1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. 學術產出
  3. 社會科學學院
  4. 學位論文
  5. Item

學術產出-學位論文

文章檢視/開啟

書目匯出

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

引文資訊

TAIR相關學術產出

題名 台灣生育政策之研究
The Study of Fertility Policy in Taiwan
作者 易雅如
Yi, Ya Ju
貢獻者 黃仁德
Hwang, Jen Te
易雅如
Yi, Ya Ju
關鍵詞 生育政策
總生育率
Fertility policy
Total fertility rate
日期 2007
上傳時間 9-四月-2010 18:24:42 (UTC+8)
摘要 這篇論文的目的在理論的探討及生育政策的轉變的基礎之下，了解文化、社會、經濟和生育之間的關係、台灣政府在生育方面的政策所扮演的角色及這些政策對台灣人口所造成的影響。由法國、德國、英國、美國及日本的經驗，我們可以知道生育政策在人口變遷扮演了一個非重要的角色，而這些成功或失敗的政策可成為政府將來制定相關政策時的參考。
The purpose of this master thesis “The Study of Fertility Policy in Taiwan” is to examine the relation between culture, society, economy and fertility based upon theories and to introduce the transition of fertility policy, the role of the Taiwan government in influencing and regulating childbearing and assess the demographic impacts of population. Based on the experience of France, Germany, United Kingdom, United States and Japan, fertility policies play an important role in demographic transition and may provide a window into Taiwan’s future development.
This study finds that low fertility is a widespread phenomenon in Taiwan and is expected to continue in the foreseeable future. Government policies, as in the cases of France and The United States, are effective in combating low fertility. France is a pioneer in providing financial rewards and services to families and children while minorities and immigration have contributed to increased fertility rates in United States. Without national subsidies and affordable childcare, Taiwan’s fertility policies have failed to maintain a replacement rate since 1983.
Judging from policies and practices in advanced countries, Taiwan’s governments should foster a supportive working environment for women and families when they are having or raising children. Specifically, whether Taiwan’s birth rate can be pushed up will depend on measures that offer flexible work schedules, better subsidies for maternity leave, and affordable, high-quality day-care services for career women. Meanwhile, the government should also modulate the education system and redistribute education resources, re-evaluate the relationship between population and sustainable development, better utilize the ageing labor force and strengthen lifelong-learning for older workers.
參考文獻 Abeykoon, A. T. P. L. (1995), “Sex Preference in South Asia: Sri Lanka an Outlier,” Asia-Pacific Population Journal, 10, pp. 5-16.
Abrahamson, P. (1999), The Male Bread-winner Model under Change: The Case of Germany Towards the 21st Century. Denmark: Roskilde University.
Akin, S. N. (2008), “Immigration, Fiscal Policy, and Welfare: Evidence from Germany,” unpublished, http://moya.bus.miami.edu/%7Enakin/Immigration_Policy.pdf.
Assous, L. (2002), “Family Advantages in the Pension Plans of the Fifteen Member States of the European Union,” Fiche No. 5, Direction of the Forecast, Ministry of the Economy, Finances and Industry, Paris. (In French)
Atoh, M. (2005), “Low Fertility and Family Policy,” in H. O Fuchi and M. Atoh, eds., Policy Study of Low Fertility (Tokyo: Harashobo), pp. 33-58. (In Japanese)
Axinn, W. G. and J. S. Barber (2001), “Mass Education and Fertility Transition,” American Sociological Review, 66:4, pp. 481-505.
Barnes, M. and M. Willits (2004), “Families and Children in Britain: Findings from the 2002 Families and Children Study,” UK Department of Work and Pensions, http://www.dwp.gov.uk/asd/asd5/rports2003-2004/rrep206.asp.
Barro, R. and G. Becker (1989), “Fertility Choice in A Model of Economic Growth,” Econometrica, 57:2, pp. 481-501.
Basu, A. M. (2003), “On the Prospects for Endless Fertility Decline in South Asia,” Population Bulletin of the United Nations, pp. 554-561.
Becker, G. S. (1965), “A Theory of the Allocation of Time,” Economic Journal, 75, pp. 493-517.
Becker, G. S. (1991), A Treatise on the Family. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Bien, W. (2002), “The Situation of Families in Germany 2000-2001,” European Observatory on the Social Situation, Demography and Family. http://www.oif.ac.at/archiv/pdf/gm_01_germany_bien_en.pdf.
Boldrin, M. B. M. and L. E. Jones (2002), “Mortality, Fertility and Saving in Malthusian Economy,” Review of Economic Dynamics, 5:4, pp. 775-814.
Boldrin, M. B. M., M. Nardi and L. E. Jones (2005), “Fertility and Social Security,” NBER Working Paper, No. 11146.
Bradbury, B. and M. Jantii (1999), Child Poverty across Industrialized Nations. Florence, Italy: UNICEF.
Bradshaw, J. and N. Finch (2002), “A Comparison of Child Benefit Packages in 22 Countries,” Department for Work and Pensions Research Report, No. 174.
Butz, W. P. and M. P. Ward (1977), The Emergence of Counter-cyclical U.S. Fertility. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation.
Caldwell, J. C. (1982), The Theory of Fertility Decline. New York: Academic Press.
Caldwell, J. C. (1999), “The Delayed Western Fertility Decline in English-speaking Countries,” Population and Development Review, 25:3, pp. 479-513.
Caldwell, J. C. and P. Caldwell (1997), “What Do We Now Know About Fertility Transition?” in W. J. Gavin, R. M. Douglas, J. C. Caldwell and R. M. D’Souza, eds., The Continuing Demographic Transition (Oxford: Clarendon Press), pp. 15-25.
Castles, F. (1993), Families of Nations: Patterns of Public Policy in Western Democracies. Brookfield: Dartmouth Publishing Company.
Ceridwen, R. (2002), “The Situation of Families in the UK, 1997-2002,” European Observatory on Family Matters.
Chang, M. C. (2003), “Demographic Transition in Taiwan,” Journal of Population and Social Security, 1, pp. S611-S628.
Chen, W. H. and M. Corak (2005), Child Poverty and Changes in Child Poverty in Rich Countries since 1990. Florence, Italy: UNICEF.
Cheng, T. S. and W. L. Guan (1977), Population Policy and Family Planning. Taipei: Executive Yuan. (In Chinese)
Chiang, K. S. (1953), On Nurture and Recreation—to Continue and Complete the Late Dr. Sun Yat-Sen’s Discourse on the Principle of People’s Livelihood. Taipei: Executive Yuan. (In Chinese)
Committee on Population Policy (2000), A Collection of Materials on Population Policy. Taipei: Ministry of the Interior. (In Chinese)
D’Addio, A. C. and M. Mira d’Ercole (2005), “Trends and Determinants of Fertility Rates in OECD Countries: The Role of Policies,” OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 27.
Easterlin, R. A. (1975), “An Economic Framework for Fertility Analysis,” Studies in Family Planning, 6, pp. 54-63.
Easterlin, R. A. (1980), Birth and Fortune, The Impact of Numbers on Personal Welfare. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Ehrlich, P. R. and A. H. Ehrlich (1996), Betrayal of Science and Reason: How Anti-Environmental Rhetoric Threatens Our Future. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
Ehrlich, P. R. and A. H. Ehrlich (2004), One with Nineveh: Politics, Consumption and the Human Future. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
Fagley, R. H. (1960), The Population Explosion and Christian Responsibility. New York: Oxford University Press.
Fagnani, J. (2000), “Parental Leave in France,” in P. Moss and F. Deven, eds., Parental Leave in Europe: Progress or Pitfalls? Research and Policy Issues in Europe (Bruxelles: NIDI/CBGS Publications), pp. 69-84.
Family Policy Studies Centre (2000), Family Change: Guide to the Issues, Issue Brief 12. London: Author.
Fei, X. (1999), Rural China, Reproduction System. Beijing: Peking University Press. (In Chinese)
Fernández, R. and A. Fogli (2005a), “Culture: An Empirical Investigation of Beliefs, Work, and Fertility,” NBER Working Paper, No. 11268.
Fernández, R. and A. Fogli (2005b), “Fertility: The Role of Culture and Family Experience,” Journal of the European Economic Association, 4:2, pp. 552-561.
Freedman, R. and J. Y. Takeshita (1969), Family Planning in Taiwan: An Experiment in Social Change. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Freedman, R., M. C. Chang and T. H. Sun (1994), “Taiwan’s Transition from High Fertility to Below-replacement Levels,” Studies in Family Planning, 25:6, pp. 317-331.
Gauthier, A. H. and J. Hatzius (1997), “Family Benefits and Fertility: An Econometric Analysis,” Population Studies, 51, pp. 295-346.
HM-Treasury (1999), “Supporting Children through the Tax and Benefit System,” Tax and Benefit Modernization Series, HM-Treasury, London, No. 5.
Hoeffer, M., R. Rytina and C. Campbell (2007), “Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: January 2006,” Office of Immigration Statistics, Policy Directorate, Department of Homeland Security, http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics/publications/ill_pe_2006.pdf.
Hoffmann-Nowotny, H. J. (1987), “The Future of the Family,” in European Population Conference in 1987 (Helsinki: Central Statistical Office of Finland), pp. 113-200.
Hoffmann-Nowotny, H. J. and B. Fux (2001), “Sociological analysis,” Council of Europe Publishing, 35, pp. 19-45.
Honda, S. (2000), “The Impact of Education, Income, and Mortality on Fertility in Jamaica,” World Development, 28, pp. 173-186. http://www.oif.ac.at/archiv/pdf/gm_02_uk_roberts_en.pdf.
Huang, J. T. (2002), “Personal Tax Exemption: The Effect on Fertility in Taiwan,” Developing Economies, 40:1, pp. 32-48.
Hugo, G. (1998), “The Demographic Underpinnings of Current and Future International Migration in Asia,” Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 7:1, pp. 1-25.
Jennings, G. H. (1970), “Cultural Factors Affecting Human Fertility,” Journal of The American Scientific Affiliation, 22, pp. 52-59.
Kamerman, S. B. (1998), Early Childhood Education and Care: An Overview of Developments in the OECD Countries. Paris: OECD.
Keng, S. H. and S. J. Sheu (2008), “Can The Education Subsidy Reverse Falling Fertility in Taiwan,” Western Economic Association International, 83rd Annual Conference Preliminary Program, Sheraton Waikiki, Hawaii, June 29–July 3, 2008.
Kim, D. S. (2005), “Theoretical Explanations of Rapid Fertility Decline in Korea,” Japanese Journal of Population, 3:1, pp. 2-25.
Kreyenfeld, M. (2002), “Crisis or Adaptation Reconsidered: A comparison of East and West German Fertility in the First Six Years after the ‘Wende’,” MPIDR Working Paper, No. 2002-032.
Lesthaeghe, R. and J. Surkyn (2002), “New Forms of Household Formation in Central and Eastern Europe: Are They Related to Newly Emerging Value Orientations?” IPD Working Paper, NO. 2002-2.
Liu, K. C. (1992), “Science, Technology, and Human Capital Formation,” in G. Ranis, ed., Taiwan: From Developing to Mature Economy (Boulder: Yale University Press), pp. 357-394.
Mace, R. (1998), “The Co-evolution of Human Fertility and Wealth Inheritance Strategies,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B-Biological Sciences, 353, pp. 1367– 1389.
Macunovich, D. J. (1995), “The Butz-Ward Fertility Model in the Light of More Recent Data,” Journal of Human Resources, 30, pp. 229-255.
Macunovich, D. J. (1996), “A Review of Recent Developments in the Economics of Fertility,” in P. Menchik, ed., Household and Family Economics (Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers), pp. 91-150.
Macunovich, D. J. (2003), “Economic Theories of Fertility,” in K. Moe, ed., Economics of Gender and the Family (Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers), pp. 159-179.
Malthus, T. (1978), An Essay on Population. New York: E. P. Dutton.
Martin, J. (1998), “Policy Amiliale and Work of the Mothers: Historical Prospect 1942-1982,” Population, 6, pp. 119-1154.
Meadows, D. H., J. Randers and D. L. Meadows (2004), Limits to Growth: The 30-year Update. Vermont: Chelsea Green.
Mincer, J. (1963), “Market Prices, Opportunity Costs, and Income Effects,” Measurement in Economics. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
MISSOC (2002), Social Situation of the Member States of the European Union. Luxembourg: European Commission.
Moore, T. W. (1998), “Fertility in China 1982–1990: Gender Equality as a Complement to Wealth Flows Theory,” Population Research and Policy Review, 17, pp. 197–222.
National Institute of Population and Social Security Research (NIPSSR) (2005), Demographic Data. Tokyo: National Institute of Population and Social Security Research.
Nerlove, M. and T. P. Schultz (1970), Love and Life between the Censuses: A model of Family Decision-Making in Puerto Rico. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation.
Notestein, F. W. (1945), Food for the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Notestein, F. W. (1953), “Economic Problems of Population Change,” in The Eighth International Conference of Agricultural Economists (London: Oxford University Press), pp. 13-31.
OECD (2001), Starting Strong－Early Childhood Education and Care. Paris: Author.
OECD (2007), OECD in Figures. Paris: Author.
Olsen, R. J. (1994), “Fertility and the Size of the U.S. Labor Force,” Journal of Economic Literature, 32, pp. 60-100.
Rainwater, L. and T. Smeeding (2003), Poor Kids in a Rich Country. New York: Russell Sage.
Roberts, C. (1999), European Family Observer. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Schultz, T. P. (1973), “A Preliminary Survey of Economic Analyses of Fertility,” American Economic Review, 63, pp. 71-87.
Shah, M. (2005), “Son Preference and Its Consequences,” Gender and Behavior, 3, pp. 269-280.
Sheng, Y. K. (2004), “Youth and Urban Conflict in Southeast Asian Cities,” in L. M. Hanley, B. A. Ruble and J. S. Tulchin, eds., Youth Poverty, and Conflict in Southeast Asian Cities (Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press), pp. 37-54.
Srikantan, K. S. (1982), “Threshold Hypothesis,” International Encyclopedia of Population, 1, pp. 266-268,
Sun, T. H. (2001), “The Impacts of a Family Planning Program on Contraceptive/Fertility Behavior in Taiwan,” Journal of Population Studies, 23, pp. 49-92. (In Chinese)
Sun, T. H., C. N. Chen and T. M. Lee (2001), “The Transition of and Lessons from Taiwan’s Family Planning Program,” Taiwan Economic Forecast and Policy, 32:2, pp. 25-76. (In Chinese)
Sun, Y. S. (1924), The Three Principles of the People. Taipei: China Publishing Company. (In Chinese)
Suzuki, T. (2006), “Fertility Decline and Policy Development in Japan,” Japanese Journal of Population, 4:1, pp. 1-32.
Taiwan Provincial Institute of Family Planning (1998), Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice of Contraception in Taiwan: Eighth Province-Wide Fertility Survey. Taichung, Taiwan: Taiwan Provincial Institute of Family Planning.
Trzcinski, E. (2000), “Family Policy in Germany: A Feminist Dilemma?” Feminist Economics, 6:1, pp. 21-44
U.S. House of Representatives (2004), The Green Book. Washington, D.C.: GPO.
United Nations Children’s Fund Innocenti Research Centre (2000), A League Table of Child Poverty in Rich Nations. Florence, Italy: UNICEF.
Willis, R. J. (1973), “A New Approach to the Economic Theory of Fertility,” Journal of Political Economy, 81, pp. S14-S64.
Yadava, K. N. S. and S. S. Yadava (1999), “Women’s Status and Fertility in Rural India,” History of the Family, 4:2, pp. 209–228.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
臺灣研究英語碩士學程
94924010
96
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094924010
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 黃仁德zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Hwang, Jen Teen_US
dc.contributor.author (作者) 易雅如zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) Yi, Ya Juen_US
dc.creator (作者) 易雅如zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Yi, Ya Juen_US
dc.date (日期) 2007en_US
dc.date.accessioned 9-四月-2010 18:24:42 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 9-四月-2010 18:24:42 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 9-四月-2010 18:24:42 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0094924010en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/38832-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 臺灣研究英語碩士學程zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 94924010zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 96zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 這篇論文的目的在理論的探討及生育政策的轉變的基礎之下，了解文化、社會、經濟和生育之間的關係、台灣政府在生育方面的政策所扮演的角色及這些政策對台灣人口所造成的影響。由法國、德國、英國、美國及日本的經驗，我們可以知道生育政策在人口變遷扮演了一個非重要的角色，而這些成功或失敗的政策可成為政府將來制定相關政策時的參考。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The purpose of this master thesis “The Study of Fertility Policy in Taiwan” is to examine the relation between culture, society, economy and fertility based upon theories and to introduce the transition of fertility policy, the role of the Taiwan government in influencing and regulating childbearing and assess the demographic impacts of population. Based on the experience of France, Germany, United Kingdom, United States and Japan, fertility policies play an important role in demographic transition and may provide a window into Taiwan’s future development.
This study finds that low fertility is a widespread phenomenon in Taiwan and is expected to continue in the foreseeable future. Government policies, as in the cases of France and The United States, are effective in combating low fertility. France is a pioneer in providing financial rewards and services to families and children while minorities and immigration have contributed to increased fertility rates in United States. Without national subsidies and affordable childcare, Taiwan’s fertility policies have failed to maintain a replacement rate since 1983.
Judging from policies and practices in advanced countries, Taiwan’s governments should foster a supportive working environment for women and families when they are having or raising children. Specifically, whether Taiwan’s birth rate can be pushed up will depend on measures that offer flexible work schedules, better subsidies for maternity leave, and affordable, high-quality day-care services for career women. Meanwhile, the government should also modulate the education system and redistribute education resources, re-evaluate the relationship between population and sustainable development, better utilize the ageing labor force and strengthen lifelong-learning for older workers.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Chapter 1 Introduction...................................1
1.1 Background............................................1
1.2 Motives...............................................1
1.3 Purposes..............................................2
1.4 Research Method and Expected Results..................3

Chapter 2 The Determinant Factors of Fertility...........4
2.1 The Cultural Factors and Fertility....................4
2.1.1 Religion and Fertility..............................5
2.1.2 Family Tradition and Fertility......................7
2.1.3 Son Preference and Fertility........................8
2.2 The Social Factors and Fertility......................9
2.2.1 Modernization, Globalization and Fertility.........10
2.2.2 Old-age Security and Fertility.....................11
2.2.3 Marital Status and Fertility.......................12
2.2.4 Education and Fertility............................14
2.3 The Economic Factors and Fertility...................15
2.3.1 Malthus and Neo-Malthus............................16
2.3.2 The New Home Economics Model.......................17
2.3.3 The Easterlin Model................................19
2.4 Summary..............................................21

Chapter 3 The Fertility Evolution and Policies in Developed Countries...22
3.1 The Fertility Evolution and Policy in France.........23
3.1.1 Demographic and Social Trends......................25
3.1.2 Fertility Policy...................................26
3.1.3 Measures to Raise Fertility........................28
3.1.4 Effect Evaluation..................................32
3.2 The Fertility Evolution and Policy in Germany........32
3.2.1 Demographic and Social Trends......................34
3.2.2 Fertility Policy...................................38
3.2.3 Measures to Raise Fertility........................40
3.2.4 Effect Evaluation..................................42
3.3 The Fertility Evolution and Policy in United Kingdom 43
3.3.1 Demographic and Social Trends......................44
3.3.2 Fertility Policy...................................46
3.3.3 Measures to Raise Fertility........................48
3.3.4 Effect Evaluation..................................51
3.4 The Fertility Evolution and Policy in United States of America..51
3.4.1 Demographic and Social Trends......................52
3.4.2 Fertility Policy...................................54
3.4.3 Measures to Raise Fertility........................56
3.4.4 Effect Evaluation..................................59
3.5 The Fertility Evolution and Policy in Japan..........60
3.5.1 Demographic and Social Trends......................60
3.5.2 Fertility Policy...................................62
3.5.3 Measures to Raise Fertility........................64
3.5.4 Effect Evaluation..................................66
3.6 Summary..............................................67

Chapter 4 The Fertility Evolution and Policy in Taiwan 69
4.1 Demographic and Social Trends in Taiwan..............69
4.2 Fertility Policy in Taiwan...........................72
4.3 Measures to Raise Fertility..........................82
4.4 Effect Evaluation....................................84
4.4.1 The Acceptance of Birth Control Methods............85
4.4.2 Changes in Ideal Number of Children and Fertility Rates 87
4.4.3 Improving of the Population Quality................88
4.4.4 Shortage of Labor Forces...........................90
4.4.5 Foreign Brides.....................................90
4.5 Measures Comparison between Developed Countries and Taiwan 92
4.6 Summary..............................................98

Chapter 5 Conclusions and Policy Suggestions...........100
5.1 Research Conclusions................................100
5.2 Policy Recommendations..............................103

Reference...............................................108
Appendix 1: The ROC Population Policy Guideline.........115
Appendix 2: Maternity Allowance for Women in Taiwan.....120
Appendix 3: Fertility Slogans in Taiwan.................121		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 107243 bytes-
dc.format.extent 102887 bytes-
dc.format.extent 64472 bytes-
dc.format.extent 199028 bytes-
dc.format.extent 119402 bytes-
dc.format.extent 161531 bytes-
dc.format.extent 359826 bytes-
dc.format.extent 299499 bytes-
dc.format.extent 132164 bytes-
dc.format.extent 212484 bytes-
dc.format.extent 235340 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094924010en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 生育政策zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 總生育率zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Fertility policyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Total fertility rateen_US
dc.title (題名) 台灣生育政策之研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Study of Fertility Policy in Taiwanen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Abeykoon, A. T. P. L. (1995), “Sex Preference in South Asia: Sri Lanka an Outlier,” Asia-Pacific Population Journal, 10, pp. 5-16.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Abrahamson, P. (1999), The Male Bread-winner Model under Change: The Case of Germany Towards the 21st Century. Denmark: Roskilde University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Akin, S. N. (2008), “Immigration, Fiscal Policy, and Welfare: Evidence from Germany,” unpublished, http://moya.bus.miami.edu/%7Enakin/Immigration_Policy.pdf.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Assous, L. (2002), “Family Advantages in the Pension Plans of the Fifteen Member States of the European Union,” Fiche No. 5, Direction of the Forecast, Ministry of the Economy, Finances and Industry, Paris. (In French)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Atoh, M. (2005), “Low Fertility and Family Policy,” in H. O Fuchi and M. Atoh, eds., Policy Study of Low Fertility (Tokyo: Harashobo), pp. 33-58. (In Japanese)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Axinn, W. G. and J. S. Barber (2001), “Mass Education and Fertility Transition,” American Sociological Review, 66:4, pp. 481-505.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Barnes, M. and M. Willits (2004), “Families and Children in Britain: Findings from the 2002 Families and Children Study,” UK Department of Work and Pensions, http://www.dwp.gov.uk/asd/asd5/rports2003-2004/rrep206.asp.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Barro, R. and G. Becker (1989), “Fertility Choice in A Model of Economic Growth,” Econometrica, 57:2, pp. 481-501.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Basu, A. M. (2003), “On the Prospects for Endless Fertility Decline in South Asia,” Population Bulletin of the United Nations, pp. 554-561.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Becker, G. S. (1965), “A Theory of the Allocation of Time,” Economic Journal, 75, pp. 493-517.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Becker, G. S. (1991), A Treatise on the Family. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bien, W. (2002), “The Situation of Families in Germany 2000-2001,” European Observatory on the Social Situation, Demography and Family. http://www.oif.ac.at/archiv/pdf/gm_01_germany_bien_en.pdf.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Boldrin, M. B. M. and L. E. Jones (2002), “Mortality, Fertility and Saving in Malthusian Economy,” Review of Economic Dynamics, 5:4, pp. 775-814.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Boldrin, M. B. M., M. Nardi and L. E. Jones (2005), “Fertility and Social Security,” NBER Working Paper, No. 11146.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bradbury, B. and M. Jantii (1999), Child Poverty across Industrialized Nations. Florence, Italy: UNICEF.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bradshaw, J. and N. Finch (2002), “A Comparison of Child Benefit Packages in 22 Countries,” Department for Work and Pensions Research Report, No. 174.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Butz, W. P. and M. P. Ward (1977), The Emergence of Counter-cyclical U.S. Fertility. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Caldwell, J. C. (1982), The Theory of Fertility Decline. New York: Academic Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Caldwell, J. C. (1999), “The Delayed Western Fertility Decline in English-speaking Countries,” Population and Development Review, 25:3, pp. 479-513.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Caldwell, J. C. and P. Caldwell (1997), “What Do We Now Know About Fertility Transition?” in W. J. Gavin, R. M. Douglas, J. C. Caldwell and R. M. D’Souza, eds., The Continuing Demographic Transition (Oxford: Clarendon Press), pp. 15-25.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Castles, F. (1993), Families of Nations: Patterns of Public Policy in Western Democracies. Brookfield: Dartmouth Publishing Company.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ceridwen, R. (2002), “The Situation of Families in the UK, 1997-2002,” European Observatory on Family Matters.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chang, M. C. (2003), “Demographic Transition in Taiwan,” Journal of Population and Social Security, 1, pp. S611-S628.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chen, W. H. and M. Corak (2005), Child Poverty and Changes in Child Poverty in Rich Countries since 1990. Florence, Italy: UNICEF.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cheng, T. S. and W. L. Guan (1977), Population Policy and Family Planning. Taipei: Executive Yuan. (In Chinese)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chiang, K. S. (1953), On Nurture and Recreation—to Continue and Complete the Late Dr. Sun Yat-Sen’s Discourse on the Principle of People’s Livelihood. Taipei: Executive Yuan. (In Chinese)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Committee on Population Policy (2000), A Collection of Materials on Population Policy. Taipei: Ministry of the Interior. (In Chinese)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) D’Addio, A. C. and M. Mira d’Ercole (2005), “Trends and Determinants of Fertility Rates in OECD Countries: The Role of Policies,” OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 27.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Easterlin, R. A. (1975), “An Economic Framework for Fertility Analysis,” Studies in Family Planning, 6, pp. 54-63.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Easterlin, R. A. (1980), Birth and Fortune, The Impact of Numbers on Personal Welfare. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ehrlich, P. R. and A. H. Ehrlich (1996), Betrayal of Science and Reason: How Anti-Environmental Rhetoric Threatens Our Future. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ehrlich, P. R. and A. H. Ehrlich (2004), One with Nineveh: Politics, Consumption and the Human Future. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fagley, R. H. (1960), The Population Explosion and Christian Responsibility. New York: Oxford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fagnani, J. (2000), “Parental Leave in France,” in P. Moss and F. Deven, eds., Parental Leave in Europe: Progress or Pitfalls? Research and Policy Issues in Europe (Bruxelles: NIDI/CBGS Publications), pp. 69-84.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Family Policy Studies Centre (2000), Family Change: Guide to the Issues, Issue Brief 12. London: Author.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fei, X. (1999), Rural China, Reproduction System. Beijing: Peking University Press. (In Chinese)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fernández, R. and A. Fogli (2005a), “Culture: An Empirical Investigation of Beliefs, Work, and Fertility,” NBER Working Paper, No. 11268.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fernández, R. and A. Fogli (2005b), “Fertility: The Role of Culture and Family Experience,” Journal of the European Economic Association, 4:2, pp. 552-561.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Freedman, R. and J. Y. Takeshita (1969), Family Planning in Taiwan: An Experiment in Social Change. Princeton: Princeton University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Freedman, R., M. C. Chang and T. H. Sun (1994), “Taiwan’s Transition from High Fertility to Below-replacement Levels,” Studies in Family Planning, 25:6, pp. 317-331.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gauthier, A. H. and J. Hatzius (1997), “Family Benefits and Fertility: An Econometric Analysis,” Population Studies, 51, pp. 295-346.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) HM-Treasury (1999), “Supporting Children through the Tax and Benefit System,” Tax and Benefit Modernization Series, HM-Treasury, London, No. 5.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hoeffer, M., R. Rytina and C. Campbell (2007), “Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: January 2006,” Office of Immigration Statistics, Policy Directorate, Department of Homeland Security, http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics/publications/ill_pe_2006.pdf.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hoffmann-Nowotny, H. J. (1987), “The Future of the Family,” in European Population Conference in 1987 (Helsinki: Central Statistical Office of Finland), pp. 113-200.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hoffmann-Nowotny, H. J. and B. Fux (2001), “Sociological analysis,” Council of Europe Publishing, 35, pp. 19-45.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Honda, S. (2000), “The Impact of Education, Income, and Mortality on Fertility in Jamaica,” World Development, 28, pp. 173-186. http://www.oif.ac.at/archiv/pdf/gm_02_uk_roberts_en.pdf.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huang, J. T. (2002), “Personal Tax Exemption: The Effect on Fertility in Taiwan,” Developing Economies, 40:1, pp. 32-48.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hugo, G. (1998), “The Demographic Underpinnings of Current and Future International Migration in Asia,” Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 7:1, pp. 1-25.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jennings, G. H. (1970), “Cultural Factors Affecting Human Fertility,” Journal of The American Scientific Affiliation, 22, pp. 52-59.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kamerman, S. B. (1998), Early Childhood Education and Care: An Overview of Developments in the OECD Countries. Paris: OECD.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Keng, S. H. and S. J. Sheu (2008), “Can The Education Subsidy Reverse Falling Fertility in Taiwan,” Western Economic Association International, 83rd Annual Conference Preliminary Program, Sheraton Waikiki, Hawaii, June 29–July 3, 2008.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kim, D. S. (2005), “Theoretical Explanations of Rapid Fertility Decline in Korea,” Japanese Journal of Population, 3:1, pp. 2-25.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kreyenfeld, M. (2002), “Crisis or Adaptation Reconsidered: A comparison of East and West German Fertility in the First Six Years after the ‘Wende’,” MPIDR Working Paper, No. 2002-032.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lesthaeghe, R. and J. Surkyn (2002), “New Forms of Household Formation in Central and Eastern Europe: Are They Related to Newly Emerging Value Orientations?” IPD Working Paper, NO. 2002-2.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Liu, K. C. (1992), “Science, Technology, and Human Capital Formation,” in G. Ranis, ed., Taiwan: From Developing to Mature Economy (Boulder: Yale University Press), pp. 357-394.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mace, R. (1998), “The Co-evolution of Human Fertility and Wealth Inheritance Strategies,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B-Biological Sciences, 353, pp. 1367– 1389.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Macunovich, D. J. (1995), “The Butz-Ward Fertility Model in the Light of More Recent Data,” Journal of Human Resources, 30, pp. 229-255.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Macunovich, D. J. (1996), “A Review of Recent Developments in the Economics of Fertility,” in P. Menchik, ed., Household and Family Economics (Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers), pp. 91-150.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Macunovich, D. J. (2003), “Economic Theories of Fertility,” in K. Moe, ed., Economics of Gender and the Family (Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers), pp. 159-179.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Malthus, T. (1978), An Essay on Population. New York: E. P. Dutton.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Martin, J. (1998), “Policy Amiliale and Work of the Mothers: Historical Prospect 1942-1982,” Population, 6, pp. 119-1154.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Meadows, D. H., J. Randers and D. L. Meadows (2004), Limits to Growth: The 30-year Update. Vermont: Chelsea Green.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mincer, J. (1963), “Market Prices, Opportunity Costs, and Income Effects,” Measurement in Economics. Stanford: Stanford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) MISSOC (2002), Social Situation of the Member States of the European Union. Luxembourg: European Commission.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Moore, T. W. (1998), “Fertility in China 1982–1990: Gender Equality as a Complement to Wealth Flows Theory,” Population Research and Policy Review, 17, pp. 197–222.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) National Institute of Population and Social Security Research (NIPSSR) (2005), Demographic Data. Tokyo: National Institute of Population and Social Security Research.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Nerlove, M. and T. P. Schultz (1970), Love and Life between the Censuses: A model of Family Decision-Making in Puerto Rico. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Notestein, F. W. (1945), Food for the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Notestein, F. W. (1953), “Economic Problems of Population Change,” in The Eighth International Conference of Agricultural Economists (London: Oxford University Press), pp. 13-31.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) OECD (2001), Starting Strong－Early Childhood Education and Care. Paris: Author.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) OECD (2007), OECD in Figures. Paris: Author.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Olsen, R. J. (1994), “Fertility and the Size of the U.S. Labor Force,” Journal of Economic Literature, 32, pp. 60-100.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rainwater, L. and T. Smeeding (2003), Poor Kids in a Rich Country. New York: Russell Sage.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Roberts, C. (1999), European Family Observer. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schultz, T. P. (1973), “A Preliminary Survey of Economic Analyses of Fertility,” American Economic Review, 63, pp. 71-87.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Shah, M. (2005), “Son Preference and Its Consequences,” Gender and Behavior, 3, pp. 269-280.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sheng, Y. K. (2004), “Youth and Urban Conflict in Southeast Asian Cities,” in L. M. Hanley, B. A. Ruble and J. S. Tulchin, eds., Youth Poverty, and Conflict in Southeast Asian Cities (Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press), pp. 37-54.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Srikantan, K. S. (1982), “Threshold Hypothesis,” International Encyclopedia of Population, 1, pp. 266-268,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sun, T. H. (2001), “The Impacts of a Family Planning Program on Contraceptive/Fertility Behavior in Taiwan,” Journal of Population Studies, 23, pp. 49-92. (In Chinese)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sun, T. H., C. N. Chen and T. M. Lee (2001), “The Transition of and Lessons from Taiwan’s Family Planning Program,” Taiwan Economic Forecast and Policy, 32:2, pp. 25-76. (In Chinese)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sun, Y. S. (1924), The Three Principles of the People. Taipei: China Publishing Company. (In Chinese)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Suzuki, T. (2006), “Fertility Decline and Policy Development in Japan,” Japanese Journal of Population, 4:1, pp. 1-32.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Taiwan Provincial Institute of Family Planning (1998), Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice of Contraception in Taiwan: Eighth Province-Wide Fertility Survey. Taichung, Taiwan: Taiwan Provincial Institute of Family Planning.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Trzcinski, E. (2000), “Family Policy in Germany: A Feminist Dilemma?” Feminist Economics, 6:1, pp. 21-44zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) U.S. House of Representatives (2004), The Green Book. Washington, D.C.: GPO.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) United Nations Children’s Fund Innocenti Research Centre (2000), A League Table of Child Poverty in Rich Nations. Florence, Italy: UNICEF.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Willis, R. J. (1973), “A New Approach to the Economic Theory of Fertility,” Journal of Political Economy, 81, pp. S14-S64.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Yadava, K. N. S. and S. S. Yadava (1999), “Women’s Status and Fertility in Rural India,” History of the Family, 4:2, pp. 209–228.zh_TW