學術產出-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

Citation Infomation

  • No doi shows Citation Infomation
題名 2009 年斯洛伐克媒體對女性總統侯選人報導之研究
Media coverage of female politicians in Slovak Republic during the presidential elections in 2009
作者 巴蘭卡
Lenka Babarikova
貢獻者 彭芸
Bonnie Peng
巴蘭卡
Lenka Babarikova
關鍵詞 報導研究
女性候選人
女性政治人物
性別歧視
刻板印象
media coverage
female candidates
female politicians
gender bias
stereotyping
日期 2009
上傳時間 8-Dec-2010 12:32:07 (UTC+8)
摘要 Slovak Republic is a country where women are still underrepresented in the public life. Only recently, after the Parliamentary elections in June 2010, a woman became Prime Minister of Slovak Republic. Slovak and international media appreciated Slovakia for being a first country in central-eastern Europe to have a female leader of the country (Zsilleova 2010).
This fact doesn"t change, that women are almost absent from high posts in Parliament, Government, public life, media or high managerial posts. Women in Slovakia still have a long way to the equality.
This study focuses on the way female candidate for President Iveta Radičová is represented in the media during 2009 campaign. The research compares her coverage with male candidate"s coverage.
The coverage of personal traits of candidates was gender biased and media mentioned female candidate"s gender very often, meanwhile they didn"t mention male candidates gender except in few occasions.
However, there was no gender bias in the coverage of candidates" viability, the issues discussed, and the tone of coverage. Even thought male candidate was favored in amount and prominence of coverage, he was covered in more negative way, which can turn his advantage into disadvantage.
參考文獻 Acsady, J. (1999). Urges and obstacles: Chances for feminism in Eastern Europe. Women"s Studies International Forum, 22(4): 405-409.
Afshar, H., Ed. (1998). Women and empowerment: illustrations from the Third World. Basingstoke, Macmillan Press.
Atkeson, L. R., & Krebs, T. B. (2008). Press coverage of mayoral candidates - The role of gender in news reporting and campaign issue speech. Political Research Quarterly, 61(2), 239-252.
Atkeson, L. R. and T. B. Krebs (2004). Press Coverage in Mayoral Elections: Is There a Gender Bias? Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association. Chicago, Illinois: 1- 26.
Banwart, M. C., & Bystrom, D. G. (2005). Gendered reactions - Young voters` responses to the 2004 presidential advertisements. American Behavioral Scientist, 49(2), 314-325.
Banwart, M. C., D. G. Bystrom, et al. (2003). "From the primary to the general election - A comparative analysis of candidate media coverage in mixed-gender 2000 races for governor and US Senate." American Behavioral Scientist 46(5): 658-676.
Bitušíková, A. (2005). (In)Visible Women in Political Life in Slovakia. Czech Sociological Review, 41(6), 1005–1021.
Bosá, M. (2007). Mediálne obrazy žien 45+ (Media images of women 45+): Esfem.
Bosak, J. and S. Sczesny (2008). "Am I the right candidate? Self-ascribed fit of women and men to a leadership position." Sex Roles 58(9-10): 682-688.
Brown, E. M., & Gardetto, D. C. (2000). Representing Hillary Rodham Clinton: Gender, Meaning, and News Media. In A. Sreberny & L. Van Zoonen (Eds.), Gender, Politics and Communication. Cresskill: Hampton Press.
Bystrom, D. G., Robertson, T. A., & Banwart, M. C. (2001). Framing the fight - An analysis of media coverage of female and male candidates in primary races for governor and US Senate in 2000. [Article]. American Behavioral Scientist, 44(12), 1999-2013.
Carter, C. and L. Steiner, Eds. (2004). Critical readings : media and gender. Maidenhead, Open University Press.
Chaloupková, M. (2004). Rovnosť šancí a politika - stav v Slovenskej republike (The equality of opportunities and politics - the status in Slovak Republic). Bratislava.
Choi, N. and D. R. Fuqua (2003). The structure of the Bem Sex Role Inventory: A summary report of 23 validation studies. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 63(5): 872-887.
Chorvantovič, M. (2009). On či ona? Dnes rozhodujete (He or she? You decide today). SME. Bratislava. 67/17.
Corrin, C., Ed. (1999). Feminist perspectives on politics. London Longman.
Desposato, S. and B. Norrander (2009). "The Gender Gap in Latin America: Contextual and Individual Influences on Gender and Political Participation." British Journal of Political Science 39: 141-162.
Dia (2009). Reklamný expert: Kampaň? Dobre zvládnutá nuda (Advirtising expert: Campaign? Good handled bordom). Pravda. Bratislava, Perex, a.s. XIX/65.
Diekman, A. B., A. H. Eagly, et al. (2002). "Accuracy and bias in stereotypes about the social and political attitudes of women and men." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 38(3): 268-282.
Diekman, A. B., & Eagly, A. H. (2000). Stereotypes as dynamic constructs: Women and men of the past, present, and future. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(10), 1171-1188.
Dolan, K. (2005). "Do women candidates play to gender stereotypes? Do men candidates play to women? Candidate sex and issues priorities on campaign websites." Political Research Quarterly 58(1): 31-44.
Eagly, A. H. and A. B. Diekman (2006). "Examining gender gaps in sociopolitical attitudes: It`s not Mars and Venus." Feminism & Psychology 16(1): 26-34.
Edwards, J. L., Ed. (2009). Gender and Political Communication in America: rhetoric, representation, and display. Lanham, Lexington Books.
Everitt, J. (2005a). Uncovering the Coverage: Gender Biases in Canadian Political Reporting. Paper presented at the Breakfast on the Hill Seminar Series.
Everitt, J. (2005b). Gender, media, and politics: A critical review essay. Political Communication. 22(3), 387-396.
Filadelfiová, J. (2004) Rodová rovnováha v politickom rozhodovaní (Gender equality in political decision- making). www.esfem.sk
Filadelfiová, J. (2002). O ženách, moci a politike: úvahy, fakty, súvislosti (About women, power and politics: Thoughts, facts and relationships) In Hlasy žien. Aspekty ženskej politiky (The voices of women. Aspects of female politics). Bratislava: ZZŽ Aspekt.
Filadelfiová, J., Z. Bútorová, et al. (2002). Ženy a muži v politike (Women and men in politics). In Slovensko 2002. Súhrnná správa o stave spoločnosti I. (Slovakia 2002. General report about the state of the society I.). M. Kollár and G. Mesežnikov. Bratislava.
Fridkin, K. L., P. J. Kenney, et al. (2009). Bad for Men, Better for Women: The Impact of Stereotypes During Negative Campaigns. Political Behavior, 31(1): 53-77.
Fletcher, F. (1987). Mass media and parliamentary elections in Canada. Legislative Studies Quarterly,
12, 341–372.
Fletcher, F. (1988). The media and the 1984 landslide. In H. Penniman (Ed.), Canada at the polls,
1984 (pp. 161–189). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Gallagher, M. (2001). Gender setting: new agendas for media monitoring and advocacy. London Zed Books.
Garlick, B., S. Dixon, et al., Eds. (1992). Stereotypes of women in power : historical perspectives and revisionist views. New York, Greenwood Press.
Ginter, E., J. Filadelfiová, et al. (2004). Správa o miléniových rozvojových cieľoch (Report on the Millennium Development Goals). Bratislava, Centrum pre Hospodársky Rozvoj (Center for Economic Development): 70.
Guráň, P. (2000). Women in Politics – Consequence of Public Policy Transition?, Development Alternatives, Inc.: 6.
Hardy, J., W. Kozek, et al. (2008). In the front line: women, work and new spaces of labour politics in Poland. Gender Place and Culture, 15(2): 99-116.
Herrnson, P. S., J. C. Lay, et al. (2003). "Women running "as women": Candidate gender, campaign issues, and voter-targeting strategies." Journal of Politics 65(1): 244-255.
Ibroscheva, E. (2007). Caught between east and west? Portrayals of gender in bulgarian television advertisements. Sex Roles, 57(5-6): 409-418.
Iyengar, S., Valentino, N. A., Ansolabehere, S., & Simon, A. F. (1997). The Effects of Gender Stereotypes on Women`s Campaigns In P. Norris (Ed.), Women, Media, and Politics (pp. 288). New York: Oxford University Press
Jackson, S., & Russo, A. (Eds.). (2002). Talking back and acting out : women negotiating the media across cultures. New York, N.Y: Peter Lang.
Jimenez, A. G., Gomez-Escalonilla Moreno, G., Torregrosa Carmona, J. F., Rodriguez Diaz, R., & Santin Duran, M. (2008). Medios de comunicación, representaciones y percepciones. El caso de la mujer política (Media, representation and perceptions. The case of female politician.). Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico, 14, 175-196.
Jenkins, Richard W. (1999) How Much Is Too Much? Media Attention and Popular Support for an Insurgent Party, Political Communication, 16: 4, 429 — 445
Kahn, K. F. (1992). Does being a male help - an investigation of the effects of candidate gender and campaign coverage on evaluations of United States Senate candidates. Journal of Politics, 54(2), 497-517.
Kahn, K. F. (1993). Gender differences in campaign messages - The political advertisements of men and women candidates for United States Senate. Political Research Quarterly, 46(3), 481-502.
Kahn, K. F. (1994). Does Gender Make a Difference? An Experimental Examination of Sex Stereotypes and Press Patterns in Statewide Campaigns. American Journal of Political Science, 38(1), 162-195.
Kahn, K. F., & Goldenberg, E. N. (1991). Women Candidates in the News - an Examination of Gender Differences in United - States Senate Campaign Coverage. Public Opinion Quarterly, 55(2), 180-199.
Kahn, K. F., Kenney, P. J., & Woodall, G. S. (2009). Bad for Men, Better for Women: The Impact of Stereotypes During Negative Campaigns. Political Behavior, 31(1), 53-77.
Keith, S. (2009). Women Who Spoke for Themselves: Working Women, Suffrage, and the Construction of Women"s Rhetorical Style. In J. L. Edwards (Ed.), Gender and Political Communication in America: Rhetoric, Representaion, and Display. Lanham: Lexington Books.
Kern, M. (2009). MEMO 98: Kandidát Gašparovič v STV kraľoval (MEMO 98: Candidate Gašparovič was reigning in STV). SME. Bratislava. 60/17.
Kittilson, M. C., & Fridkin, K. (2008). Gender, Candidate Portrayals and Election Campaigns: A Comparative Perspective. Politics & Gender, 4(03), 371- 392.
Kobová, Ľ. (2006). Osobné je politické (Personal is political). In Kradmá ruka feministky rozvažuje za plentou (Furtive feminist"s hand reflects behind a screen) Bratislava, Aspekt: 120.
Krpelan, R. (2009). Ficov muž alebo Dzurindova žena? (Fico"s man or Dzurinda"s woman?). SME. Bratislava. 79/17.
Larson, S. G. (2001). American women and politics in the media: A review essay. Ps-Political Science & Politics, 34(2), 227-230.
Lawless, J. L. (2004). "Women, war, and winning elections: Gender stereotyping in the post-September 11th era." Political Research Quarterly 57(3): 479-490.
Lopez-Zafra, E., R. Garcia-Retamero, et al. (2008). "Dynamics of gender stereotypes and power: A cross-cultural study." Revista De Psicologia Social 23(2): 213-219.
Lovenduski, J. (2005). Feminizing Politics. Cambridge, Polity Press.
Lovenduski, J., R. Campbell, et al., Eds. (2002). Women, public life and democracy : changing Commonwealth parliamentary perspectives. London Pluto Press.
Maďarová, Z. (2006). Kedy je zobrazovanie političiek a politikov rodovo stereotypné? (Is presenting of male and female politicians gender- biased?). In Kradmá ruka feministky rozvažuje za plentou (Furtive feminist"s hand reflects behind a screen) Bratislava, Aspekt: 120.
Mir-Hosseini, Z. (2001). "The Rise and Fall of Fa`ezeh Hashemi: Women in Iranian Elections." Middle East Report (218): 8-11.
Mitchell, C. (1998). Women`s (community) radio as a feminist public sphere. Javnost-the Public, 5(2): 73-85.
Mosher, C. E. and S. Danoff-Burg (2005). Agentic and communal personality traits: Relations to attitudes toward sex and sexual experiences. Sex Roles, 52(1-2): 121-129.
Murray, R. (2008). "The power of sex and incumbency - A longitudinal study of electoral performance in France." Party Politics 14(5): 539-554.
Neuendorf, K. A. (2002). The Content Analysis Guidebook. Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications.
Norris, P. (1997). Women, media, and politics. New York Oxford University Press.
Odu (2009). Vstúpi do paláca prvá žena alebo prezident prvý raz obháji? (Will a first female or the first re-elected president enter the Palace?). Pravda. Bratislava, Perex, a.s. XIX/79.
Ozkan, T. and T. Lajunen (2005). Masculinity, femininity, and the Bem Sex Role Inventory in Turkey. Sex Roles, 52(1-2): 103-110.
Petkova, Z. and D. Schniererova (2009). Gašparovič: Politik, ktorý sa vezie (Gašparovič: polititian who is always with the ones in power) Pravda. Bratislava, Perex , a.s. XIX/61.

Pietruchová, O. Gender Mainstreaming: Koncepcia a argumenty ku implementácii stratégie EÚ (Gender mainstreaming: Concepts and arguments to the implementation of EU strategy), Občianske združenie: Možnosť voľby (Civic Association: Possibility of Election): 8.
Porubänová, S. (2009). Aktuálne výzvy a očakávania európskej agendy rodovej rovnosti (Current challenges and expectations of the European agenda of gender equality). Bratislava, Inštitút pre výskum práce a rodiny (Institute for Labour and Family Research): 28
Potocky, E. (2009). Prezidenstká kampaň: Nuda (Presidential campaign: Boring). Pravda. Bratislava, Perex, a.s. XIX/62.
Rekkas, M. (2008). "Gender and Elections: An Examination of the 2006 Canadian Federal Election." Canadian Journal of Political Science-Revue Canadienne De Science Politique 41(4): 987-1001.
Ross, K., & Sreberny, A. (2000). Women in the House. In K. Ross & A. Sreberny (Eds.), Gender, Politics and Communication (pp. 79- 99). Cresskill: Hampton Press.
Sczesny, S., S. Spreemann, et al. (2006). "Masculine = competent? Physical appearance and sex as sources of gender-stereotypic attributions." Swiss Journal of Psychology 65(1): 15-23.
Sczesny, S., Bosak, J., Neff, D., & Schyns, B. (2004). Gender stereotypes and the attribution of leadership traits: A cross-cultural comparison. Sex Roles, 51(11-12), 631-645.
Smith, E. and R. L. Fox (2001). "The electoral fortunes of women candidates for congress." Political Research Quarterly 54(1): 205-221.
Sreberny, A., & van Zoonen, L. (Eds.). (2000). Gender, Politics, and Communication. Cresskill: Hampton Press.
Tódová, M. (2009a). Gašparovič vyhral. Stratil náskok (Gašparovič won. He lost his headstart). SME. Bratislava. 68/17.

Tódová, M. (2009b). Kampani chýba profesionálne plánovanie (Campaign lacks professional planning). SME. Bratislava. 55/17.

Zálešák, T. (2009). Naozaj bezobsažná kampaň? (Raelly a campaign without a content?). Pravda. Bratislava, Perex, a.s. XIX/77.

Zsilleova, M. (2010). Ako muž. Len je to žena. (Like a man. But woman). SME. Bratislava. 18\\156.
Koncepcia rovnosti príležitostí žien a mužov (Concept of equal opportunities of women and men). (2001) Bratislava, Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs, and Family of the Slovak Republic: 1-14.
Manual for gender mainstreaming: employment, social inclusion and social protection policies. (2008) Luxembourg, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities,: 44.
Návrh opatrení na zosúladenie rodinného a pracovného života na rok 2006 s výhľadom do roku 2010 (Proposal for measures to reconcile work and family life in 2006 with a view to 2010). (2006) 560/2006. The Government of Slovak Republic. Bratislava: 22.
Príručka o rodovej rovnosti (A handbook on gender equality). (2004) S. A. a. F. o. S. R. Ministry of Labour. Bratislava, Equal: 46.
Report On Equality between women and men 2009. (2009). Luxembourg, European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities: 48.
Report On Equality between women and men 2010. (2010). Luxembourg European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities: 56.
Statute of the Government Council of the Slovak Republic for Gender Equality. (2008) 862/2007. Slovak Republic, The Government of Slovak Republic: 8.
Women in European politics– time for action. (2009). Luxembourg: European Commission: Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities.
Ženy a Európske voľby: súhrnná analýza (Women and European Elections: general analysis). (2009). Brussels: Eurobarometer.
Internet sources:
Vláda SR od 4.7.2006 (The Government of the Slovak Republic from 4, July 2006). Retrieved from: http://www.government.gov.sk/7485/vlada-sr-od-4-7-2006.php on [2010-2-9].
Abecedný zoznam poslancov (The list of the member of the Parliament of Slovak Republic). Retrieved from: http://www.nrsr.sk/default.aspx?sid=poslanci/zoznam_abc on [2010-2-9].
Abecedný zoznam poslancov (The list of the new members of Parliament after the elections of 2010). Retrieved from: http://www.nrsr.sk/Static/sk-SK/Poslanci/zoznam_volby_2010.html on [2010-06-28]
Rada vlády Slovenskej republiky pre rodovú rovnosť (Council of the Slovak Republic for Gender Equality). Retrieved from: http://www.employment.gov.sk/index.php?SMC=1&id=12611 on [2009-11-25].
Koncepcia rovnosti príležitostí žien a mužov (Concept of equal opportunities of women and men.) Retrieved from: http://www.employment.gov.sk/index.php?SMC=1&id=718 on [2010-1-12]
Antidiskriminačný zákon (Anti-discriminatory law). Retrieved from: http://www.employment.gov.sk/index.php?id=714 on [2009-12-21]
Kandidátne listiny politických strán do volieb NR SR 2006 z rodového hľadiska (Candidates" lists of political parties for the elections 2006 to the Parliament with regards to gender). Retrieved from http://www.aspekt.sk/info_det.php?IDcentrum=132 on [2010-1-12].
Gender mainstreaming. Retrieved from http://www.esfem.sk/index.php?Page=gendermain on [2010-1-12].
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS)
97461001
98
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097461001
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 彭芸zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Bonnie Pengen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 巴蘭卡zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lenka Babarikovaen_US
dc.creator (作者) 巴蘭卡zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Lenka Babarikovaen_US
dc.date (日期) 2009en_US
dc.date.accessioned 8-Dec-2010 12:32:07 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 8-Dec-2010 12:32:07 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 8-Dec-2010 12:32:07 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0097461001en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/49488-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 97461001zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 98zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Slovak Republic is a country where women are still underrepresented in the public life. Only recently, after the Parliamentary elections in June 2010, a woman became Prime Minister of Slovak Republic. Slovak and international media appreciated Slovakia for being a first country in central-eastern Europe to have a female leader of the country (Zsilleova 2010).
This fact doesn"t change, that women are almost absent from high posts in Parliament, Government, public life, media or high managerial posts. Women in Slovakia still have a long way to the equality.
This study focuses on the way female candidate for President Iveta Radičová is represented in the media during 2009 campaign. The research compares her coverage with male candidate"s coverage.
The coverage of personal traits of candidates was gender biased and media mentioned female candidate"s gender very often, meanwhile they didn"t mention male candidates gender except in few occasions.
However, there was no gender bias in the coverage of candidates" viability, the issues discussed, and the tone of coverage. Even thought male candidate was favored in amount and prominence of coverage, he was covered in more negative way, which can turn his advantage into disadvantage.
en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 1. Introduction 1
1.1. Women in media 1
1.2. Purpose of the study 3
1.3. Background information 4
1.3.1. System of presidential elections in Slovak Republic 5
1.3.2. Situation of women in Slovakia 7
1.4. Stereotyping and gender bias 10
1.5. Contributions 11
2. Literature review 12
2.1. Private / Public Paradigm 12
2.2. Coverage of female politicians 13
2.3. The amount and prominence of coverage 15
2.4. The content of coverage 16
2.4.1. Gendered coverage 17
2.4.2. Viability coverage 18
2.4.3. Issue coverage 19
2.4.4. Trait coverage 20
2.4.5. Tone of coverage 21
2.5. Differences between rounds 22
2.6. Summary 22
3. Research method 24
3.1. Content analysis 24
3.2. Research questions 27
3.3. Measures 28
3.3.1. The amount of coverage 28
3.3.2. The prominence of coverage 29
3.3.3. Gendered coverage 30
3.3.4. Viability coverage 31
3.3.5. Issue coverage 31
3.3.6. Personal trait coverage 32
3.3.7. General tone of headline and article 32
3.3.8. Differences between rounds 33
4. Findings 34
4.1. Descriptives 34
4.2. Amount of coverage 37
4.3. Prominence of coverage 39
4.4. Gendered coverage 41
4.5. Viability coverage 43
4.6. Issue coverage 45
4.7. Personal traits 48
4.8. Tone of the coverage 50
4.9. Differences between rounds 51
4.10. Summary 53
5. Discussion 55
5.1. Amount of coverage 55
5.2. Prominence of coverage 56
5.3. Gendered coverage 58
5.4. Viability coverage 60
5.5. Issue coverage 61
5.6. Traits coverage 63
5.7. Tone of the coverage 63
5.8. Differences between rounds 64
5.9. Summary 65
6. Future studies 66
7. Limitations 69
8. Conclusions 71
References 73
Appendix I.: Codebook 81
Appendix II: Intercoder Reliability Test 97
Appendix III: Mentioned Issues 99
Appendix IV: Mentioned Personal Traits 100
zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1040371 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097461001en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 報導研究zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 女性候選人zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 女性政治人物zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 性別歧視zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 刻板印象zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) media coverageen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) female candidatesen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) female politiciansen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) gender biasen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) stereotypingen_US
dc.title (題名) 2009 年斯洛伐克媒體對女性總統侯選人報導之研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Media coverage of female politicians in Slovak Republic during the presidential elections in 2009en_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Acsady, J. (1999). Urges and obstacles: Chances for feminism in Eastern Europe. Women"s Studies International Forum, 22(4): 405-409.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Afshar, H., Ed. (1998). Women and empowerment: illustrations from the Third World. Basingstoke, Macmillan Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Atkeson, L. R., & Krebs, T. B. (2008). Press coverage of mayoral candidates - The role of gender in news reporting and campaign issue speech. Political Research Quarterly, 61(2), 239-252.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Atkeson, L. R. and T. B. Krebs (2004). Press Coverage in Mayoral Elections: Is There a Gender Bias? Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association. Chicago, Illinois: 1- 26.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Banwart, M. C., & Bystrom, D. G. (2005). Gendered reactions - Young voters` responses to the 2004 presidential advertisements. American Behavioral Scientist, 49(2), 314-325.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Banwart, M. C., D. G. Bystrom, et al. (2003). "From the primary to the general election - A comparative analysis of candidate media coverage in mixed-gender 2000 races for governor and US Senate." American Behavioral Scientist 46(5): 658-676.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bitušíková, A. (2005). (In)Visible Women in Political Life in Slovakia. Czech Sociological Review, 41(6), 1005–1021.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bosá, M. (2007). Mediálne obrazy žien 45+ (Media images of women 45+): Esfem.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bosak, J. and S. Sczesny (2008). "Am I the right candidate? Self-ascribed fit of women and men to a leadership position." Sex Roles 58(9-10): 682-688.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brown, E. M., & Gardetto, D. C. (2000). Representing Hillary Rodham Clinton: Gender, Meaning, and News Media. In A. Sreberny & L. Van Zoonen (Eds.), Gender, Politics and Communication. Cresskill: Hampton Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bystrom, D. G., Robertson, T. A., & Banwart, M. C. (2001). Framing the fight - An analysis of media coverage of female and male candidates in primary races for governor and US Senate in 2000. [Article]. American Behavioral Scientist, 44(12), 1999-2013.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Carter, C. and L. Steiner, Eds. (2004). Critical readings : media and gender. Maidenhead, Open University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chaloupková, M. (2004). Rovnosť šancí a politika - stav v Slovenskej republike (The equality of opportunities and politics - the status in Slovak Republic). Bratislava.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Choi, N. and D. R. Fuqua (2003). The structure of the Bem Sex Role Inventory: A summary report of 23 validation studies. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 63(5): 872-887.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chorvantovič, M. (2009). On či ona? Dnes rozhodujete (He or she? You decide today). SME. Bratislava. 67/17.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Corrin, C., Ed. (1999). Feminist perspectives on politics. London Longman.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Desposato, S. and B. Norrander (2009). "The Gender Gap in Latin America: Contextual and Individual Influences on Gender and Political Participation." British Journal of Political Science 39: 141-162.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dia (2009). Reklamný expert: Kampaň? Dobre zvládnutá nuda (Advirtising expert: Campaign? Good handled bordom). Pravda. Bratislava, Perex, a.s. XIX/65.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Diekman, A. B., A. H. Eagly, et al. (2002). "Accuracy and bias in stereotypes about the social and political attitudes of women and men." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 38(3): 268-282.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Diekman, A. B., & Eagly, A. H. (2000). Stereotypes as dynamic constructs: Women and men of the past, present, and future. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(10), 1171-1188.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dolan, K. (2005). "Do women candidates play to gender stereotypes? Do men candidates play to women? Candidate sex and issues priorities on campaign websites." Political Research Quarterly 58(1): 31-44.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Eagly, A. H. and A. B. Diekman (2006). "Examining gender gaps in sociopolitical attitudes: It`s not Mars and Venus." Feminism & Psychology 16(1): 26-34.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Edwards, J. L., Ed. (2009). Gender and Political Communication in America: rhetoric, representation, and display. Lanham, Lexington Books.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Everitt, J. (2005a). Uncovering the Coverage: Gender Biases in Canadian Political Reporting. Paper presented at the Breakfast on the Hill Seminar Series.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Everitt, J. (2005b). Gender, media, and politics: A critical review essay. Political Communication. 22(3), 387-396.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Filadelfiová, J. (2004) Rodová rovnováha v politickom rozhodovaní (Gender equality in political decision- making). www.esfem.skzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Filadelfiová, J. (2002). O ženách, moci a politike: úvahy, fakty, súvislosti (About women, power and politics: Thoughts, facts and relationships) In Hlasy žien. Aspekty ženskej politiky (The voices of women. Aspects of female politics). Bratislava: ZZŽ Aspekt.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Filadelfiová, J., Z. Bútorová, et al. (2002). Ženy a muži v politike (Women and men in politics). In Slovensko 2002. Súhrnná správa o stave spoločnosti I. (Slovakia 2002. General report about the state of the society I.). M. Kollár and G. Mesežnikov. Bratislava.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fridkin, K. L., P. J. Kenney, et al. (2009). Bad for Men, Better for Women: The Impact of Stereotypes During Negative Campaigns. Political Behavior, 31(1): 53-77.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fletcher, F. (1987). Mass media and parliamentary elections in Canada. Legislative Studies Quarterly,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 12, 341–372.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fletcher, F. (1988). The media and the 1984 landslide. In H. Penniman (Ed.), Canada at the polls,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1984 (pp. 161–189). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gallagher, M. (2001). Gender setting: new agendas for media monitoring and advocacy. London Zed Books.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Garlick, B., S. Dixon, et al., Eds. (1992). Stereotypes of women in power : historical perspectives and revisionist views. New York, Greenwood Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ginter, E., J. Filadelfiová, et al. (2004). Správa o miléniových rozvojových cieľoch (Report on the Millennium Development Goals). Bratislava, Centrum pre Hospodársky Rozvoj (Center for Economic Development): 70.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Guráň, P. (2000). Women in Politics – Consequence of Public Policy Transition?, Development Alternatives, Inc.: 6.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hardy, J., W. Kozek, et al. (2008). In the front line: women, work and new spaces of labour politics in Poland. Gender Place and Culture, 15(2): 99-116.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Herrnson, P. S., J. C. Lay, et al. (2003). "Women running "as women": Candidate gender, campaign issues, and voter-targeting strategies." Journal of Politics 65(1): 244-255.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ibroscheva, E. (2007). Caught between east and west? Portrayals of gender in bulgarian television advertisements. Sex Roles, 57(5-6): 409-418.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Iyengar, S., Valentino, N. A., Ansolabehere, S., & Simon, A. F. (1997). The Effects of Gender Stereotypes on Women`s Campaigns In P. Norris (Ed.), Women, Media, and Politics (pp. 288). New York: Oxford University Presszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jackson, S., & Russo, A. (Eds.). (2002). Talking back and acting out : women negotiating the media across cultures. New York, N.Y: Peter Lang.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jimenez, A. G., Gomez-Escalonilla Moreno, G., Torregrosa Carmona, J. F., Rodriguez Diaz, R., & Santin Duran, M. (2008). Medios de comunicación, representaciones y percepciones. El caso de la mujer política (Media, representation and perceptions. The case of female politician.). Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico, 14, 175-196.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jenkins, Richard W. (1999) How Much Is Too Much? Media Attention and Popular Support for an Insurgent Party, Political Communication, 16: 4, 429 — 445zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kahn, K. F. (1992). Does being a male help - an investigation of the effects of candidate gender and campaign coverage on evaluations of United States Senate candidates. Journal of Politics, 54(2), 497-517.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kahn, K. F. (1993). Gender differences in campaign messages - The political advertisements of men and women candidates for United States Senate. Political Research Quarterly, 46(3), 481-502.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kahn, K. F. (1994). Does Gender Make a Difference? An Experimental Examination of Sex Stereotypes and Press Patterns in Statewide Campaigns. American Journal of Political Science, 38(1), 162-195.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kahn, K. F., & Goldenberg, E. N. (1991). Women Candidates in the News - an Examination of Gender Differences in United - States Senate Campaign Coverage. Public Opinion Quarterly, 55(2), 180-199.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kahn, K. F., Kenney, P. J., & Woodall, G. S. (2009). Bad for Men, Better for Women: The Impact of Stereotypes During Negative Campaigns. Political Behavior, 31(1), 53-77.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Keith, S. (2009). Women Who Spoke for Themselves: Working Women, Suffrage, and the Construction of Women"s Rhetorical Style. In J. L. Edwards (Ed.), Gender and Political Communication in America: Rhetoric, Representaion, and Display. Lanham: Lexington Books.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kern, M. (2009). MEMO 98: Kandidát Gašparovič v STV kraľoval (MEMO 98: Candidate Gašparovič was reigning in STV). SME. Bratislava. 60/17.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kittilson, M. C., & Fridkin, K. (2008). Gender, Candidate Portrayals and Election Campaigns: A Comparative Perspective. Politics & Gender, 4(03), 371- 392.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kobová, Ľ. (2006). Osobné je politické (Personal is political). In Kradmá ruka feministky rozvažuje za plentou (Furtive feminist"s hand reflects behind a screen) Bratislava, Aspekt: 120.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Krpelan, R. (2009). Ficov muž alebo Dzurindova žena? (Fico"s man or Dzurinda"s woman?). SME. Bratislava. 79/17.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Larson, S. G. (2001). American women and politics in the media: A review essay. Ps-Political Science & Politics, 34(2), 227-230.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lawless, J. L. (2004). "Women, war, and winning elections: Gender stereotyping in the post-September 11th era." Political Research Quarterly 57(3): 479-490.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lopez-Zafra, E., R. Garcia-Retamero, et al. (2008). "Dynamics of gender stereotypes and power: A cross-cultural study." Revista De Psicologia Social 23(2): 213-219.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lovenduski, J. (2005). Feminizing Politics. Cambridge, Polity Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lovenduski, J., R. Campbell, et al., Eds. (2002). Women, public life and democracy : changing Commonwealth parliamentary perspectives. London Pluto Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Maďarová, Z. (2006). Kedy je zobrazovanie političiek a politikov rodovo stereotypné? (Is presenting of male and female politicians gender- biased?). In Kradmá ruka feministky rozvažuje za plentou (Furtive feminist"s hand reflects behind a screen) Bratislava, Aspekt: 120.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mir-Hosseini, Z. (2001). "The Rise and Fall of Fa`ezeh Hashemi: Women in Iranian Elections." Middle East Report (218): 8-11.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mitchell, C. (1998). Women`s (community) radio as a feminist public sphere. Javnost-the Public, 5(2): 73-85.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mosher, C. E. and S. Danoff-Burg (2005). Agentic and communal personality traits: Relations to attitudes toward sex and sexual experiences. Sex Roles, 52(1-2): 121-129.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Murray, R. (2008). "The power of sex and incumbency - A longitudinal study of electoral performance in France." Party Politics 14(5): 539-554.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Neuendorf, K. A. (2002). The Content Analysis Guidebook. Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Norris, P. (1997). Women, media, and politics. New York Oxford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Odu (2009). Vstúpi do paláca prvá žena alebo prezident prvý raz obháji? (Will a first female or the first re-elected president enter the Palace?). Pravda. Bratislava, Perex, a.s. XIX/79.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ozkan, T. and T. Lajunen (2005). Masculinity, femininity, and the Bem Sex Role Inventory in Turkey. Sex Roles, 52(1-2): 103-110.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Petkova, Z. and D. Schniererova (2009). Gašparovič: Politik, ktorý sa vezie (Gašparovič: polititian who is always with the ones in power) Pravda. Bratislava, Perex , a.s. XIX/61.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Pietruchová, O. Gender Mainstreaming: Koncepcia a argumenty ku implementácii stratégie EÚ (Gender mainstreaming: Concepts and arguments to the implementation of EU strategy), Občianske združenie: Možnosť voľby (Civic Association: Possibility of Election): 8.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Porubänová, S. (2009). Aktuálne výzvy a očakávania európskej agendy rodovej rovnosti (Current challenges and expectations of the European agenda of gender equality). Bratislava, Inštitút pre výskum práce a rodiny (Institute for Labour and Family Research): 28zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Potocky, E. (2009). Prezidenstká kampaň: Nuda (Presidential campaign: Boring). Pravda. Bratislava, Perex, a.s. XIX/62.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rekkas, M. (2008). "Gender and Elections: An Examination of the 2006 Canadian Federal Election." Canadian Journal of Political Science-Revue Canadienne De Science Politique 41(4): 987-1001.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ross, K., & Sreberny, A. (2000). Women in the House. In K. Ross & A. Sreberny (Eds.), Gender, Politics and Communication (pp. 79- 99). Cresskill: Hampton Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sczesny, S., S. Spreemann, et al. (2006). "Masculine = competent? Physical appearance and sex as sources of gender-stereotypic attributions." Swiss Journal of Psychology 65(1): 15-23.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sczesny, S., Bosak, J., Neff, D., & Schyns, B. (2004). Gender stereotypes and the attribution of leadership traits: A cross-cultural comparison. Sex Roles, 51(11-12), 631-645.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Smith, E. and R. L. Fox (2001). "The electoral fortunes of women candidates for congress." Political Research Quarterly 54(1): 205-221.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sreberny, A., & van Zoonen, L. (Eds.). (2000). Gender, Politics, and Communication. Cresskill: Hampton Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tódová, M. (2009a). Gašparovič vyhral. Stratil náskok (Gašparovič won. He lost his headstart). SME. Bratislava. 68/17.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tódová, M. (2009b). Kampani chýba profesionálne plánovanie (Campaign lacks professional planning). SME. Bratislava. 55/17.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Zálešák, T. (2009). Naozaj bezobsažná kampaň? (Raelly a campaign without a content?). Pravda. Bratislava, Perex, a.s. XIX/77.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Zsilleova, M. (2010). Ako muž. Len je to žena. (Like a man. But woman). SME. Bratislava. 18\\156.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Koncepcia rovnosti príležitostí žien a mužov (Concept of equal opportunities of women and men). (2001) Bratislava, Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs, and Family of the Slovak Republic: 1-14.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Manual for gender mainstreaming: employment, social inclusion and social protection policies. (2008) Luxembourg, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities,: 44.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Návrh opatrení na zosúladenie rodinného a pracovného života na rok 2006 s výhľadom do roku 2010 (Proposal for measures to reconcile work and family life in 2006 with a view to 2010). (2006) 560/2006. The Government of Slovak Republic. Bratislava: 22.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Príručka o rodovej rovnosti (A handbook on gender equality). (2004) S. A. a. F. o. S. R. Ministry of Labour. Bratislava, Equal: 46.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Report On Equality between women and men 2009. (2009). Luxembourg, European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities: 48.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Report On Equality between women and men 2010. (2010). Luxembourg European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities: 56.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Statute of the Government Council of the Slovak Republic for Gender Equality. (2008) 862/2007. Slovak Republic, The Government of Slovak Republic: 8.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Women in European politics– time for action. (2009). Luxembourg: European Commission: Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ženy a Európske voľby: súhrnná analýza (Women and European Elections: general analysis). (2009). Brussels: Eurobarometer.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Internet sources:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Vláda SR od 4.7.2006 (The Government of the Slovak Republic from 4, July 2006). Retrieved from: http://www.government.gov.sk/7485/vlada-sr-od-4-7-2006.php on [2010-2-9].zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Abecedný zoznam poslancov (The list of the member of the Parliament of Slovak Republic). Retrieved from: http://www.nrsr.sk/default.aspx?sid=poslanci/zoznam_abc on [2010-2-9].zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Abecedný zoznam poslancov (The list of the new members of Parliament after the elections of 2010). Retrieved from: http://www.nrsr.sk/Static/sk-SK/Poslanci/zoznam_volby_2010.html on [2010-06-28]zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rada vlády Slovenskej republiky pre rodovú rovnosť (Council of the Slovak Republic for Gender Equality). Retrieved from: http://www.employment.gov.sk/index.php?SMC=1&id=12611 on [2009-11-25].zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Koncepcia rovnosti príležitostí žien a mužov (Concept of equal opportunities of women and men.) Retrieved from: http://www.employment.gov.sk/index.php?SMC=1&id=718 on [2010-1-12]zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Antidiskriminačný zákon (Anti-discriminatory law). Retrieved from: http://www.employment.gov.sk/index.php?id=714 on [2009-12-21]zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kandidátne listiny politických strán do volieb NR SR 2006 z rodového hľadiska (Candidates" lists of political parties for the elections 2006 to the Parliament with regards to gender). Retrieved from http://www.aspekt.sk/info_det.php?IDcentrum=132 on [2010-1-12].zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gender mainstreaming. Retrieved from http://www.esfem.sk/index.php?Page=gendermain on [2010-1-12].zh_TW