1) reducing prices and (2) the launch of pre-paid services are crucial to mobile telephony diffusion. Both factors are essential to mobile telephony adoption in low-end markets. The high-end market is the first to be saturated by mobile telephony adoption, future drivers of the mobile telephony diffusion should be highly correlated with low-end market demand. Taking China as an example, the opening of the market to further reduce tariffs will attract mobile telephony adoption in the low-end market, facilitating the mobile telephony diffusion.
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描述 博士
國立政治大學
科技管理研究所
90359506
98
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0903595061
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 吳豐祥zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Wu, Feng Shangen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 朱文伶zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chu, Wen Linen_US
dc.creator (作者) 朱文伶zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chu, Wen Linen_US
dc.date (日期) 2009en_US
dc.date.accessioned 8-Apr-2010 16:10:54 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 8-Apr-2010 16:10:54 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 8-Apr-2010 16:10:54 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0903595061en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/38388-
dc.description (描述) 博士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 科技管理研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 90359506zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 98zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 全球行動電話用戶數於2002年達到12億，首度超過固定電話用戶數之11億；行動電話用戶數並於2008年達41億，為固定電話用戶數(13億)之3倍以上。行動電話相對於固定電話之主要優勢在於系統之建置成本低及佈建速度快；行動電話之快速普及已成為創新擴散研究之重要題材。
行動電話擴散之研究為選取一成長模型(例如Gompertz、Logistic或Bass模型)並類比該模型以求出擴散之參數(例如成長速率)，以進一步(1)了解相關驅動因子(例如技術創新、市場開放等)對擴散參數之影響，及(2)延伸擴散模型曲線以預測未來之成長。
惟成長模型之選取尚無原理原則可供遵循而具隨機性(ad hoc basis)。為找出模型選用之可能規律，以降低模型選用之隨機性並提高成長預測之準確度，本研究以十二個代表性國家(巴、中、法、德、印、日、韓、俄、星、台、英、美)至2007年之資料以比較三個最常用之成長模型之績效，即Gompertz、Logistic及Bass模型。模型績效逐年比較標準係採用rmse值，並輔以Friedman test檢測模型績效差異之顯著性，再對照模型之機制意涵，以進一步了解最適模型之選用原則。
此外，台灣行動電話普及率於2002年為108%居全球之冠，而中國自2001年起取代美國成為全球具最多行動電話用戶數之單一國家，台灣及中國屬行動電話擴散之重要個案，惟目前尚缺此二個案之實證研究。為補足此一缺口，本研究亦對台灣及中國行動電話擴散之驅動因子進行實證研究，以進一步了解擴散之關鍵驅動力。
研究發現由於目前統計軟體之進步，Gompertz、Logistic及Bass三模型均可獲致極佳之匹配度而難分軒輊，惟模型預測力(延伸曲線)則具差異性。12個模型選用樣本國家中之8個國家(巴、中、法、德、日、韓、英、美)係以Gompertz模型具較佳之預測力；依Gompertz模型機制意涵，代表行動電話擴散早期係受網路外部性(口耳相傳)影響，惟至擴散後期(例如過了擴散極大值之一半)則已不相關。此外，若因市場開放等重大變因造成行動電話之快速擴散，則Logistic模型具有較佳之績效，如台灣及俄羅斯屬之。依Logistic模型機制意涵，代表擴散係受網路外部性所影響。Bass模型應用於行動電擴散時，因該模型所算出之創新係數偏低，績效與Logistic模型相近，而Logistic模型為Bass模型之創新係數為0時之特例。
台灣及中國行動電話擴散之驅動因子研究發現(1)價格下降及(2)預付卡之推行對加速擴散具顯著性，兩者均對低階市場之採用具影響力。鑑於高階市場將先飽和，爰未來加速行動電話擴散之關鍵驅動因子應係與推動低階市場採用具密切相關性。以中國為例，未來市場開放競爭造成價格再度大幅下降，將進一步促低階市場採用，加速中國行動電話之普及。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The number of mobile telephone subscriptions reached 1.2 billion globally in 2002, exceeding fixed-line telephony subscriptions (1.1 billion) for the first time. The number of mobile telephone subscriptions reached 4.1 billion globally in 2008, over three times the number of fixed-line telephone subscriptions (1.3 billion). The main advantages of mobile telephony over fixed-line are low cost and rapid facility deployment. The rapid diffusion of mobile telephony has become an important topic in innovation diffusion.
The conventional approach to studying mobile telephony diffusion is to analogize a single growth model, such as the Gompertz, Logistic or Bass model, and calculate the model parameters, for example growth rate. The significance of certain selected driving forces, such as technology innovation or market competition, to the studied parameters, such as growth rate, is then estimated. The diffusion growth can also be forecast by extrapolating the diffusion curve.
Utilizing the growth model analogy is the first step in analyzing mobile telephony diffusion. However, no principles or rules exit for selecting a growth model. To identify rules for model selection to reduce randomness and increase forecast accuracy, this work uses 12 sample countries, namely Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Japan, Korea, Russia, Singapore, Taiwan, the UK and the USA, employing data prior to 2008 to compare the performance of three most commonly used models, namely the Gompertz, Logistic and Bass models. The root mean square error (rmse) is chosen as the criterion for measuring annual model performance. The work uses the Friedman test to examine the significance of differences in performance between models. The implications of model mechanisms are emphasized to investigate the selection rule for the most appropriate model.
The penetration of mobile telephony in Taiwan was 108% in 2002, ranking first in the world. Furthermore, in 2001 the number of mobile telephony in China replaced the United States as number one in the world. Both Taiwan and China are important examples for mobile telephony diffusion. However, no empirical investigation has been performed in these two cases. To fill this gap, this work estimated the driving forces for mobile telephony diffusion in Taiwan and China to learn about the critical drivers of the mobile telephony diffusion.
Empirical results indicate that due to improvements in statistical software, providing good fitness for all three models, namely the Gompertz, Logistic and Bass models, distinguishing which has the best fitness is difficult. However, the performance of the three models is distinguishable when forecasting based on extrapolating the diffusion curve. In eight of the 12 examples, namely Brazil, China, France, Germany, Japan, Korea, the UK and the USA, the Gompertz model is the most appropriate model for forecasting. The mechanism of the Gompertz model means that during the initial stage the diffusion is correlated with network externalities (namely word of mouth), however, this correlation reduces during the later stages (such as pass one half of the maximum potential). Moreover, the cases of Taiwan and Russia demonstrated that the Logistic model performs well provided some significant driver of the diffusion exists. The mechanism of the Logistic model means that the diffusion is correlated with network externalities throughout the whole diffusion. Furthermore, using Chinese data, when the Bass model is applied, because of its low innovation coefficient, it performs similarly to the Logistic model, which is a special case of the Bass model in which the innovation coefficient equals zero.
Empirical results for the critical driving forces of mobile telephony diffusion in Taiwan and China indicate that (1) reducing prices and (2) the launch of pre-paid services are crucial to mobile telephony diffusion. Both factors are essential to mobile telephony adoption in low-end markets. The high-end market is the first to be saturated by mobile telephony adoption, future drivers of the mobile telephony diffusion should be highly correlated with low-end market demand. Taking China as an example, the opening of the market to further reduce tariffs will attract mobile telephony adoption in the low-end market, facilitating the mobile telephony diffusion.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 研究目的與問題 7
第三節 研究範圍 8
第四節 研究流程與論文架構 9
第二章 文獻回顧 11
第一節 行動電話擴散之模型 11
(一) 創新擴散之模型 11
1. 內部影響與外部影響 12
2. 關鍵多數(critical mass) 13
3. 網路外部性(network externalities) 15
(一) 行動電話擴散引用之成長模型 17
1. Gompertz、Logistic、Bass三模型概述 18
(1) Gompertz模型 18
(2) Logistic模型 18
(3) Bass模型 20
2. Gompertz、Logistic、Bass三模型比較 21
(1) 模型之成長曲線比較 21
(2) 模型之控制機制(dynamics)比較 23
a. Gompertz模型vs Logistic模型 23
b. Logistic模型vs. Bass模型 24
第二節 行動電話擴散之驅動因子 26
擴散速率之驅動因子 27
1. 經濟情況 28
2. 固定電話普及率 28
3. 數位技術/技術創新 29
4. 解除管制/市場競爭 29
第三章 研究方法 31
第一節 行動電話擴散之模型選用 31
(一) 模型績效比較 31
1. 模型績效逐年統計 32
2. 最適模型顯著性 36
Friedman test 36
(二) 模型選用檢測之樣本國家 37
1. 標準一：GDP、行動電話普及率、人口數 37
2. 標準二：地區、GDP 38
3. 標準三：金磚4國 (GDP、人口數、國土面積) 38
(三) 樣本國家行動電話市場概述 40
1. 巴西(Brazil) 40
2. 中國(China) 40
3. 法國(France) 41
4. 德國(Germany) 41
5. 印度(India) 42
6. 日本(Japan) 42
7. 韓國(Korea) 43
8. 俄羅斯(Russia) 44
9. 新加坡(Singapore) 44
10. 台灣(Taiwan) 45
11. 英國(UK) 46
12. 美國(USA) 47
第二節 行動電話擴散之驅動因子 49
(一) 驅動因子檢測之樣本國家 49
(二) 驅動因子之選取及檢測 50
1. 環境因子 53
經濟情況(GDP) 53
2. 服務因子 53
(1) 固定電話用戶數(FIX) 53
(2) 業者家數(OPR) 53
(3) 技術創新/數位技術(DIG) 54
(4) 預付卡(PP) 55
(5) 預付卡限制(PPR) 55
3. 價格因子 56
(1) 電信綜合價格水平(TPL) 56
(2) 解除管制/市場競爭(CMP) 57
(3) 企業自製手機/手機價格下降(HS) 58
(4) 小靈通/無線市話(PHS) 58
(5) 單向收費/被叫全免(OW) 59
第三節 研究數據 60
(一) 行動電話用戶數 60
(二) 數據來源 60
第四章 研究結果與討論I－行動電話擴散之模型選用 63
第一節 行動電話擴散之最適模型檢測結果 63
(一) 模型績效逐年統計 63
1. 台灣 63
2. 中國 65
3. 韓國 67
(二) 12國最適匹配模型及最適預測模型檢測結果 71
第二節 行動電話擴散之最適模型選用分析 73
(一) 模型選用分群比較 73
1. 歐美4國：法、德、英、美 73
2. 亞洲4國：日、韓、星、台 75
3. 金磚4國：巴、中、印、俄 77
(二) 模型選用12國比較 79
1. 最適匹配模型vs最適預測模型 79
2. 最適模型具一致性之國家 81
(1) 法、德、英、日、韓、中 (匹配：–；預測：Gompertz) 81
(2) 美、巴(西) (匹配：Gompertz；預測：Gompertz) 83
(3) 台、俄 (匹配：Logistic/Bass；預測：–) 84
(4) 星、印 (匹配：–；預測：–) 86
(三) 個案模型適用討論 88
1. 台灣 88
2. 中國 92
3. 台灣vs中國 95
第五章 研究結果與討論II－行動電話擴散之驅動因子 101
第一節 行動電話擴散之驅動因子實證結果與討論 101
(一) 台灣行動電話擴散之驅動因子 101
1. 顯著因子 102
(1) 固定電話用戶數 102
(2) 解除管制/市場競爭 103
2. 不顯著因子 105
(1) 經濟情況 105
(2) 業者家數 105
(3) 數位技術/技術創新 106
(4) 預付卡限制 107
(二) 中國行動電話擴散之驅動因子 109
1. 顯著因子 110
(1) 固定電話用戶數 110
(2) 預付卡 110
(3) 企業自製手機/手機價格下降 112
(4) 小靈通/無線市話 112
2. 不顯著因子 113
(1) 經濟情況 113
(2) 業者家數 113
(3) 技術創新/數位技術 114
(4) 電信綜合價格水平 114
(5) 單向收費制/被叫全免 114
第二節 行動電話擴散之驅動因子分層次分析 115
(一) 環境因子 115
(二) 服務因子 116
(三) 價格因子 118
第六章 結論與建議 121
第一節 研究結論 121
(一) 行動電話擴散之模型選用 121
(二) 行動電話擴散之驅動因子 123
第二節 研究貢獻與管理意涵 124
(一) 行動電話擴散之模型選用 124
1. 行動電話擴散之模型選用原則 124
2. 行動電話擴散之成長預測 125
(二) 行動電話擴散之驅動因子 128
1. 行動電話擴散之關鍵驅動因子 128
2. 低階市場之採用為下一階段行動電話擴散之關鍵 129
中國市場未來驅動力：市場開放 129
第三節 研究限制 131
(一) 行動電話擴散之模型選用 131
(二) 行動電話擴散之驅動因子 131
第四節 後續研究建議 133
(一) 行動電話擴散之模型選用 133
1. Bass模型與Logistic模型之相離及相合 133
2. 模型選用之分階段研究 133
(二) 行動電話擴散之驅動因子 134
1. 驅動因子之分層次研究 134
2. 驅動因子之分階段研究 134
3. 網路電話(VoIP)對傳統電話之影響 135
附錄A GEROSKI技術擴散模型 137
附錄B 驅動因子研究數據 138
1. 台灣 138
2. 中國 140
附錄C 各國人口數、GDP、行動電話普及率對照表 143
1. 排序：國名 143
2. 排序：人口數 148
3. 排序：行動電話普及率 153
4. 排序：GDP 158
5. 排序：區域、GDP 163
6. 排序：區域、人口數 168
7. 排序：用戶數 173
附錄D 十二國行動電話擴散之模型績效歷年比較表 178
1. 巴西 (BRAZIL) 178
2. 中國 (CHINA) 180
3. 法國 (FRANCE) 182
4. 德國 (GERMANY) 184
5. 印度 (INDIA) 186
6. 日本 (JAPAN) 188
7. 韓國 (KOREA) 190
8. 俄羅斯 (RUSSIA) 192
9. 新加坡 (SINGAPORE) 194
10. 台灣 (TAIWAN) 196
11. 英國 (UK) 198
12. 美國 (USA) 200
附錄E 十二國行動電話擴散之模型績效歷年比較圖 201
1. BRAZIL 201
2. CHINA 208
3. FRANCE 217
4. GERMANY 226
5. INDIA 236
6. JAPAN 241
7. KOREA 253
8. RUSSIA 262
9. SINGAPORE 269
10. TAIWAN 277
11. UK 285
12. USA 295
附錄F行動電話擴散研究參考程序 305
參考文獻 309
1. 中文 309
2. 英文 310		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 2463326 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0903595061en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 行動電話zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 技術擴散zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 技術預測zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 驅動因子zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 低階市場zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 電信政策zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) mobile telephonyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) technology diffusionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) technology forecasten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) driving forceen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) low-end marketen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) telecommunication policyen_US
dc.title (題名) 行動電話擴散研究之模型選用及驅動因子分析zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Model selection and driving forces for mobile telephony diffusionen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
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