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題名	委內瑞拉查維茲政權能源政策之研究－由分析層次探討 The study of the energy policy of Venezuela’s Chávez Regime- Examined from level of analysis
作者	高晨峰
貢獻者	邱稔壤高晨峰
關鍵詞	分析層次委內瑞拉查維茲玻利瓦主義玻利瓦任務委內瑞拉國營石油公司奧里諾科石油計畫拉丁美洲區域整合拉丁美洲左派 level of analysis Venezuela Hugo Chávez Bolivarianism Bolívar mission PDVSA Orinoco project Latin American regional integration Latin American left
日期	2009
上傳時間	9-Apr-2010 09:54:48 (UTC+8)
摘要	委內瑞拉為世界第五大的石油輸出國，且同為石油輸出國家組織的創始會員國之一。石油是委內瑞拉最為重要的產業與經濟活動，而委內瑞拉因石油而富，亦因石油而貧，委內瑞拉所依賴的石油一直以來猶如兩面刃般深刻的影響委內瑞拉的政治、經濟與社會。　　1992年政變失敗的陸軍中校查維茲打著激烈改革的口號，於1998年贏得委內瑞拉總統大選，終結支配委內瑞拉政治長達50年的「協定民主」，為委內瑞拉的歷史打開了新的一頁。對於查維茲而言，委內瑞拉的石油不但是國家主權獨立的象徵，同時亦應用於國際政治中重要的地緣政治武器。因此，查維茲上台後，便積極展開石油改革計畫，強化對國內石油產業的控制權，重整委內瑞拉國營石油公司，並利用石油收入進行社會發展計畫。此外，配合近年來國際油價的高漲，查維茲在區域與國際政治舞台上，運用委內瑞拉豐富的石油蘊藏與龐大的石油收入，進行合縱連橫，攏絡盟友並且試圖削弱美國的影響力。　　本研究採用K. J. Holsti所提出的個人、國家、體系與全球四個分析層次作為主要分析架構，以求對於查維茲政權能源政策做出全面性的探討。此論文假設查維茲政權能源政策的發展，決策者為核心因素，藉由在個人層次上，透過決策者個人研究，以求對查維茲個人政治理念有通盤的了解，並探討如何影響委內瑞拉能源政策之發展。再者，選取在國內、體系中對委內瑞拉能源政策影響較深的因素，解釋查維茲政權在這些因素影響下，產生何種政策輸出？最後，探討近年來全球能源環境的變遷與重要的發展趨勢，作為影響查維茲政權能源政策的重要中介因素，解釋全球能源環境的變化與發展對查維茲能源政策有何影響？ Venezuela is the fifth-largest oil exporter in the world, also, one of the funding members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. In Venezuela, most industries and economic activities are dominated by Petroleum sector, a “double edged sword” which brings both positive and negative effects, and deeply influences the political, economic and social conditions in Venezuela. In 1998, the former lieutenant colonel, Hugo Chávez, who had organized an unsuccessful coup in 1992, seized the power as president in the election with the claim of “radical reformation”. The result in 1998 presidential election terminated the nearly fifty-year long “pacted democracy” and create a unprecendented prospect on Venezuela’s history. To Chávez, the oil is not only the symbol of independence of national sovereignty, but also a useful geopolitical weapon in the field of international politics. Therefore, Chávez began his oil reformation: strengthen the state control to the oil industry, reorganize the national oil company, Petroleos de Venezuela, SA, PDVSA, and use the income to facilitate the social policy. Moreover, due to the reason of oil price surging in recent years, the abundant oil reserve and its’ enormous output value enable Chavez to expand his power base and also to put his intention of striking the influence of United State in both regional and international stage to practice. This study adopts K. J. Holsti’s four levels of analysis – individual, state, system and global, as the analytic framework to this research. In this study, the individual level is assumed as the core factor of the energy policy development under the Chávez regime. Chavez’s political ideas and how it influences Venezuela’s energy policy would be examined through the study of his leadership. Furthermore, taking important factors influencing energy policy in both domestic and international level into account, what policies output related to the above factors had Chavez made? Last but not the least, a discussion of global energy environment change in recent years would be made for explaining how it acts as the intermediary factors which influence the energy policy of Chávez regime.
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「查維茲訪華：擺脫美石油控制　尋求能源新市場」，新華網，2006年8月18日。http://big5.xinhuanet.com/gate/big5/news.xinhuanet.com/world/2006-08/18/content_4975838.htm 「委內瑞拉衛星在華發射，覆蓋大部分南美地區」，中國評論新聞網，2008年10月30日。http://www.chinareviewnews.com/crn-webapp/doc/docDetailCreate.jsp?coluid=7&kindid=0&docid=100784762 「委內瑞拉向中國購買18艘油輪」，BBC 中文網，2006年5月12日。http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/trad/hi/newsid_4760000/newsid_4764200/4764241.stm　「綜述：委內瑞拉與阿根廷推進能源合作」，新華網，2007年8月8日。http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2007-08/08/content_6495733.htm 「實現零突破中國步入戰略儲油時代」，中國評論新聞網，2006年10月12日。http://www.tourtw.net/doc/1002/2/7/8/100227802.html?coluid=0&kindid=0&docid=100227802 英文 AFP, “Venezuela and India Sign Joint Project in Orinoco Oil Belt,” Venezuelanalysis, April 10, 2008 http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/newsbrief/3338 APS Review Oil Market Trends, “Chavez For $80-100/B OPEC Price Band,” AllBusiness, December 1, 2008. http://www.allbusiness.com/international-relations/weapons-arms-military-weapons/11711014-1.html Arams, Mayela, “ Parallel Budget 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Rigzone, January 25, 2007. http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=40467 “Venezuela signs Jamaica oil deal,” BBC News, August 24, 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4181528.stm “Venezuela and Nicaragua sign three new cooperation accords,” ABN, March 11, 2007. http://www.abn.info.ve/noticia.php?articulo=85571&lee=17 “Venezuela Reevaluates Funding for 2 Refineries,” ABC News, November 28, 2008. http://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory?id=6354314 “Venezuela, Brazil, and Argentina Plan 8,000 Kilometer Gas Pipeline,” Venezuelanalysis, January 21, 2006. http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/1579 “Venezuela and Panama Sign Energy Agreements,” Venezuelaanalysis, June 23, 2006. http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/1800 “Venezuela to sell off US refineries,” Taipei Times, May 1, 2007. http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/worldbiz/archives/2007/05/01/2003359053 “Venezuela Pushing for Higher Oil Prices,” MercoPress, August 14, 2004. http://en.mercopress.com/2004/08/19/venezuela-pushing-for-higher-oil-prices “Venezuela calls for $70-$90 OPEC oil price band,” Reuters, October 24, 2008. http://www.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUSN2446089620081024 a “Venezuela’s Chavez slams Bush ethanol plan,” Reuters, April 10, 2007. http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSN1044778420070411 “Venezuela and IADB Clash over $200 billion biofuels plan,” Mongabay, March 21, 2007. http://news.mongabay.com/bioenergy/2007/03/venezuela-and-iadb-clash-over-200.html “Venezuela y Cuba constituirán 11 plantas de etanol en el país,” ABN, 1 de Marzo, 2007. http://www.abn.info.ve/go_news5.php?articulo=84489&lee=18 西班牙文 Armas H, Mayela., “ 215.000 viviendas ejecutadas en 8 años,” El Universal, 15 de enero, 2007. http://buscador.eluniversal.com/2007/01/15/eco_art_142150.shtml Matheus, Maria Elena, “Diplomático denuncia plan Chávez-Gaddafi,” El Universal, 21 de febrero, 2003. http://buscador.eluniversal.com/2003/02/21/int_art_21158CC.shtml Méndez, Gustavo, “ AN inverstigará irreguraridades en misiones educativas,” El Universal, 22 de marzo, 2007. http://deportes.eluniversal.com/2007/03/22/pol_art_an--investigara-irre_220748.shtml Subero, Carlos, “ Arranque del gorbierno obtuvo 90.3% de evalución positiva,” El Universal, 30 de Marzo, 1999. http://www.eluniversal.com/1999/03/20/pol_art_20110AA.shtml “ Alta deserción de graduadores de Ribas angustia a Chávez,” El Universal, 22 de marzo, 2007, http://economia.eluniversal.com/2007/03/22/pol_art_alta-desercion-de-gr_221700.shtml “ Anulan validación de “planas”, ” El Universal, 24 de marzo, 2004. http://www.eluniversal.com/2004/03/24/pol_art_24102A.shtml “Caracas y Moscú firman acuerdo para desarrollar energía nuclear,” El Universal, 27 de noviembre, 2008. http://politica.eluniversal.com/2008/11/27/pol_art_caracas-y-moscu-firm_1166596.shtml “Chavez y Kirchner acuerdan crear la multinacional Petrosuraméricam” Terra, 7 de agosto, 2007. http://www.terra.com/finanzas/articulo/html/fin27489.htm “Dos Visiones, Una Sola Declarción,” El Universal, 6 de Noviembre, 2005. http://politica.eluniversal.com/2005/11/06/int_art_06118AA.shtml “Hugo Chávez de visita en Irán hasta el lunes,” El Universal, 18 de mayo, 2001. http://buscador.eluniversal.com/2001/05/18/eco_art_18202GG.shtml ”Hugo Chávez : ‘Vamos a enterrar el ALCA aquí’ en Mar del Plata,” El Correo, 4 de Noviembre, 2005. http://www.elcorreo.eu.org/esp/article.php3?id_article=5997 “ Industria petrolera estará normalizada en febrero.” El Universal, 02 de enero, 2003. http://www.eluniversal.com/2003/01/02/pol_art_02111CC.shtml “ Ministros a granel,” El Universal, 26 de agosto, 2004. http://buscador.eluniversal.com/2004/08/26/pol_fot_26A486961.shtml “ Revocatorio es extemporáneo,” El Universal, 11 de septiempre, 2003. http://www.eluniversal.com/2003/09/11/pol_art_11102A.shtml “ CNE apelará decisión ante la sala constitucional,” El Universal, 16 de marzo, 2004. http://www.eluniversal.com/2004/03/16/pol_art_16102C.shtml “ CNE sólo validó 1.832.493 firmas para el referendo revocatorio presidencial,” El Universal, 02 de marzo, 2004. http://www.eluniversal.com/2004/03/02/pol_ava_02A436939.shtml （三）參考網站台灣外交部，http://www.mofa.gov.tw/　經濟部國際貿易局，http://www.trade.gov.tw/　國際合作發展基金會，http://www.icdf.org.tw/　台灣中油股份有限公司，http://www.cpc.com.tw/　中國中華人民共和國商務部，http://zhs.mofcom.gov.cn/ 中華人民共和國外交部，http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ 中國石油集團網站，http://www.cnpc.com.cn/ 委內瑞拉委內瑞拉政府線上資訊網（Gobierno en Línea）， http://www.gobiernoenlinea.gob.ve/　委內瑞拉農業與土地部（Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Agricultura y Tierras），http://www.mat.gob.ve/ 委內瑞拉能源與石油部（Minsterio del Poder Popular para la Energía y Petróleo），http://www.mem.gob.ve/ 委內瑞拉發展與計畫部（Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Planificaión y Desarrollo），http://www.mpd.gob.ve/ 委內瑞拉國家選舉委員會（Consejo Nacional Electoral），http://www.cne.gov.ve/ 委內瑞拉國家統計局（Instituto Nacional de Estadística），http://www.ine.gov.ve/　委內瑞拉外交部（Ministerio del Poder 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描述	碩士國立政治大學外交研究所 95253013 98
資料來源	http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0095253013
資料類型	thesis

dc.contributor.advisor	邱稔壤	zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors)	高晨峰	zh_TW
dc.creator (作者)	高晨峰	zh_TW
dc.date (日期)	2009	en_US
dc.date.accessioned	9-Apr-2010 09:54:48 (UTC+8)	-
dc.date.available	9-Apr-2010 09:54:48 (UTC+8)	-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間)	9-Apr-2010 09:54:48 (UTC+8)	-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers)	G0095253013	en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI)	http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/38514	-
dc.description (描述)	碩士	zh_TW
dc.description (描述)	國立政治大學	zh_TW
dc.description (描述)	外交研究所	zh_TW
dc.description (描述)	95253013	zh_TW
dc.description (描述)	98	zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要)	委內瑞拉為世界第五大的石油輸出國，且同為石油輸出國家組織的創始會員國之一。石油是委內瑞拉最為重要的產業與經濟活動，而委內瑞拉因石油而富，亦因石油而貧，委內瑞拉所依賴的石油一直以來猶如兩面刃般深刻的影響委內瑞拉的政治、經濟與社會。　　1992年政變失敗的陸軍中校查維茲打著激烈改革的口號，於1998年贏得委內瑞拉總統大選，終結支配委內瑞拉政治長達50年的「協定民主」，為委內瑞拉的歷史打開了新的一頁。對於查維茲而言，委內瑞拉的石油不但是國家主權獨立的象徵，同時亦應用於國際政治中重要的地緣政治武器。因此，查維茲上台後，便積極展開石油改革計畫，強化對國內石油產業的控制權，重整委內瑞拉國營石油公司，並利用石油收入進行社會發展計畫。此外，配合近年來國際油價的高漲，查維茲在區域與國際政治舞台上，運用委內瑞拉豐富的石油蘊藏與龐大的石油收入，進行合縱連橫，攏絡盟友並且試圖削弱美國的影響力。　　本研究採用K. J. Holsti所提出的個人、國家、體系與全球四個分析層次作為主要分析架構，以求對於查維茲政權能源政策做出全面性的探討。此論文假設查維茲政權能源政策的發展，決策者為核心因素，藉由在個人層次上，透過決策者個人研究，以求對查維茲個人政治理念有通盤的了解，並探討如何影響委內瑞拉能源政策之發展。再者，選取在國內、體系中對委內瑞拉能源政策影響較深的因素，解釋查維茲政權在這些因素影響下，產生何種政策輸出？最後，探討近年來全球能源環境的變遷與重要的發展趨勢，作為影響查維茲政權能源政策的重要中介因素，解釋全球能源環境的變化與發展對查維茲能源政策有何影響？	zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要)	Venezuela is the fifth-largest oil exporter in the world, also, one of the funding members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. In Venezuela, most industries and economic activities are dominated by Petroleum sector, a “double edged sword” which brings both positive and negative effects, and deeply influences the political, economic and social conditions in Venezuela. In 1998, the former lieutenant colonel, Hugo Chávez, who had organized an unsuccessful coup in 1992, seized the power as president in the election with the claim of “radical reformation”. The result in 1998 presidential election terminated the nearly fifty-year long “pacted democracy” and create a unprecendented prospect on Venezuela’s history. To Chávez, the oil is not only the symbol of independence of national sovereignty, but also a useful geopolitical weapon in the field of international politics. Therefore, Chávez began his oil reformation: strengthen the state control to the oil industry, reorganize the national oil company, Petroleos de Venezuela, SA, PDVSA, and use the income to facilitate the social policy. Moreover, due to the reason of oil price surging in recent years, the abundant oil reserve and its’ enormous output value enable Chavez to expand his power base and also to put his intention of striking the influence of United State in both regional and international stage to practice. This study adopts K. J. Holsti’s four levels of analysis – individual, state, system and global, as the analytic framework to this research. In this study, the individual level is assumed as the core factor of the energy policy development under the Chávez regime. Chavez’s political ideas and how it influences Venezuela’s energy policy would be examined through the study of his leadership. Furthermore, taking important factors influencing energy policy in both domestic and international level into account, what policies output related to the above factors had Chavez made? Last but not the least, a discussion of global energy environment change in recent years would be made for explaining how it acts as the intermediary factors which influence the energy policy of Chávez regime.	en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents	第一章緒論第一節研究動機與目的………………………………1 一、研究動機二、研究目的第二節研究方法與限制………………………………5 一、研究方法二、研究限制第三節研究範圍與分析架構…………………………7 一、研究範圍二、分析架構第四節文獻回顧與章節安排…………………………13 一、文獻回顧二、章節安排第二章決策者因素與查維茲政權能源政策評估第一節查維茲成長背景與崛起歷程…………………27 一、幼年時期（1954~1971）二、軍旅生涯（1971~1992）三、 1992年失敗政變四、政治崛起（1992~1998）第二節查維茲個人政治理念…………………………40 一、西蒙．玻利瓦二、西蒙，羅德里格茲三、埃賽吉艾爾．薩摩拉第三節查維茲個人特質分析…………………………45 第四節小結……………………………………………50 第三章國內因素與查維茲政權能源政策評估第一節「國中之國」委內瑞拉國營石油公司………53 一、早期發展二、石油產業國有化三、委內瑞拉國營石油公司國際化與自主化發展第二節「政變、罷工」反查維茲之政治勢力………62 一、反查維茲政治勢力概況二、授權法爭議三、2002年4月政變四、2002年底石油罷工五、2004年公投罷免第三節玻利瓦革命下的社會政策……………………73 一、玻利瓦計畫2000 二、玻利瓦任務第四節查維茲政權國內石油政策的產出……………88 一、委內瑞拉石油產業的「再國有化」二、石油稅制改革三、國家利益與石油產業主從關係的確立第五節小結……………………………………………94 第四章國際因素與查維茲政權能源政策評估第一節拉丁美洲左傾風潮……………………………96 一、新自由主義改革的實驗失敗二、傳統政黨失去人心三、左派勢力的結構與路線調整四、拉丁美洲新興左派勢力的區別第二節小布希政府任內美國與拉丁美洲關係發展…106 一、美國影響力的衰退二、小布希政府與拉丁美洲國家的政治摩擦第三節拉丁美洲區域整合概況………………………130 一、美洲自由貿易區的失敗二、南美洲區域整合核心－南方共同市場三、反美陣線－玻利瓦美洲替代方案第四節查維茲政權對外能源政策的產出……………144 一、擺脫對美國的依賴－分散化的石油政策二、與大國間的石油合作－推廣多極世界三、區域能源整合計畫第五節小結……………………………………………174 第五章全球能源環境與查維茲政權能源政策評估第一節全球石油需求發展趨勢………………………177 一、新興國家推動總體石油需求增加二、先進國家逐漸降低對石油的需求三、 2007年至2030年石油需求發展趨勢第二節石油價格波動……………………………………184 一、石油進口國觀點二、石油輸出國觀點三、高油價下國際石油上游產業主導權重整第三節再生能源的發展…………………………………197 一、氣候變遷與全球暖化二、近年來再生能源的發展第四節查維茲政權能源政策回應………………………206 一、油價與查維茲政權二、查維茲政府再生能源的發展第五節小結………………………………………………218 第六章結論………………………………………………221 參考文獻 …………………………………………………229	zh_TW
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dc.language.iso	en_US	-
dc.source.uri (資料來源)	http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0095253013	en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	分析層次	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	委內瑞拉	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	查維茲	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	玻利瓦主義	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	玻利瓦任務	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	委內瑞拉國營石油公司	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	奧里諾科石油計畫	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	拉丁美洲區域整合	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	拉丁美洲左派	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	level of analysis	en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	Venezuela	en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	Hugo Chávez	en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	Bolivarianism	en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	Bolívar mission	en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	PDVSA	en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	Orinoco project	en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	Latin American regional integration	en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	Latin American left	en_US
dc.title (題名)	委內瑞拉查維茲政權能源政策之研究－由分析層次探討	zh_TW
dc.title (題名)	The study of the energy policy of Venezuela’s Chávez Regime- Examined from level of analysis	en_US
dc.type (資料類型)	thesis	en
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	一、中文參考書目	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	（一）專書	zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	（二）期刊與會議論文	zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Harnecker, Marta, Militares Junto al Pueblo. http://www.antiescualidos.com/img/3.%20Militares%20junto%20al%20pueblo%20-%20Marta%20Harnecker%20-%20Revolucion%20Bolivariana%20-%20Libros%20-%20Chavez.pdf	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Ibarz, Joaquim, “Hugo Chávez, del autoritarismo al totalitatsmo”, La Vanguardia, 2 de abril, 2007 http://www.lavanguardia.es/premium/publica/publica?COMPID=51305465835&ID_PAGINA=22781&ID_FORMATO=9&turbourl=false	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	¿Quién es Hugo Chávez?-Conoce el perfil oculto de este hombre que dirige el destino de venezuela, fuente consulta: Cuentos Chinos de Andrés Oppenheimer en http://www.portalplanetasedna.com.ar/chavez.htm	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	（二）新聞資料：	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	中文	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	王南，「胡錦濤訪祕兩國完成自由貿易談判」，美國之音中文網，2008年11月20日。http://www.voafanti.com/gate/big5/www.voanews.com/chinese/archive/2008-11/w2008-11-20-voa32.cfm?CFID=207086691&CFTOKEN=26296755&jsessionid=66309b858f7cb35f669f60c5e2681127726e	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	新華社，「查維茲訪華：擺脫美石油控制　尋求能源新市場」，中國國際貿易促進委員會網站，2008年11月12日。http://www.ccpit.org/Contents/Channel_593/2006/0819/7369/content_7369.htm	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	唐雅陵，「北京要求巴西承認中國市場經濟地位」，中央社，2009年5月18日。http://www.cnanews.gov.tw/mnd/mndread.php?id=200905190031&Lev=3	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	「中海由對收購優尼科的方案仍有信心」，BBC中文網，2005年7月20日。http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/trad/hi/newsid_4690000/newsid_4699100/4699125.stm	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	「中國與委內瑞拉合建2000萬噸煉油廠」，中國新聞網，2008年5月14日。http://www.chinanews.com.cn/cj/cyzh/news/2008/05-14/1248821.shtml	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	「美國介入南美三國的爭端，布希表示支援哥倫比亞」，華夏經緯網，2008年3月5日。http://big5.huaxia.com/xw/gj/2008/00771015.html	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	「哥國總統說台灣吝嗇，扁政府翻臉追討11億」，中國評論新聞網，2007年6月9日。http://www.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1003/8/5/0/100385034.html?coluid=7&kindid=0&docid=100385034	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	「查維茲訪華：擺脫美石油控制　尋求能源新市場」，新華網，2006年8月18日。http://big5.xinhuanet.com/gate/big5/news.xinhuanet.com/world/2006-08/18/content_4975838.htm	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	「委內瑞拉衛星在華發射，覆蓋大部分南美地區」，中國評論新聞網，2008年10月30日。http://www.chinareviewnews.com/crn-webapp/doc/docDetailCreate.jsp?coluid=7&kindid=0&docid=100784762	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	「委內瑞拉向中國購買18艘油輪」，BBC 中文網，2006年5月12日。http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/trad/hi/newsid_4760000/newsid_4764200/4764241.stm	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	「綜述：委內瑞拉與阿根廷推進能源合作」，新華網，2007年8月8日。http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2007-08/08/content_6495733.htm	zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	英文	zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Baribeau, Simone, “Chávez: Venezuela to withdraw from Andean Community of Nations.” Venezuelanalysis, April 21, 2006. http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/1706	zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Carroll, Rory, “Chávez paid for Bolivia gas nationalisation,” Guardian, March 23, 2007. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/mar/23/venezuela.bolivia	zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Carroll, Rory, “Hugo Chávez wins referendum allowing indefinite re-election,” Guardian, Feburary 16, 2009 http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/feb/16/hugo-chavez-indefinite-rule	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Carlson, Chris, “Russian President Praises Investment Opportunities in Venezuela,” Venezuelanalysis, October 23, 2007. http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/2755	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Dao, James, “U.S. Clarifies Stand on Venezuelan Vote,” The New York Times, December 17, 2002. http://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/17/world/us-clarifies-stand-on-venezuelan-vote.html	zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Forero, Juan, “Documents show C.I.A Knew of a Coup Plot in Venezuela,” The New York Times, December 3, 2004. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/03/international/americas/03venezuela.html	zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Fox, Michael, “Venezuela and Colombia Agree on Gas Pipeline,” Venezuelanalysis, June 20, 2006. http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/1795	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Fox, Michael, “Venezuela and Brazil Agree To 1st Phase of Transcontiental Gas Pipeline,” Venezuelanalysis, January 22, 2007. http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/2186	zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Parma, Alessandro, “Venezuela Faces Coexistence withe Ethanol,” El Universal, April 19, 2007. http://english.eluniversal.com/2007/04/19/en_eco_art_venezuela-faces-coex_19A857479.shtml	zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Press Trust of India (PTI), “Venezuela to invest in Indian oil refinery, petrochem projects,” Livemint, April 9, 2008. http://www.livemint.com/2008/04/09130632/Venezuela-to-invest-in-Indian.html	zh_TW
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