Publications-Theses

題名 退休金長期預期報酬率與盈餘管理及展望理論之研究
The Relation between expected rate of return on pension plans and earnings management, prospect theory.
作者 徐培蕙
Hsu, Pei Hui
貢獻者 姜堯民
徐培蕙
Hsu, Pei Hui
關鍵詞 退休金會計
展望理論
盈餘管理
Pension Accounting
Prospect Theory
Earnings Management
日期 2007
上傳時間 8-Dec-2010 15:41:09 (UTC+8)
摘要 本文討論退休金長期預期報酬率之設定。根據會計公報規定,公司之退休金長期預期報酬率必須符合其資產配置。但是在本文中我們發現資產配置並無法有效的反應公司的退休金長期預期報酬率,因此我們提出展望理論及盈餘管理兩種理論來解釋退休金長期預期報酬率之設定。我們發現經理人企圖透過改變退休金長期預期報酬率的假設來進行盈餘管理,同時退休金長期預期報酬率也會因為公司的風險態度而有所改變。
Abstract: We try to find out the considerations for managers to set their assumptions of expected long term rate of return on pension plan assets (ROPA). First, we use the asset allocations of pension funds and historical returns to calculate the expected rate of return based on historical asset returns (EROPA). There is difference between ROPA are EROPA, suggests that asset allocations are not the only consideration when managers setting their ROPA assumption. Two theories are examined in this paper to explain such difference between ROPA and EROPA: earnings management and prospect theory. We use two models to test the earnings management, single accrual model and threshold model. We find that the intentions to smooth the reported income are the main incentives for managers to manipulation their ROPA. The incentive to do earnings management can partly explain the difference between ROPA and EROPA. However, in threshold model, we can not observe any evidence in our research. We also introduce prospect theory to examine the risk attitude. We find that managers’ risk attitude affect the setting of assumptions, too. We conclude prospect theory provides a good explanation of the difference between ROPA and EROPA.
參考文獻 Reference
Alster, A., 1993. “Dark lining to a silver cloud”. Forbes(November):137-138.
Amir, E., and E. Gordon., 1996. “Firms` choice of estimation parameters: Empirical evidence from SFAS 106.” Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance 11.
Amir, E. and S. Benartzi, 1998. “The expected rate of return on pension funds and asset allocation as predictors of portfolio performance.” Accounting Review 73 (3), 335-352.
Beidleman Carl R.,1973, “Income Smoothing: The Role of Management.” The Accounting Review, Vol. 48, No. 4 (Oct., 1973), pp. 653-667
Ball, Ray and George Foster, 1982, "Corporate Financial Reporting: A Methodological Review of Empirical Research." Journal of Accounting Research 20 (Supplement): 161-234,
Brinson G. P., L. R. and G. L. Beebower, 1986. “Determinants of portfolio performance.” Financial Analysts Journal, July/August 1986, Vol. 42, No. 4: 39-44
Brinson G. P., L. R. and G. L. Beebower, 1991. “Determinants of portfolio performance II: An Update”. Financial Analysts Journal, May/June 1991, Vol. 47, No. 3: 40-48
Beaver, W.H., Engel, E.E., 1996. “Discretionary behavior with respect to allowances for loan losses and the behavior of security prices.” Journal of Accounting and Economics 22 (1±3), 177±206.
B. N. Lehmann, and A. Timmermann, 1988. “Asset allocation dynamics and pension fund performance.” London School of Economics and UCSD. November 13, 1998.
Bergstresser D., M. A. Desai, and J. Rauh., 2006. “Earnings Manipulation, Pension Assumptions and Managerial Investment Decisions.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, February 2006, Vol. 121, No. 1, Pages 157-195
Burgstahler David and Michael Eames, 2006. “Management of Earnings and Analysts` Forecasts to Achieve Zero and Small Positive Earnings Surprises.” Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Volume 33, Page 633-652, June/July 2006
Clincha Greg and Toshi Shibano,1996. “Differential tax benefits and the pension reversion decision.” Journal of Accounting and Economics, Volume 21, Issue 1, February 1996, Pages 69-106
Cheng Qiang, Terry D. Warfield, 2005. “Equity Incentives and Earnings Management.” The Accounting Review ,Volume 80 ,April 2005 Page 441-476.
Degorge, Francois J. Patel and Richard Zeckhauser,1999.”Earnings Management to Exceed Threshold.” The Journal of Business, 1999, vol. 72, no. 1,page 1-32
Edwards Iumberley D., 1996,”Prospect theory-- A literature review.” International Review of Financial Analysis, Vol. 5, No. 1, 1996, pp. 19-38
Ellen E. chultz, 1999. “Overfunded Pension Plans Fatten Companies` Earnings. “The Wall Street Journal, June
Feldstein, M., and R. Morck, 1983. “Pension funding decisions, interest rate assumptions and share prices.” University of Chicago Press.
Fiegenbaum Avi, 1990. ”Prospect theory and the risk-return association: An empirical examination in 85 industries.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. Volume 14 (1990), October,187-203
Frank, M.., 2002. “The impact of taxes on corporate defined benefit pension plan asset allocation.” Journal of Accounting Research 40 (4), page1163-1190.
FASB (1984) Financial Accounting Concepts Statement No.5, “Recognition and measurement in financial statements of business enterprise.”
FASB(1985) Statement of financial accounting standard No.87 “Employer’ Accounting for Pensions.”
FASB(1998) Statement of financial accounting standard No.132 “Employer Disclosures about Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits.”
FASB(2003) Statement of financial accounting standard No.132(revision 2003) “Employer Disclosures about Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits.”
Guidrya Flora, Andrew J. Leoneb, and Steve Rockc, 1999. “Earnings-based bonus plans and earnings management by business-unit managers.” Journal of Accounting and Economics Volume 26, Issues 1-3, January 1999, Pages 113-142.
Healy, P.M., 1985.” The effect of bonus schemes on accounting decision.” Journal of Accounting and Economics 7 (1±3), 85±107
Healy, P. and J. Wahlen, 1999. “The review of the earnings management literature and its implications for standard setting.” Accounting Horizons, 1999. 81, No. 2, page. 227-231.
Jones, J.J., 1991. “Earnings management during import relief investigation.” Journal of Accounting Research 29 (2), 193±228.
Kahneman. D and Tversky. A, 1979. “Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk.” Econometrica, 47(2), 264-291
Lakonishok Josef, Andrei Shleifer, Richard Thaler and Robert Vishny,1991. “Window dressing by pension fund managers.” The American Economic Review, Vol. ccounting Research 37 (1), 57±81.
McNichols, Maureen andG, Peter Wilson, 1988, "Evidence of Earnings Management from the Provision for Bad Debts," Journal of Accounting Research (Supplement): 1-31
Kasznik, R., 1999. “On the association between voluntary disclosure and earnings management.” Journal of A Lev Baruch, 1969. “Industry Averages as Targets for Financial Ratios.” Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 7, No. 2, (Autumn, 1969), pp. 290-299
Maclean B., 2002.” The old financial magic,” Fortune, February 18, 2002.
Ross Watts, Jerold L. Zimmerman,1986.”Positive accounting theory” Prentice-Hall Inc.
Timothy M. Craft, 2001. “The Role of Private and Public Real Estate in Pension Plan Portfolio Allocation Choices.” Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management,p17-23
Watts, Ross L. and Jerold. Zimmerman. 1986. “Positive Accounting Theory.” Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall Inc.
William F. Sharpe, 2002. “Budgeting and Monitoring Pension Fund Risk.” Financial Analysts Journal, September/October 2002, Vol. 58, No. 5: pp. 74-86
Yan. Tongxuan, 2006. “Earnings Management and Its Measurement: A Theoretical Perspective.” Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge. Hollywood: Mar 2006. Vol. 9, Iss. 1; p. 214
Yang, 2003. “Defined Benefit Pension Plan Liabilities and International Asset Allocation.” Michigan Retirement Research Center Research Paper No. WP 2003-058
http://www.RogerCPAreview.com, Roger Philipp CPA Review
http://www2.standardandpoors.com/portal/site/sp/en/us/page.home/home
http://www.greenwichai.com/ Greenwich Alternative Investments
http://www.nareit.com/ National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts
http://www.federalreserve.gov/ Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
財務管理研究所
95357029
96
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0095357029
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 姜堯民zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 徐培蕙zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Hsu, Pei Huien_US
dc.creator (作者) 徐培蕙zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Hsu, Pei Huien_US
dc.date (日期) 2007en_US
dc.date.accessioned 8-Dec-2010 15:41:09 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 8-Dec-2010 15:41:09 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 8-Dec-2010 15:41:09 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0095357029en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/49642-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 財務管理研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 95357029zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 96zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本文討論退休金長期預期報酬率之設定。根據會計公報規定,公司之退休金長期預期報酬率必須符合其資產配置。但是在本文中我們發現資產配置並無法有效的反應公司的退休金長期預期報酬率,因此我們提出展望理論及盈餘管理兩種理論來解釋退休金長期預期報酬率之設定。我們發現經理人企圖透過改變退休金長期預期報酬率的假設來進行盈餘管理,同時退休金長期預期報酬率也會因為公司的風險態度而有所改變。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Abstract: We try to find out the considerations for managers to set their assumptions of expected long term rate of return on pension plan assets (ROPA). First, we use the asset allocations of pension funds and historical returns to calculate the expected rate of return based on historical asset returns (EROPA). There is difference between ROPA are EROPA, suggests that asset allocations are not the only consideration when managers setting their ROPA assumption. Two theories are examined in this paper to explain such difference between ROPA and EROPA: earnings management and prospect theory. We use two models to test the earnings management, single accrual model and threshold model. We find that the intentions to smooth the reported income are the main incentives for managers to manipulation their ROPA. The incentive to do earnings management can partly explain the difference between ROPA and EROPA. However, in threshold model, we can not observe any evidence in our research. We also introduce prospect theory to examine the risk attitude. We find that managers’ risk attitude affect the setting of assumptions, too. We conclude prospect theory provides a good explanation of the difference between ROPA and EROPA.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Chapter1 Introduction………………………………………………………1
Chapter2 Literature Review………………………………………………4
Chapter3 Data…………………………………………………………………12
3.1 Pension fund composition……………………………………………12
3.2. Target asset allocation of pension fund……………………19
Chapter4 Mythologies and Empirical Results……………………31
4.1 Earnings management……………………………………………………32
A. Research Hypotheses……………………………………………………35
B. Result.………………………………………………………………………40
4.2 Prospect Theory…………………………………………………………41
A. EROPA as Threshold………………………………………………………43
Result…………………………………………………………………………44
B. Median of ROPA as Threshold…………………………………………47
Result…………………………………………………………………………49
Chapter5 Conclusions………………………………………………………52
Reference……………………………………………………………………54
zh_TW
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dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0095357029en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 退休金會計zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 展望理論zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 盈餘管理zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Pension Accountingen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Prospect Theoryen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Earnings Managementen_US
dc.title (題名) 退休金長期預期報酬率與盈餘管理及展望理論之研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Relation between expected rate of return on pension plans and earnings management, prospect theory.en_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Referencezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Alster, A., 1993. “Dark lining to a silver cloud”. Forbes(November):137-138.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Amir, E., and E. Gordon., 1996. “Firms` choice of estimation parameters: Empirical evidence from SFAS 106.” Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance 11.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Amir, E. and S. Benartzi, 1998. “The expected rate of return on pension funds and asset allocation as predictors of portfolio performance.” Accounting Review 73 (3), 335-352.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Beidleman Carl R.,1973, “Income Smoothing: The Role of Management.” The Accounting Review, Vol. 48, No. 4 (Oct., 1973), pp. 653-667zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ball, Ray and George Foster, 1982, "Corporate Financial Reporting: A Methodological Review of Empirical Research." Journal of Accounting Research 20 (Supplement): 161-234,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brinson G. P., L. R. and G. L. Beebower, 1986. “Determinants of portfolio performance.” Financial Analysts Journal, July/August 1986, Vol. 42, No. 4: 39-44zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brinson G. P., L. R. and G. L. Beebower, 1991. “Determinants of portfolio performance II: An Update”. Financial Analysts Journal, May/June 1991, Vol. 47, No. 3: 40-48zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Beaver, W.H., Engel, E.E., 1996. “Discretionary behavior with respect to allowances for loan losses and the behavior of security prices.” Journal of Accounting and Economics 22 (1±3), 177±206.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) B. N. Lehmann, and A. Timmermann, 1988. “Asset allocation dynamics and pension fund performance.” London School of Economics and UCSD. November 13, 1998.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bergstresser D., M. A. Desai, and J. Rauh., 2006. “Earnings Manipulation, Pension Assumptions and Managerial Investment Decisions.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, February 2006, Vol. 121, No. 1, Pages 157-195zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Burgstahler David and Michael Eames, 2006. “Management of Earnings and Analysts` Forecasts to Achieve Zero and Small Positive Earnings Surprises.” Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Volume 33, Page 633-652, June/July 2006zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Clincha Greg and Toshi Shibano,1996. “Differential tax benefits and the pension reversion decision.” Journal of Accounting and Economics, Volume 21, Issue 1, February 1996, Pages 69-106zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cheng Qiang, Terry D. Warfield, 2005. “Equity Incentives and Earnings Management.” The Accounting Review ,Volume 80 ,April 2005 Page 441-476.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Degorge, Francois J. Patel and Richard Zeckhauser,1999.”Earnings Management to Exceed Threshold.” The Journal of Business, 1999, vol. 72, no. 1,page 1-32zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Edwards Iumberley D., 1996,”Prospect theory-- A literature review.” International Review of Financial Analysis, Vol. 5, No. 1, 1996, pp. 19-38zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ellen E. chultz, 1999. “Overfunded Pension Plans Fatten Companies` Earnings. “The Wall Street Journal, Junezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Feldstein, M., and R. Morck, 1983. “Pension funding decisions, interest rate assumptions and share prices.” University of Chicago Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fiegenbaum Avi, 1990. ”Prospect theory and the risk-return association: An empirical examination in 85 industries.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. Volume 14 (1990), October,187-203zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Frank, M.., 2002. “The impact of taxes on corporate defined benefit pension plan asset allocation.” Journal of Accounting Research 40 (4), page1163-1190.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) FASB (1984) Financial Accounting Concepts Statement No.5, “Recognition and measurement in financial statements of business enterprise.”zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) FASB(1985) Statement of financial accounting standard No.87 “Employer’ Accounting for Pensions.”zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) FASB(1998) Statement of financial accounting standard No.132 “Employer Disclosures about Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits.”zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) FASB(2003) Statement of financial accounting standard No.132(revision 2003) “Employer Disclosures about Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits.”zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Guidrya Flora, Andrew J. Leoneb, and Steve Rockc, 1999. “Earnings-based bonus plans and earnings management by business-unit managers.” Journal of Accounting and Economics Volume 26, Issues 1-3, January 1999, Pages 113-142.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Healy, P.M., 1985.” The effect of bonus schemes on accounting decision.” Journal of Accounting and Economics 7 (1±3), 85±107zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Healy, P. and J. Wahlen, 1999. “The review of the earnings management literature and its implications for standard setting.” Accounting Horizons, 1999. 81, No. 2, page. 227-231.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jones, J.J., 1991. “Earnings management during import relief investigation.” Journal of Accounting Research 29 (2), 193±228.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kahneman. D and Tversky. A, 1979. “Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk.” Econometrica, 47(2), 264-291zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lakonishok Josef, Andrei Shleifer, Richard Thaler and Robert Vishny,1991. “Window dressing by pension fund managers.” The American Economic Review, Vol. ccounting Research 37 (1), 57±81.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McNichols, Maureen andG, Peter Wilson, 1988, "Evidence of Earnings Management from the Provision for Bad Debts," Journal of Accounting Research (Supplement): 1-31zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kasznik, R., 1999. “On the association between voluntary disclosure and earnings management.” Journal of A Lev Baruch, 1969. “Industry Averages as Targets for Financial Ratios.” Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 7, No. 2, (Autumn, 1969), pp. 290-299zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Maclean B., 2002.” The old financial magic,” Fortune, February 18, 2002.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ross Watts, Jerold L. Zimmerman,1986.”Positive accounting theory” Prentice-Hall Inc.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Timothy M. Craft, 2001. “The Role of Private and Public Real Estate in Pension Plan Portfolio Allocation Choices.” Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management,p17-23zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Watts, Ross L. and Jerold. Zimmerman. 1986. “Positive Accounting Theory.” Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall Inc.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) William F. Sharpe, 2002. “Budgeting and Monitoring Pension Fund Risk.” Financial Analysts Journal, September/October 2002, Vol. 58, No. 5: pp. 74-86zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Yan. Tongxuan, 2006. “Earnings Management and Its Measurement: A Theoretical Perspective.” Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge. Hollywood: Mar 2006. Vol. 9, Iss. 1; p. 214zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Yang, 2003. “Defined Benefit Pension Plan Liabilities and International Asset Allocation.” Michigan Retirement Research Center Research Paper No. WP 2003-058zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) http://www.RogerCPAreview.com, Roger Philipp CPA Reviewzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) http://www2.standardandpoors.com/portal/site/sp/en/us/page.home/homezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) http://www.greenwichai.com/ Greenwich Alternative Investmentszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) http://www.nareit.com/ National Association of Real Estate Investment Trustszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) http://www.federalreserve.gov/ Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve Systemzh_TW