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題名 電子商務課稅與因應對策之研究-以我國營業稅為例
A study on E-Commerce Tax Issues and recommended proposals—An example of Business Tax in Republic of China
貢獻者 高安邦
陳廣猷
關鍵詞 電子商務
課稅管轄權
課稅概念
稽徵技術
起徵點
延伸式標記語言
E-commerce
Taxing Jurisdiction
Taxing Concept
Collecting technique
Threshold
Extensible Markup Language
摘要   在網際網路應用普及的推波助瀾下,全球經濟一體化已然成為時代之趨勢,造就了網際網路商業交易之盛行。基於電子商務交易之特性與傳統課稅觀念有著重大之差異性,除了對企業營運效率提升與交易成本之降低有助益外,企業更可利用網路無國界等特性,發展出新的逃漏稅方法,此將造成租稅稅基之流失。而我國電子商務交易量隨著時代的巨輪正加速成長中,電子商務之課稅問題,亦正逐一地浮現。
       營業稅是我國的第二大稅,掌握營業稅當可掌握大部分所得稅之基源。本研究係從稅務稽核人員的角度切入,完整探討電子商務的運作內涵,進而瞭解電子商務因其特性所衍生課稅問題徵結之所在。依課稅管轄權、課稅觀念及稽徵技術等三個構面建立研究架構,嘗試在我國現行營業稅法規定下,檢討電子商務跨國線上傳送數位化商品及服務之適用性、衍生之稅收徵管(包含稅收損失之分析)問題,併歸納先進國家及國際組織之各種擬議文獻與實施經驗作為借鏡,據此結合國際共識與稽核實務提出具體建議,供政府因應電子商務發展而即將制定之租稅政策及修改營業稅制之參考,未來在不增加稅務行政成本及納稅人依從成本下,取得完整的交易稽核軌跡,防杜租稅逃漏,期能兼顧網路經濟發展及財政稅收之確保。
  After the rapid development of Internet and that with inciting e-commerce to be widely adopted by the most of business transaction, the Internet offers business opportunities to provide their products and services in a web-server without having a physical presence, which will erode tax revenue bases of a jurisdiction. The volume of E-commerce trade is accelerating in Taiwan. Many noticeable questions of taxing E-commerce will be seen in the near future.
       Business tax is the second revenue of major taxes, collecting it could be holding the sources of income tax. From a view of a tax auditor, this research will explore the operation of E-commerce completely, and understand where the problem is generated by E-commerce. The framework of this study is composed of the taxing jurisdiction, taxing concept and collecting technique. Trying to test E-commerce transmitting digital goods and service on-line, and to test the adequacy of the existing laws and regulations on business tax are the major themes of this work. The suggestions of tax policy will be made according to the reference from the existing literature and the practice from advanced countries and international organizations. Considering the administration and compliance cost in the near future, how can we refrain from tax evasion and expect to increase tax revenue are all important to the development of economic activity through Internet.
參考文獻 壹、中文部分
王金和(2000),電子商務交易課稅問題—法律與實務之研究,高雄,財政部高雄市國稅局。
王志平(2001),電子商務導論,台北,知城數位。
王建針(2000),租稅法,台北,王建針。
王正文(2000),電子商務對銷售稅基的衝擊-以美國加州為例,逢甲大學會計與財稅研究所,碩士論文。
朱青編著(2001),國際稅收,北京,中國人民大學出版社,初版。
李金桐(1995),租稅各論,台北,五南出版社
李瓊琳(2001),「知識經濟時代電子商務交易之課稅政策」,財稅研究,第三十三卷第一期,民國九十年元月,頁181-196。
林其青(2001),電子商務租稅與規劃,台北,互網科技股份有限公司。
林曉娟(2001),電子商務對我國加值稅的衝擊,中原大學會計研究所,碩士論文。
邱榮祥(2002),電子商務課徵加值型營業稅之探析,臺灣大學法律研究所,碩士論文
陸啟東(2000),營業稅理論與實務,台北,稅旬文化,初版。
馬嘉應(2000),「電子商務之交易模式對賦稅影響之探討」,財稅研究,第三十二卷第三期,民國八十九年五月,頁106-111。
───(2000),探討網際網路交易課稅問題,行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告。
張明德、王金和(2000),「我國與美國對電子商務課徵營業稅之比較」,中國稅務旬刊,第一七五一期,民國八十九年五月二十日,頁11-15。
───────,(2000)「我國與美國對電子商務課徵營業稅之比較」,中國稅務旬刊,第一七五二期,民國八十九年五月三十一日,頁13-17。
高安邦、鄭宗典(1989),營業稅問題之研究(二),台北,財政部賦稅改革委員會。
高雄市稅捐處(2000),「電子商務營業稅課徵問題之研究」研討會之會議資料。
郭木興(2001),電子商務理論與技術,台北,碁峰,初版。
陳香梅(2002),建構電子商務合理課稅架構,行政院財政改革委員會,初稿。
馮震宇(2000),「論電子商務之發展與其衍生的租稅問題」,財稅研究,第三十二卷第一期,民國八十九年一月,頁35-66。
稅制會(2001),「電子商務跨國交易加值稅課徵機制之探討」之會議資料。
---(2001),建立電子商務租稅原則及制度,財政部。
單珮玲(2000),「電子商務跨國交易-加值稅課稅機制之探討」,財稅研究,第三十二卷第三期,民國八十九年五月,頁113-123。
景祥祜等(2001),數位化商品與勞務消費稅課稅原則之探討:以數位出版產業為例,2001年海峽兩岸租稅研討會。
----(2002),台灣產業推動電子商務之整合研究-數位化商品交易課稅原則之研究,行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫。
賦稅署(2000),電子發票問題之研究報告,財政部。
歐陽峰(2002),「談電子商務課稅實務」,中國稅務旬刊,第一八三0期,民國九十一年五月二十日,頁12-18。
經濟部商業司(2000),企業再造法規障礙研究報告-電子商務下的營業稅制與課徵方式,經濟部商業司。
──────(2001),電子商務用語,經濟部,第二版。
賈志豪(2000),電子商務與其衍生租稅問題之研究,國立政治大學財政研究所,碩士論文。
齊若蘭(1995),譯者,數位革命,台北,天下文化出版社。
蔣志培主編(2002),網路與電子商務法,北京,法律出版社,2版。
簡錦紅等(2002),「租稅與電子商務」,財稅研究,第三十四卷第二期,民國九十一年三月,頁89-109。
鄭義和(2002),電子商務及相關課稅制度之發展,2002海峽兩岸租稅學術研討會。
薛夙珍(1998),電子商務付款系統之研究,國立交通大學資訊管理研究所,碩士論文。
───(1998),譯者,電子商務經濟學,跨世紀電子商務出版社出版。
譚榮華主編(2001),稅務信息化簡明教程,北京,中國人民大學出版社,初版。
魏文欽、單珮玲(1999),我國因應電子商務發展租稅政策之研究,台北,財政部稅制委員會。
───(2000),「跨國企業電子商務之課稅」,實用稅務,第三0七期,民國八十九年九月,頁47-50。
蘇鈞堅(2000),網路銷售貨物或勞務課稅之研究,台北市稅捐稽徵處。
欒斌、羅凱揚(2001),笑傲E世紀:電子商務與網路行銷,台北,碁峰資訊股份有限公司。
龔仁文編(2001), 2001網際網路應用發展年鑑,台北,經濟部技術處。
貳、英文部分
Abrams, H. E. & Richard, L. D. (1997). “How Electronic Commerence Works”, State Tax notes 13, pp. 121-136
Cline, Robert J., and Thomas S. Neubig.(1999).“The Sky is Not Falling Why State and Local Revenues were Not Signigicantly Impacted by the Inernet in 1998.”Available at(http://www.ecommerceconnission.org/document/Ernst &Young1.pdf)
Commission Propsal for a Council Directive amending Directive 77/338/EEC as regards the value added tax arrangement applicable to certain services supplied by electronic mean, Available at(http://curopa.cu.int/eur-tax/en/com/dat/2000/en-5009c0349_02.htm.)
Electronic Commerce: the challenges to tax authorities and taxpayers [Online]. Available: http://www.oecd.org [2000, Nov 10].
Doernberg, D.(1998). “Electronic Commerce and International Taxation”, Kluwer Law International, N.Y.
Fox, William. F. & Matthew N. Murray.(1997).“The Sales Tax and Electronic Commerce What’s New? ” National Tax Journal 50(3), pp. 573-606.
Goolsbee, A. and Zittrain, J.(1999), "Evaluating the Costs and Benefits of Taxing Internet Commerce, " National Tax Journal, 52(3), pp. 413-428.
Hardesty, David E.(2001). “Sales Tax and Electronic Commerce” California,David E. Hardesty
Hellerstein, W.(1997), “Transaction Taxes and Electronic Commerce Designing State Taxes That Work In An Interstate Environment, National Tax Journal, 50(3), September pp.593-606.
Kalakota, R. & Whinston, A. B.(1996), “Frontiors of Electronic Commerce”, Addison-Wesley, New-York.
───,(1997),“Electronic Commerce: A Managers Guide”, Addison-Wesley, New-York..
Kousiur, D. (1997). Understanding Electronic Commerce. Washington, DC: Microsoft Press.
Mclure, Chrles E., Jr.(1997a). “Electronic Commerce, State Sales Taxation, and Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations”, National Tax Journal, 50(4), December, pp.731-749.
───,(1997b). “Electronic Commerce, State Sales Taxation, and Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations.”, National Tax Journal 50(4), pp. 731- 749.
───,(1997c). “Taxation of Electronic Commerce: Economic Objectives, Technical and Tax Laws.” Tax Law Review 52(3), pp. 269-423.
───,(1999) “Electronic Commerce and State Retail Sales Tax: A Challenge to American Federalism, ” International Tax and Public Finance 6, pp. 193-224.
Meihers, Huub. (1998).“Internet Trade and the Tax Leak: Aquantitative Analysis for the Netherlands.”available at: (http://www.berlecon.de/iew2/papers/ineijers.pdf).
Murray, M. N.(1997),“World Tax Evasion and Tax Avoidance Undermine a National Retail Sales Tax”, National Tax Journal, 50(1), March, pp.167-182.
National Institute of Standards and Technology. (1999). E-Commerce: The Future is Now. Washington, DC, National Institute of Standards and Technology: Author. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (1997a, Feb).
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (1997b, Aug). Model tax convention on income and on capital [Online].Available: http://www.oecd.org [2000, Nov 10].
───, (1998a). Government/ Business Dialogue on Tax and Electronic Commerce [Online]. Available at: http://www.oecd.org [2000, Nov 10].
───, (1998b).Revision of the Commentary on Article 12 Concerning Software Payments [Online].Available: http://www.oecd.org [2000, Nov 10].
───, (1999). The Application of the Permanent Establishment Defini-tion in the Context of Electronic Commerce: Proposed Clarifi-cation of the Commentary On Article 5 ofthe OECD Model Tax Convention-Draft For Electronic Comments [Online].Available: http://www.oecd.org [2000, Nov 10]
───, (2000a). The Application of the Permanent Establishment Defini-tion in the Context of Electronic Commerce: Proposed Clarification of the Commentary On Article 5 of the OECD Model Tax Convention Revised Draft For Comments [Online]. Available:http://www.oecd.org [2000, Nov 10].
───, (2000b). Treaty Characterization Issues Arising From Electronic Commerce [Online]. Available:http://www.oecd.org [2000, Nov 10].
───, (2001).OECD model income tax treaties and commentaries.OECD
OECD Committee on Fiscal Affairs. (2001a).“Clarification on the Application of the Permnaent Establishment Definition in E-Commerce: Changes to the Commentary on the Model Tax Convention on Article 5.”available at (http://wwwl.oecd.org/daf/fa/treaties/Clarif_e.pdf)
───, (2001b).“Treaty Characterisation Issues Arising fron E-commerce.”available at (http://wwwl.oecd.org/daf/fa/e_com/ec_2_TREATY_CHAR_Eng .pdf)
───, (2001c).“The Impact of the Communications Revolution on the Application of 〝Place of Effective Management〞asa Tie Breaker Rule.” Available at (http://wwwl. oecd.org/daf/fa/e_com/ec_5_BP_TAG_Eng.pdf)
───, (2001d).“Comsumption Tax Aspects of Electronic Commerce.” Available at (http://wwwl. oecd.org/daf/fa/e_com/ec_6_WP9_REPORT_Eng.pdf)
───, (2001e).“Tax Administration Aspects of Electronic Commerce: Responding to the Challenges and Opportunities.” Available at (http://wwwl. oecd.org/daf/fa/e_com/ec_9_FSM_REPORT_Eng.pdf)
───, (2002). “VAT Developments, including E-commerce”, Korea-OECD Multilateral Tax Center.
Peha, Jon M., and Robert P. Strauss. (1997).“A Priner on Changing Indormation Technology and the Fisc”National Tax Journal 50(3), pp.607-621.
Kousiur, D. (1997). “Understanding Electronic Commerce.” Washington, DC: Microsoft Press.
Mclure, C. E.(1997), “Electronic Commerce, State Sales Taxation, and Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations”, National Tax Journal, 50(4), December, pp.731-749.
Mclure, C. E.(1999) “Electronic Commerce and State Retail Sales Tax: A Challenge to American Federalism, ” International Tax and Public Finance 6, pp. 193-224.
National Institute of Standards and Technology. (1999). E-Commerce: The Future is Now. Washington, DC, National Institute of Standards and Technology: Author. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (1997a, Feb).
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (1997b, Aug). Model tax convention on income and on capital [Online].Available: http://www.oecd.org [2000, Nov 10].
Soete, L., and B. Ter Weel. (1993). “Globalization, Tax Erosion and Internet.” Available at (http://meritbbs.unimaas.nl/rmpdf/rm98_026.pdf)
───,(1998).“Globalization, Tax Erosion and Internet.”available at(http://meritbbs.unimaas.nl/rmpdf/rm98_026.pdf)
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
行政管理碩士學程
91
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#A2010000464
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 高安邦zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 陳廣猷zh_TW
dc.date.accessioned 8-Dec-2010 02:02:59 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 8-Dec-2010 02:02:59 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) A2010000464en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/49253-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 行政管理碩士學程zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 91zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要)   在網際網路應用普及的推波助瀾下,全球經濟一體化已然成為時代之趨勢,造就了網際網路商業交易之盛行。基於電子商務交易之特性與傳統課稅觀念有著重大之差異性,除了對企業營運效率提升與交易成本之降低有助益外,企業更可利用網路無國界等特性,發展出新的逃漏稅方法,此將造成租稅稅基之流失。而我國電子商務交易量隨著時代的巨輪正加速成長中,電子商務之課稅問題,亦正逐一地浮現。
       營業稅是我國的第二大稅,掌握營業稅當可掌握大部分所得稅之基源。本研究係從稅務稽核人員的角度切入,完整探討電子商務的運作內涵,進而瞭解電子商務因其特性所衍生課稅問題徵結之所在。依課稅管轄權、課稅觀念及稽徵技術等三個構面建立研究架構,嘗試在我國現行營業稅法規定下,檢討電子商務跨國線上傳送數位化商品及服務之適用性、衍生之稅收徵管(包含稅收損失之分析)問題,併歸納先進國家及國際組織之各種擬議文獻與實施經驗作為借鏡,據此結合國際共識與稽核實務提出具體建議,供政府因應電子商務發展而即將制定之租稅政策及修改營業稅制之參考,未來在不增加稅務行政成本及納稅人依從成本下,取得完整的交易稽核軌跡,防杜租稅逃漏,期能兼顧網路經濟發展及財政稅收之確保。
zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要)   After the rapid development of Internet and that with inciting e-commerce to be widely adopted by the most of business transaction, the Internet offers business opportunities to provide their products and services in a web-server without having a physical presence, which will erode tax revenue bases of a jurisdiction. The volume of E-commerce trade is accelerating in Taiwan. Many noticeable questions of taxing E-commerce will be seen in the near future.
       Business tax is the second revenue of major taxes, collecting it could be holding the sources of income tax. From a view of a tax auditor, this research will explore the operation of E-commerce completely, and understand where the problem is generated by E-commerce. The framework of this study is composed of the taxing jurisdiction, taxing concept and collecting technique. Trying to test E-commerce transmitting digital goods and service on-line, and to test the adequacy of the existing laws and regulations on business tax are the major themes of this work. The suggestions of tax policy will be made according to the reference from the existing literature and the practice from advanced countries and international organizations. Considering the administration and compliance cost in the near future, how can we refrain from tax evasion and expect to increase tax revenue are all important to the development of economic activity through Internet.
en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 誌謝辭
     摘要
     Abstract
     目錄
     表次
     圖次
     第一章 緒論-----1
       一、研究動機-----1
       二、研究目的-----1
       三、研究範圍與限制-----2
       四、研究方法-----2
       五、研究流程-----3
       六、研究架構-----4
     第二章 文獻回顧-----5
       第一節 電子商務是否應開徵新-----5
       第二節 課稅管轄權議-----6
       第三節 課稅觀念的議-----8
       第四節 稽徵技術的議-----9
       第五節 消費稅租稅漏損的實證文-----11
       第六節 小結-----12
     第三章 電子商務介紹與課稅概念的結合-----13
       第一節 電子商務之介紹-----13
         一、網際網路發展趨勢-----13
         二、電子商務的演進、定義、特性及型態-----18
         三、電子商務的架構、運作模式及業務流程-----24
         四、電子商務交易之安全機制與付款機制-----31
         五、電子商務的未來發展新趨勢-行動上網-----42
         六、小結-----43
       第二節 電子商務對傳統消費稅課徵帶來的衝擊-----45
         一、國際課稅管轄權難以確定-----45
         二、課稅觀念的混淆-----46
         三、稽徵技術的困境-----48
       第三節 檢視我國營業稅法對電子商務之適用性-----52
         一、我國現行營業稅概述-----52
         二、電子商務對現制產生課稅問題之檢討分析-----53
         三、網路提升稅務行政成果-----57
         四、造成我國地下經濟及稅收損失之分析-----63
     第四章 國際間對電子商務消費稅解決方案發展趨勢-----67
       第一節 美國銷售稅-----67
       第二節 歐盟加值稅題-----70
       第三節 經濟合作發展組織OECD-----75
       第四節 目前國際間共識-----83
     第五章 提出我國因應對策的建議與評估-----86
       一、明定數位化商品及進口勞務課稅規定-----86
       二、現行營業稅法規之強化-----90
       三、稅務行政管理電子商務化-----91
       四、制定商業網站營業設立登記及管理規定-----93
       五、擴大網路稅務資料蒐集-----95
       六、加強稽徵機關電子商務查核訓-----97
     第六章 結論與建議-----98
     參考文獻-----102
     附錄A 電子付款系統分類介紹-----107
     附錄B 稅務機關運用電子商務資料查徵營業稅作業要點-----111
     
     表次
     表3-1 電子商務商品型態-----21
     表3-2 電子商務的三種型態-----26
     表3-3 資訊安全技術層次-----32
     表3-4 SET與SSL安全機制的區別-----39
     表3-5 營業人運用網際網路申報繳納營業稅情形表-----62
     表3-6 估計我國2000年至2001年B2C電子商務營業稅稅收損失計算表-----66
     表4-1 歐盟對銷售商品及勞務的「提供地」適用表-----71
     表4-2 跨國電子商務課徵加值稅課稅機制分析表-----78
     表4-3 國際對電子商務發展趨勢分析表-----84
     表5-1 中華民國境內銷售(貨物及勞務)認定標準表-----88
     
     圖次
     圖3-1 全球分區上網人口分佈圖-----14
     圖3-2 全球上網人口趨勢-----15
     圖3-3 台灣上網人口趨勢-----16
     圖3-4 我國網路購物市場進入高成長期-----18
     圖3-5 WWW網路架構-----20
     圖3-6 電子商務應用範圍-----27
     圖3-7 B2C電子商務業務流程-----29
     圖3-8 數位簽章之運作程序-----33
     圖3-9 以電子憑證作為電子文件識別-----34
     圖3-10 CA安全認證服務項目-----35
     圖3-11 SET網路購物模式-----37
     圖3-12 SSL網路購物模式-----38
     圖3-13 電子付款系統架構-----41
     圖3-14 電子發票網路連線圖-----59
     圖3-15 財政部網路報繳稅網頁-----61
     圖5-1 租稅構成要件圖-----86
     圖5-2 電子商務交易課徵營業識別課稅與否作業程序-----89
zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#A2010000464en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 電子商務zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 課稅管轄權zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 課稅概念zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 稽徵技術zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 起徵點zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 延伸式標記語言zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) E-commerceen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Taxing Jurisdictionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Taxing Concepten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Collecting techniqueen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Thresholden_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Extensible Markup Languageen_US
dc.title (題名) 電子商務課稅與因應對策之研究-以我國營業稅為例zh_TW
dc.title (題名) A study on E-Commerce Tax Issues and recommended proposals—An example of Business Tax in Republic of Chinaen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
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