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題名 日本海外直接投資之研究-以1994年至2007年為例-
Studies on Japanese foreign direct investment:1994~2007
作者 蔡嘉惠
貢獻者 劉德海
蔡嘉惠
關鍵詞 海外直接投資
兼併
跨國公司
比較利益
貿易與投資的替代效應
日期 2008
上傳時間 9-Apr-2010 10:01:25 (UTC+8)
摘要 日本為東北亞地區的主要國家,自二次大戰後受限於和平憲法規定,被迫禁止硬權力的發展;為求國力發展,日本以戰後重建、恢復經濟、繁榮富裕的和平原則,成為經濟大國。而日本海外直接投資(FDI)在對外經濟活動中所佔比例極重,不僅對日本經濟發展貢獻良多,在日本對外關係中也扮演重要角色;透過海外的大量投資、專業技術的把持,使得日本在國際關係中扮演舉足輕重的角色,而80年代末東亞地區盛行的雁行模式,便是由日本海外企業投資所主導。
日本在國際關係上,向來為美國最重要也最忠實的伙伴;缺乏自衛武力的日本,在冷戰背景下,受到美國核傘的保護,並於國際事務上追隨美國的全球戰略,並以此原則確立冷戰時期日美外交事務的基軸。在吉田主義的指導原則下,日本致力於經濟復甦,而美國則扶持日本作為其戰略伙伴、大力支持日本經濟發展,並開放美國市場,協助日本產品進入美國。
隨著日本經濟日漸發展,日美貿易產生順差,而後發展為日美貿易摩擦,最後在美國的壓力下,日本於1985年簽訂廣場協議,逼迫日幣升值;受到匯率的影響,日圓不斷升值,在1985年至1996年間,日幣對美圓的比例由250:1遽升為87:1。日幣的升值固然在國際上削弱日本產品的競爭力,但美元的相對貶值,卻造成日本的資本輸出熱潮。從1986年至1991年,日本的海外投資總額達4000億美元,成為全球最大的海外直接投資輸出國。1985年後,日商公司開始大量購買美國企業,或在美國開設工廠,日商公司的瘋狂收購行動,也引起美國民眾的恐慌。而此時期的日本企業因缺乏海外投資經驗,在資訊不明、非理性決策模式下大量收購收購美國資產,導致日商在期貨、地產等行業的損失慘重。
本文將日本海外直接投資的研究範圍設定在1994年至2007年,主要是因為此時期的FDI不同於80年代末期的日本對美投資;不同於以往海外投資失敗的經驗,日本企業將國內失去比較利益的產業外移至其他工資低廉、生產成本較低的開發中國家,為貿易取向的海外投資。而日商企業至歐美等先進國家的投資,則是著眼於當地市場,為市場導向投資。隨著不同時期重大事件的發生,日商企業微調自己在全球佈局的戰略方向:NAFTA的成立,促使日本跨國公司加快前往墨西哥投資的腳步、亞洲金融風暴雖然重創該區開發中國家的經濟,但卻增強亞洲產品的競爭力,鑑於對亞洲開發中國家的經濟成長潛力與未來市場發展,日商企業依舊苦撐在此地區的生產據點、中國低廉的勞工成本則是吸引日商投資,造成熱潮、隨著中國經濟發展,工資相對於越南、印度提高,使得日商企業思考中國以外的投資熱點、由於印度等金磚四國的崛起,日商的投資觸角也延伸至南亞地區。
在全球化的浪潮下,日本的海外投資已不再是單向行為,不僅影響與地主國間的經貿關係,也牽動著第三國的貿易活動:日本對中國的直接投資佔中美貿易順差絕大比例,透過對中國直接投資,將產品出口至美國,日商企業藉著中國的低廉工資降低生產成本,也縮減日美貿易順差,將此缺口部分轉移至中美順差。產品所標示的「中國製造」標籤,只能說明產品的最後製造地為中國,但生產資本投入、中間財與獲利企業可能是來自於不同國家。
2008年自美國掀起之世界金融海嘯,較1997年亞洲金融風暴、2001年IT產業泡沫化更加嚴重,普遍造成全球國家景氣衰退、企業獲利短缺,在一片悲觀的氛圍下,仍有日商企業於海外投資活動中獲利。這些企業與眾不同的地方,正是在金融海嘯下生存的關鍵;日商企業的研發能力與不斷求新、求進步的活力,更是台灣企業值得借鏡的地方。


關鍵詞:海外直接投資(FDI)、兼併(M&A)、跨國公司、比較利益、貿易與投資的替代效應。
參考文獻 壹、 中文專書
陶秦(民78)。投資美國:外資如何改變美國面貌。(周天瑋 譯)。台北市:天下叢書。
貳、 中文期刊
卜木(民94)。2005年日本海外直接投資問卷調查結果。當代亞太,12,57-58。
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參、 中文政府出版品
林冠汝。中華民國經濟部,國內外經濟情勢分析,民國89年12月,「長期不景氣後日本對外投資政策及策略變化之研究」。
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金寶瑜(2002),北美自由貿易協定(NAFTA)簽訂後的九年。論文發表於關注全球化資訊中心主辦之「關注全球化資訊中心」專題討論會,台北。
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
外交研究所
92253014
97
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0922530141
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 劉德海zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 蔡嘉惠zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 蔡嘉惠zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2008en_US
dc.date.accessioned 9-Apr-2010 10:01:25 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 9-Apr-2010 10:01:25 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 9-Apr-2010 10:01:25 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0922530141en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/38523-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 外交研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 92253014zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 97zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 日本為東北亞地區的主要國家,自二次大戰後受限於和平憲法規定,被迫禁止硬權力的發展;為求國力發展,日本以戰後重建、恢復經濟、繁榮富裕的和平原則,成為經濟大國。而日本海外直接投資(FDI)在對外經濟活動中所佔比例極重,不僅對日本經濟發展貢獻良多,在日本對外關係中也扮演重要角色;透過海外的大量投資、專業技術的把持,使得日本在國際關係中扮演舉足輕重的角色,而80年代末東亞地區盛行的雁行模式,便是由日本海外企業投資所主導。
日本在國際關係上,向來為美國最重要也最忠實的伙伴;缺乏自衛武力的日本,在冷戰背景下,受到美國核傘的保護,並於國際事務上追隨美國的全球戰略,並以此原則確立冷戰時期日美外交事務的基軸。在吉田主義的指導原則下,日本致力於經濟復甦,而美國則扶持日本作為其戰略伙伴、大力支持日本經濟發展,並開放美國市場,協助日本產品進入美國。
隨著日本經濟日漸發展,日美貿易產生順差,而後發展為日美貿易摩擦,最後在美國的壓力下,日本於1985年簽訂廣場協議,逼迫日幣升值;受到匯率的影響,日圓不斷升值,在1985年至1996年間,日幣對美圓的比例由250:1遽升為87:1。日幣的升值固然在國際上削弱日本產品的競爭力,但美元的相對貶值,卻造成日本的資本輸出熱潮。從1986年至1991年,日本的海外投資總額達4000億美元,成為全球最大的海外直接投資輸出國。1985年後,日商公司開始大量購買美國企業,或在美國開設工廠,日商公司的瘋狂收購行動,也引起美國民眾的恐慌。而此時期的日本企業因缺乏海外投資經驗,在資訊不明、非理性決策模式下大量收購收購美國資產,導致日商在期貨、地產等行業的損失慘重。
本文將日本海外直接投資的研究範圍設定在1994年至2007年,主要是因為此時期的FDI不同於80年代末期的日本對美投資;不同於以往海外投資失敗的經驗,日本企業將國內失去比較利益的產業外移至其他工資低廉、生產成本較低的開發中國家,為貿易取向的海外投資。而日商企業至歐美等先進國家的投資,則是著眼於當地市場,為市場導向投資。隨著不同時期重大事件的發生,日商企業微調自己在全球佈局的戰略方向:NAFTA的成立,促使日本跨國公司加快前往墨西哥投資的腳步、亞洲金融風暴雖然重創該區開發中國家的經濟,但卻增強亞洲產品的競爭力,鑑於對亞洲開發中國家的經濟成長潛力與未來市場發展,日商企業依舊苦撐在此地區的生產據點、中國低廉的勞工成本則是吸引日商投資,造成熱潮、隨著中國經濟發展,工資相對於越南、印度提高,使得日商企業思考中國以外的投資熱點、由於印度等金磚四國的崛起,日商的投資觸角也延伸至南亞地區。
在全球化的浪潮下,日本的海外投資已不再是單向行為,不僅影響與地主國間的經貿關係,也牽動著第三國的貿易活動:日本對中國的直接投資佔中美貿易順差絕大比例,透過對中國直接投資,將產品出口至美國,日商企業藉著中國的低廉工資降低生產成本,也縮減日美貿易順差,將此缺口部分轉移至中美順差。產品所標示的「中國製造」標籤,只能說明產品的最後製造地為中國,但生產資本投入、中間財與獲利企業可能是來自於不同國家。
2008年自美國掀起之世界金融海嘯,較1997年亞洲金融風暴、2001年IT產業泡沫化更加嚴重,普遍造成全球國家景氣衰退、企業獲利短缺,在一片悲觀的氛圍下,仍有日商企業於海外投資活動中獲利。這些企業與眾不同的地方,正是在金融海嘯下生存的關鍵;日商企業的研發能力與不斷求新、求進步的活力,更是台灣企業值得借鏡的地方。


關鍵詞:海外直接投資(FDI)、兼併(M&A)、跨國公司、比較利益、貿易與投資的替代效應。
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dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與研究目的 1
壹、 研究動機 1
貳、 研究目的 3
第二節 研究方法與架構 4
壹、 研究方法 4
貳、 資料來源 4
第三節 文獻回顧 7
壹、 FDI與政府 7
貳、 FDI的議題 10
參、 以個體經濟為學為基礎的FDI理論 12
肆、 以總體經濟為學為基礎的FDI理論 14
第四節 研究範圍與限制 21
壹、 研究範圍 21
貳、 研究限制 22
第二章 理論探討:FDI的效應 22
第一節 FDI的定義與類型 23
壹、 文字型定義 23
貳、 操作型定義 28
參、 FDI的類型 29
肆、 FDI的行為者 33
伍、 近年趨勢............................................................................................35
第二節 國內效益:FDI與匯率 36
壹、 匯率與FDI關係的衡量工具 36
貳、 日本FDI與日圓匯率趨勢的相關性 37
參、 由匯率看中國和ASEAN4的FDI關係 39
第三節 國際效益:FDI與貿易 40
壹、 貿易現象的理論基礎 40
貳、 FDI與貿易的關係 42
參、 日本FDI與貿易關係…………………….…………….………..….44
第四節 日本對美FDI的例證 48
壹、 先進工業國家間的FDI 49
貳、 日本FDI的獲利分佈情形 51
參、 日本海外企業活動的趨勢 52
第三章 日本FDI的歷史演變過程 53
第一節 1994年~1997年 (NAFTA~金融風暴) 53
壹、 投資者權利的保障 53
貳、 NAFTA的經濟效益 54
參、 FTA的重要性 55
肆、 亞洲金融風暴對日本FDI的影響…………………………………56
第二節 1998年~2001年 (中國投資熱) 57
壹、 日對中國FDI的特徵 57
貳、 日本對中國的投資戰略 59
參、 中國面臨的競爭……………………………………………………..60
第三節 2001年~2004年 (東亞區域整合) 62
壹、 MNE與全球化、區域化的議題基礎 62
貳、 東亞的經濟潛力 63
參、 東亞地區的市場潛力 66
肆、 振興日本經濟………………………………………………………68
伍、 東亞區域的可能整合模式…………………………………………72
陸、日本的努力..........................................................................................76
第四節 2004~2007新興國家 77
壹、 「金磚四國」的崛起 77
貳、 日本的金磚投資重點國-印度 79
第四章 FDI所帶動之貿易效果研究 85
第一節 日美中的互動關係 85
壹、 中美貿易順差與日本對中國投資 89
貳、 日本海外企業銷售目的地分佈 89
第二節 日本FDI模式 86
壹、 日本對世界FDI分配情形 90
貳、 FDI對日本貿易的效果 91
第五章 結論 99
第一節 FDI回顧 99
壹、 FDI優點再評估 100
貳、 日本對美FDI與對東亞FDI的差異……………………………..102
參、 日本FDI的應用戰略……………………………………………..104
第二節 現況觀察 106
壹、 嚴峻的經濟現勢 106
貳、 世界金融海嘯的影響 109
參、金融海嘯後的日本FDI分佈情形………………………………….112
肆、未來的獲利產業…………………………………………………….115
參考書目 118





圖表次
圖1-1 美日貿易概況 2
圖2-1 日幣對美圓的幣值走勢圖 38
圖2-2 日本進出口趨勢圖 44
圖2-3 日本進出口品的類別比重變遷圖………………………………………....45
圖2-4 日本收入平衡與貿易平衡走向圖 48
圖2-5 日本對美FDI製造業與非製造業比...........................................................49
圖2-6 日對美FDI產業比 51
圖2-7 日本海外公司一般收入比(區域別) 52
圖2-8 日本對美國FDI輸出額……………………………………………………53
圖3-1 日對中FDI趨勢圖...……………………………………………………….60
圖3-2 日對中FDI產業比………………………………………….………………61
圖3-3 世界三大區域戰世界實質GDP之比……………………………………..67
圖3-4 亞洲區內國際旅客來往人數變遷圖………………………………………75
表3-5 日本與亞洲國家EPA簽訂狀況表………………………………………...78
表3-6 日本企業中期直接投資選擇目的地之排名………………………...…….81
表3-7 日對印度直接投資(1994-2007)………………………………………...81
圖3-8 日對印FDI產業比…………………………….……………………….…..84
圖4-1 中美貿易概況………………………………………………………………89
圖4-2 中美貿易與日對中FDI趨勢比較圖………………………………………91
圖4-3 日本海外公司銷售目的地(1995)………………………………………92
圖4-4 日本海外公司銷售目的地(2007)…………………………………………93
圖4-5 日本FDI全球分佈情形…………………………………………………….95
圖5-1 亞洲中產階級人口成長趨勢圖…………………………………………..107
圖5-2 日本製造業在美國的DI值與佔實質GDP成長比……………………..109
圖5-3 日本海外企業受金融海嘯影響程度之產業別…………………………..111
圖5-4 世界各區受金融海嘯影響之顯示圖……………………………………..112
表5-5 日本對外FDI地區與國別統計表…….………………………………….114
圖5-6 世界各區與主要國家經濟發展預測圖…………………………………..117
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dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0922530141en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 海外直接投資zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 兼併zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 跨國公司zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 比較利益zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 貿易與投資的替代效應zh_TW
dc.title (題名) 日本海外直接投資之研究-以1994年至2007年為例-zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Studies on Japanese foreign direct investment:1994~2007en_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
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