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題名 國際婦女勞動參與之研究
The Study of International Female Labor Force Participation
作者 蘇孟瑜
Su, Meng Yu
貢獻者 黃仁德
Hwang, Jen Te
蘇孟瑜
Su, Meng Yu
關鍵詞 婦女勞動參與
Female Labor Force Participation
日期 2007
上傳時間 9-四月-2010 18:22:39 (UTC+8)
摘要 In tandem with the economic development in Taiwan, female participation in the labor market has been growing. In 1980, female labor force participation rate in Taiwan was only 39.25% but it increased about 10 percentage points in the following 27 years, rising to 49.44% in 2007. Compared with advanced countries in the OECD, female labor force participation in Taiwan still has a long way to go.
This research draws on past patterns in Taiwan and OECD member countries to understand the development of international female labor force participation. The purposes of this study are to understand the trend of female labor force participation in OECD countries and in Taiwan, and to know the impact of the new economy and atypical work on female labor force participation.
From this study, it is obvious that internationally female labor force participation has grown from 1980 to 2006. By age groups, it indicates that the highest female labor force participation rate in OECD countries was in the age group of 40-44 while in Taiwan it was in the age group of 25-29. By the level of educational attainment, it brings out that education has improved female labor force participation since the highest female labor force participation rates were in the group of tertiary education in OECD countries, as well as in Taiwan. By sector and occupation, the statistics show that more and more females are employed in the service sector, working as service workers and sales workers. Moreover, the knowledge-based economy and the atypical jobs have lowered the entry barriers of labor market for females and have improved female labor force participation.
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Bielby, W. T. (1991), “The Structure and Process of Sex Segregation,” in R. Cornwall, R. Wunnava, and V. Phanindra, eds., New Approaches to Economic and Social Analyses of Discrimination (London: Greenwood Pager), pp. 97-112.
Bielenski, H., G. Bosch, and A. Wagner (2002), Working Time Preferences in Sixteen European Countries. Dublin: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
Bollé, P. (1997), “Part-time Work: Solution or Trap,” International Labour Review, available at http://www.ilo.org/public/english/support/publ/revue/articles/97-4.htm (Accessed 20 May 2008).
Chang, C. C. and C. Y. Chen (2006), “The Analysis on Dispatched Work, and the Role and Function of User Enterprises,” Seminar of Conversation on Theorems and Practices of Dispatched Work, available at http://www.cla.gov.tw (Accessed 28 March, 2008). (In Chinese)
Chang, C. H. (1992), Psychology. Taipei: Tung-Hua. (In Chinese)
Chang, K. L. (2001), “The Explorative Research About the Cross-National Employment and HR Practice of Employee Dispatching Industry in Taiwan—Use the Local Dispatching Industries as Study Cases,” Master Thesis for Graduate Institute of Human Resource Management, National Sun Yet-Sen University. (In Chinese)
Chang, T. X. (1980), “The Influence of Marriage, Giving a Birth, and the Number of Children on the Labor Supply of Married Females,” Taiwan Economic Review, 9, pp. 167-223. (In Chinese)
Chen, C. Y. (2002), “The Change of Industrial Structure and Running Business Policy for Females,” National Policy Foundation Research Report, available at http://old.npf.org.tw/PUBLICATION/SS/091/SS-R-091-010.htm (Accessed 8 March, 2008). (In Chinese)
Chen, C. Y. (2005), “The Development of Dispatched Work in Taiwan and Its Meaning to Employment Relationship and Labor Policy,” National Policy Foundation Research Report, available at http://www.npf.org.tw (Accessed 8 March, 2008). (In Chinese)
Chen, H. H. and M. C. Liu (2001), “The Challenge from Knowledge-based Economy to the Development Policy of Taiwan’s Industries,” National Policy Foundation Research Report, available at http://www.npf.org.tw/print-536.html (Accessed 9 May, 2008). (In Chinese)
Chen M., J. Vanek, F. Lund, J. Heintz, R. Jhabvala, and C. Bonner (2005), Progress of the World’s Women 2005: Women, Work, and Poverty. New York: United Nations Development Fund for Women.
Chen, Y. H. (1992), “Female Labor Force Participation Patterns in Taiwan,” Master Thesis for Department of Agricultural Extension, National Taiwan University. (In Chinese)
Chien, W. Y. (1997), “The Analysis of the Employment pattern of Married women in Taiwan,” Master Thesis for Department of Sociology, National Taiwan University. (In Chinese)
Chien, W. Y. and C. T. Hsueh (1996), “Employment Pattern and Influential Factors of Married Women in Taiwan,” Journal of Population Studies, 17, pp. 113-134. (In Chinese)
Chu, L. C. (2001), “Additional Worker Effect in Taiwan: 1992-2001,” Master Thesis for Department of Public Finance, National Chengchi University. (In Chinese)
Corral, A. and I. Isusi (2004), Part-time Work in Europe. Dublin: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
Cotton, J. L. (1989), “The Declining Relative Economic Status of Black Families,” Review of Black Political Economy, 18, pp. 75-85.
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Dai, Z. T. (1978), “A Study on Married Employees in Gu-Ting Distinction and Song-Shan Distinction of Taipei,” Thesis for Department of Sociology, National Taiwan University. (In Chinese)
Desai, S. and L. J. Waite (1991), “Women Employment during Pregnancy and after the First Birth: Occupational Characteristics and Work Commitment,” American Sociology Review, 56, pp. 551-556.
Ehrenberg, R. G. and R. S. Smith (1997), Modern Labor Economics: Theory and Public Policy. Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley.
Fagan, C. (2003), Working-time Preferences and Work-life Balance in the EU: Some Policy Considerations for Enhancing the Quality of Life. Dublin: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
Friedman, M. (1957), A Theory of the Consumption Function. NJ: Princeton University Press.
Glick, P. C. (1947), “The Family Life Cycle,” American Sociological Review, 12:2, pp.164-174.
Hsu, Y. C. and J. T. Hwang (1993), The Study on Taiwan Female Labor Participation Rate. Taipei: Council of Labor Affairs. (In Chinese)
Japan Institute of Labour (2002), Japan Labour Bulletin, available at http://www.jil.go.jp/index.htm (Accessed June 16, 2008).
Jaumotte, F. (2003a), “Labour Force Participation of Women: Empirical Evidence on the Role of Policy and Other Determinants in OECD Countries,” OECD Economic Studies, No. 37, available at http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/12/39/34562935.pdf (Accessed 30 April, 2007).
Jaumotte, F. (2003b), Female Labor Force Participation: Past Trends and Main Determinants in OECD Countries, Economics Department Working Papers No. 376, available at http://www.oecd.org/eco (Accessed 30 May, 2008).
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Li, S.Y. (1996), “Empirical Evidences on the Relation of Labor Force Withdrawals and Women’s Wages,” Master Thesis for Department of Economics, National Tsing Hua University. (In Chinese)
Li, T. C. and C. L. Yang (2004), “Transitional Patterns of Female Labor Force Participation in Taiwan,” Journal of Population Studies, 28, pp. 109-134. (In Chinese)
Lin, F. M. and K. G. Hsu (2001), “The Influence of Knowledge-based Economy on the Labor Market,” National Policy Foundation Research Report, available at http://old.npf.org.tw/PUBLICATION/SS/090/SS-R-090-012.htm, (Accessed 8 March, 2008). (In Chinese)
Lin, Y. C. (2004), “A Study on the Economic Safety and Security of Taiwanese Female Labors under the New Economy: Use Retirement Pension System as a Study Case,” Master Thesis for Graduate Institute of Social Welfare, National Chungcheng University. (In Chinese)
Lin, Y. L. (2006), “Comparative Study of Temporary Help Service Management,” Master Thesis for Graduate Institute of Human Resource Management, National Sun Yet-Sen University. (In Chinese)
Liu, K. C. and A.C. Dong (2001), “Knowledge Capitalism: New Challenge for Taiwan,” in C. Li, ed., The Myth and Reflection of the Knowledge-based Economy (Taipei: Common Wealth), pp. 19-47. (In Chinese)
Liu, M. C. (1992), “The Analysis and Research on the Inferior Use of Female Human Resources in Taiwan: Review and Policy Development,” Bulletin of Labor Research, 2, pp. 107-133. (In Chinese)
Liu, Y. L. (2002), “Family Life Cycle in Taiwan,” Thesis for Department of Sociology, National Chung Cheng University. (In Chinese)
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Lommis, C. P. and C. H. Hamilton (1936), “Family Life Cycle Analysis,” Social Forces, 15, pp. 225-231.
Lu, Y. H. (1981), “Women’s Attitudes toward Career Role and Family Role under the Movement of Taiwanese Society,” Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnology, 50, pp. 25-66. (In Chinese)
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Lu, Y. H. (1993), “Sex-role Attitudes and the Employment of Married Women—A Detroit Area Study,” Journal of Women and Gender Studies, 4, pp. 137-174. (In Chinese)
McConnell, C. R. and S. L. Brue (1995), Contemporary Labor Economics. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
McLaughlin, S. D. (1982), “Differential Patterns of Female Labor Force Participation Surrounding the First Birth,” Journal of Marriage and the Family, 44, pp. 407-420.
Mincer, J. (1962), “Labor Force Participation of Married Women: A Study of Labor Supply,” in H. G. Lewis ed., Aspects of Labor Economics (NJ: Princeton University Press), pp. 63-97.
Mincer, J. and S. Polachek (1974), “Family Investments in Human Capital: Earnings of Women,” Journal of Political Economy, 82, pp. S76-S108.
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Sennett, R. (1998), The Corrosion of Character: the Personal Consequences of Work in the New Capitalism. NY: Norton.
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
臺灣研究英語碩士學程
93924010
96
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0093924010
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 黃仁德zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Hwang, Jen Teen_US
dc.contributor.author (作者) 蘇孟瑜zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) Su, Meng Yuen_US
dc.creator (作者) 蘇孟瑜zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Su, Meng Yuen_US
dc.date (日期) 2007en_US
dc.date.accessioned 9-四月-2010 18:22:39 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 9-四月-2010 18:22:39 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 9-四月-2010 18:22:39 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0093924010en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/38831-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 臺灣研究英語碩士學程zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 93924010zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 96zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) In tandem with the economic development in Taiwan, female participation in the labor market has been growing. In 1980, female labor force participation rate in Taiwan was only 39.25% but it increased about 10 percentage points in the following 27 years, rising to 49.44% in 2007. Compared with advanced countries in the OECD, female labor force participation in Taiwan still has a long way to go.
This research draws on past patterns in Taiwan and OECD member countries to understand the development of international female labor force participation. The purposes of this study are to understand the trend of female labor force participation in OECD countries and in Taiwan, and to know the impact of the new economy and atypical work on female labor force participation.
From this study, it is obvious that internationally female labor force participation has grown from 1980 to 2006. By age groups, it indicates that the highest female labor force participation rate in OECD countries was in the age group of 40-44 while in Taiwan it was in the age group of 25-29. By the level of educational attainment, it brings out that education has improved female labor force participation since the highest female labor force participation rates were in the group of tertiary education in OECD countries, as well as in Taiwan. By sector and occupation, the statistics show that more and more females are employed in the service sector, working as service workers and sales workers. Moreover, the knowledge-based economy and the atypical jobs have lowered the entry barriers of labor market for females and have improved female labor force participation.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 The Motive and Purpose of the Study 1
1.2 The Major Issue and the Background 2
1.3 Research Framework 5
1.4 Research Methods and Procedures 5
Chapter 2 Literature Review 7
2.1 Personal Factors 7
2.1.1 Work Motivation Theory 7
2.1.2 Human Capital and Opportunity Cost Theory 8
2.2 Family Factors 10
2.2.1 Theory of the Allocation of Time 11
2.2.2 Family Life Cycle Theory 11
2.3 Social Factors 13
2.4 Economic Factors 15
2.4.1 Additional worker Effect 15
2.4.2 Discouraged-worker Effect 17
2.5 Summary 18
Chapter 3 The Trend of Female Labor Force Participation in OECD Countries 20
3.1 Female Labor Force Participation 20
3.1.1 Female Labor Force Participation Rate by Age Group 23
3.1.2 Female Labor Force Participation Rate by Level of Educational Attainment 27
3.2 Female Employment 30
3.2.1 Female Employment by Sector 32
3.2.2 Female Employment by Occupation 33
3.3 Female Unemployment 35
3.3.1 Female Unemployment Rate by Age Group 36
3.3.2 Female Unemployment Rate by Level of Educational Attainment 39
3.4 Summary 43
Chapter 4 The Trend of Female Labor Force Participation in Taiwan 45
4.1 Female Labor Force Participation 45
4.1.1 Female Labor Force Participation Rate by Age Group………….......... 48
4.1.2 Female Labor Force Participation Rate by Level of Educational Attainment 52
4.1.3 Female Labor Force Participation Rate by Marital Status 54
4.2 Female Employment 56
4.2.1 Female Employment by Age Group 57
4.2.2 Female Employment by Sector 59
4.2.3 Female Employment by Occupation 62
4.3 Female Unemployment 66
4.3.1 Female Unemployment Rate by Age Group 68
4.3.2 Female Unemployment Rate by Level of Educational Attainment 68
4.3.3 Female Unemployment by Marital Status 73
4.3.4 Female Unemployment by Reasons 73
4.4 Summary 74
Chapter 5 The Impact of New Economy on Female Labor Force Participation 78
5.1 Knowledge-based Economy and Female Labor Force Participation ……. 78
5.1.1 Knowledge-based Economy 78
5.1.2 The Influence to Female Labor Force Participation 81
5.2 Part-time Work and Female Labor Force Participation 83
5.3 Dispatched Work and Female Labor Force Participation 87
5.3.1 The Development of Dispatched Work 88
5.3.2 The Characteristics of Dispatched Work 90
5.4 Summary 94
Chapter 6 Conclusions and Policy Recommendation 96
6.1 Research Conclusions 96
6.2 Policy Recommendations 100
References 110
Appendix 1: Distribution of Employed Females by Sector in OECD Member Countries—1995-2006…………………………………………………..103
Appendix 2: International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-88) 108




Table List

Table 1-1: Labor Force Participation Rate in Taiwan—1980-2007……..………………4
Table 3-1: Labor Force Population and Labor Force Participation Rate in OECD Countries—1980-2006 21
Table 3-2: Female Labor Force Participation Rate in OECD Countries—1995-2006 24
Table 3-3: Female Labor Force Participation Rate by Age in OECD Countries—1980-2006 ……………………………………………………..27
Table 3-4: Female Labor Force Participation Rate by Level of Educational Attainment in OECD Countries—1991-2005…………………………………………... 28
Table 3-5: Female Employment -to-Population Ratio in OECD Countries— 1980-2006…………………………………………………………………...32
Table 3-6: Male and Female Unemployment Rate in OECD Countries—1980-2006 38
Table 3-7: Female Unemployment Rate by Age in OECD Countries—1980-2006 40
Table 3-8: Male Unemployment Rate by Age in OECD Countries—1980-2006 41
Table 3-9: Female Unemployment Rate by Level of Educational Attainment in OECD Countries—1991-2005 42
Table 4-1: Labor Force Population and Participation Rate in Taiwan—1995-2007 46
Table 4-2: Female Labor Force Participation Rate by Age in Taiwan — 1980-2007 49
Table 4-3: Female Labor Force Participation Rate by Level of Educational Attainment in Taiwan— 1980-2007 53
Table 4-4: Female Labor Force Participation Rate by Marital Status in Taiwan —1980-2007 55
Table 4-5: The Proportion of Female Employment by Age in Taiwan—1980-2007 58
Table 4-6: Female and Male Employment by Sector in Taiwan—1980-2007........….... 62
Table 4-7: The Distribution of Female Employment by Occupation in Taiwan—1980-2007 64
Table 4-8: The Distribution of Male Employment by Occupation in Taiwan— 1980-2007 65
Table 4-9: Unemployment Rate in Taiwan—1980-2007 68
Table 4-10: Female Unemployment Rate by Age in Taiwan— 1980-2007 69
Table 4-11: Female Unemployment Rate by Level of Educational Attainment in Taiwan —1980-2007 72
Table 4-12: Female Unemployment by Reasons in Taiwan—1980-2007 75
Table 5-1: The Percentage of Part-time Worker in Total Employment in Main Countries—2006.........................................................................…………....85

Figures List

Figure 3-1: Labor Force Population in OECD Countries—1980-2006 22
Figure 3-2: Labor Force Participation Rate in OECD Countries—1980-2006 22
Figure 3-3: Female Labor Force Participation Rate by Level of Educational Attainment in OECD Countries—1991-2005 29
Figure 3-4: Male and Female Unemployment Rate in OECD Countries—1980-2006 37
Figure 4-1: Labor Force Populations in Taiwan—1995-2007 47
Figure 4-2: Labor Force Participation Rate in Taiwan—1995-2007 47
Figure 4-3: Female Labor Force Participation Rate by Age Group in Taiwan 50
Figure 4-4: Female Labor Force Participation Rate by Age in OECD Area and in Taiwan in 2006 51
Figure 4-5: The Proportion of Female Employment by Age Groups in Taiwan 59
Figure 4-6: Female Unemployment Rate by Level of Educational Attainment in Taiwan 70
Figure 5-1: The Population of Temporary Agency Worker in Japan 89		zh_TW
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dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0093924010en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 婦女勞動參與zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Female Labor Force Participationen_US
dc.title (題名) 國際婦女勞動參與之研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Study of International Female Labor Force Participationen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Becker, G. S. (1964), Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bielby, W. T. (1991), “The Structure and Process of Sex Segregation,” in R. Cornwall, R. Wunnava, and V. Phanindra, eds., New Approaches to Economic and Social Analyses of Discrimination (London: Greenwood Pager), pp. 97-112.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bielenski, H., G. Bosch, and A. Wagner (2002), Working Time Preferences in Sixteen European Countries. Dublin: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bollé, P. (1997), “Part-time Work: Solution or Trap,” International Labour Review, available at http://www.ilo.org/public/english/support/publ/revue/articles/97-4.htm (Accessed 20 May 2008).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chang, C. C. and C. Y. Chen (2006), “The Analysis on Dispatched Work, and the Role and Function of User Enterprises,” Seminar of Conversation on Theorems and Practices of Dispatched Work, available at http://www.cla.gov.tw (Accessed 28 March, 2008). (In Chinese)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chang, C. H. (1992), Psychology. Taipei: Tung-Hua. (In Chinese)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chang, K. L. (2001), “The Explorative Research About the Cross-National Employment and HR Practice of Employee Dispatching Industry in Taiwan—Use the Local Dispatching Industries as Study Cases,” Master Thesis for Graduate Institute of Human Resource Management, National Sun Yet-Sen University. (In Chinese)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chang, T. X. (1980), “The Influence of Marriage, Giving a Birth, and the Number of Children on the Labor Supply of Married Females,” Taiwan Economic Review, 9, pp. 167-223. (In Chinese)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chen, C. Y. (2002), “The Change of Industrial Structure and Running Business Policy for Females,” National Policy Foundation Research Report, available at http://old.npf.org.tw/PUBLICATION/SS/091/SS-R-091-010.htm (Accessed 8 March, 2008). (In Chinese)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chen, C. Y. (2005), “The Development of Dispatched Work in Taiwan and Its Meaning to Employment Relationship and Labor Policy,” National Policy Foundation Research Report, available at http://www.npf.org.tw (Accessed 8 March, 2008). (In Chinese)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chen, H. H. and M. C. Liu (2001), “The Challenge from Knowledge-based Economy to the Development Policy of Taiwan’s Industries,” National Policy Foundation Research Report, available at http://www.npf.org.tw/print-536.html (Accessed 9 May, 2008). (In Chinese)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chen M., J. Vanek, F. Lund, J. Heintz, R. Jhabvala, and C. Bonner (2005), Progress of the World’s Women 2005: Women, Work, and Poverty. New York: United Nations Development Fund for Women.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chen, Y. H. (1992), “Female Labor Force Participation Patterns in Taiwan,” Master Thesis for Department of Agricultural Extension, National Taiwan University. (In Chinese)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chien, W. Y. (1997), “The Analysis of the Employment pattern of Married women in Taiwan,” Master Thesis for Department of Sociology, National Taiwan University. (In Chinese)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chien, W. Y. and C. T. Hsueh (1996), “Employment Pattern and Influential Factors of Married Women in Taiwan,” Journal of Population Studies, 17, pp. 113-134. (In Chinese)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chu, L. C. (2001), “Additional Worker Effect in Taiwan: 1992-2001,” Master Thesis for Department of Public Finance, National Chengchi University. (In Chinese)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Corral, A. and I. Isusi (2004), Part-time Work in Europe. Dublin: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cotton, J. L. (1989), “The Declining Relative Economic Status of Black Families,” Review of Black Political Economy, 18, pp. 75-85.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Council for Economic Planning and Development (2001), A Plan to Develop Knowledge-based Economy in Taiwan, available at http://www.cepd.org.tw (Accessed 8 March, 2008). (In Chinese)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Council of Labor Affairs (2006), The Brief Introduction on How the Enterprises and Institutions Use Dispatched Workers, available at http://www.cla.gov.tw (Accessed June 16, 2008). (In Chinese)zh_TW
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