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題名 國民教育階段中的宗教自由─多元文化主義的觀點
Religious freedom in mandated education context─a multiculturalism perspective
作者 林榮光
貢獻者 廖元豪
林榮光
關鍵詞 國民教育
多元文化主義
平等受教育機會
宗教作為文化認同
兼顧容納宗教自由
mandated education
multiculturalism
equal education opportunities
religion as cultural identity
accommodation of religious freedom
日期 2009
上傳時間 8-Dec-2010 17:39:30 (UTC+8)
摘要 本論文係從多元文化主義之觀點來探討國民教育階段中的宗教自由。我國憲法第159條規定：「國民受教育之機會一律平等」。然而學生在教育過程中實質的平等受教育機會卻與其文化認同有密切的關係。如果學生的獨特文化認同不能在主流教育體制中受到尊重與接納，連帶的也會影響其學習上的成功機會。而透過對於法律「兼顧容納宗教自由」之案例的反省與分析，本論文引出了「宗教也是一深刻文化認同」之看法。筆者根據此一看法來重新思索宗教與國民教育之關係，並認為在憲法基本權利的層次，為了兼顧容納信徒基於宗教認同所產生之需求，我們必須承認「宗教學生平等受教育的權利」與「父母宗教教育之自由」。然而國家在國民教育階段中兼顧容納宗教自由，除了不應違背「政教分離」原則之外，也應以「民主教育」作為兼顧容納之重要界限。以上述想法為基礎，本論文也於最後具體探討我國的教育規範與教育實踐應如何作出調整，以建構一個兼顧信仰與學習的教育環境。
This dissertation discussed religious freedom in mandated education context from a multiculturalism perspective. Article 159 of ROC Constitution provides, “The educational opportunities of citizens are equal.” Understood in a subjective sense, equal educational opportunities of students have much to do with their cultural identities. If a student’s unique cultural identity cannot be respected and accommodated in mainstream education system, his or her opportunities to success in the education process will be limited seriously. Through the discussion of cases of “accommodation of religious freedom”, this dissertation tried to propose the view that religion is also a profound cultural identity. Accordingly, the author indicated that in order to accommodate believers religious identity, “the equal educational rights of religious students” and “the freedom of religious education of parents” should be recognized in mandated education context. However, the efforts to accommodate religious freedom should also be balanced by the principles of democratic education, in addition to the requirements of secularism in public schools. Based on the ideas mentioned above, this dissertation reviewed educational regulations and practices in Taiwan in the final section, and proposed the ways to construct a education environment in which both the believers’ needs to learn and to develop religious identity can be respected and attended properly.
參考文獻 (一)專書
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(二)專書論文
1. 中文部分
王和雄 (1998)，憲法保障宗教信仰自由之意義與界限，司法院大法官書記處編輯，司法院大法官釋憲五十週年紀念論文集，頁149-223，台北：司法院。
吳志光 (2005)，憲法保障宗教自由之意義－本土化觀察之嘗試，蘇永欽主編，部門憲法，頁647-675，台北：元照。
法治斌 (2003)，政教分離、出版自由與公共論壇─試評論 Rosenberger v. Rector & Visitors of University of Virginia, 115 s. Ct. 2510(1995)，法治國家與表意自由，頁319-339，台北：正典。
李震山 (2004)，論憲法意義下的「集體權」，吳庚大法官榮退論文集編輯委員會編輯，公法學與政治理論：吳庚大法官榮退論文集，頁167-190，台北：元照。
李建良 (2009)，人權維護者的六十回顧與挑戰─試探大法官人權解釋的反多數決困境，廖福特主編，憲法解釋之理論與實務，第六輯下冊，頁467-549，台北：中研院法律所籌備處。
周志宏 (2002)，學習權序論─教育基本法學習權規定之解析，翁岳生教授祝壽論文集編輯委員會編輯，當代公法新論：翁岳生教授七秩誕辰祝壽論文集，頁187-219，台北：元照。
周志宏 (2003)，教育行政法制之研討，周志宏著，教育法與教育改革，頁1-37，台北：高等教育。
林端 (2005)，宗教與憲法－社會學家另類的看法，蘇永欽主編，部門憲法，頁625-646，台北：元照。
林火旺 (1998)，公民身分：認同和差異，蕭高彥，蘇文流主編，多元主義，頁379-409，台北：中研院社科所。
孫效智 (2009)，台灣生命教育的挑戰與願景，2009生命教育論壇論文集，頁1-23。
秦夢群 (2006)，教育權、教育組織特性與法律保留密度，蘇永欽主編，部門憲法，頁483-505，台北：元照。
陳新民 (2007)，宗教良心自由與服役正義─釋字第490號解釋與社會役，氏著，法治國家原則之檢驗，頁183-212，台北：元照。
許育典 (2002)，論宗教自由的保障與實質法治國的實踐─評司法院大法官釋字第490號解釋，劉孔中、陳新民主編，憲法解釋之理論與實務，第三輯上冊，頁265-353，台北：中研院社科所。
廖元豪 (2004)，「海納百川」或「非我族類」的國家圖像？－檢討民國九十二年的「次等國民」憲法實務，法治斌教授紀念論文集編輯委會編輯，法治與現代行政法學：法治斌教授紀念論文集，頁279-308，台北：法治斌學術基金。
廖元豪 (2007)，Virginia v. Black與種族仇恨言論之管制─批判種族論的評論觀點，焦興鎧主編，美國最高法院重要判決之研究：二○○○~二○○三，頁105-150，台北市：中研院歐美所。
廖元豪 (2009)，建構以平等公民權(Equal Citizenship)為基礎的憲法權利理論途徑─對傳統基本權理論之反省，廖福特主編，憲法解釋之理論與實務，第六輯下冊，頁365-428，台北：中研院法律所籌備處。
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蘇永欽 (2005)，部門憲法─憲法釋義學的新路徑？蘇永欽主編，部門憲法，頁3-31，台北：元照。
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2. 英文部分
Banks, James A. (2008), Diversity, Transformative Citizenship Education, and School Reform, in Martha Minow, Richard A. Shweder, &Hazel Rose Markus, eds., Just School: Pursuing Equality in Societies of Difference, 227-253, New York, N.Y. :Russell Sage Foundation.
Bowen, John R. (2008), Republican Ironies: Equality and Identities in French Schools, in Martha Minow, Richard A. Shweder, &Hazel Rose Markus, eds., Just School: Pursuing Equality in Societies of Difference, 204-226, New York, N.Y. :Russell Sage Foundation.
Conkle, Daniel O. (2000), Secular fundamentalism, religious fundamentalism, and the search for truth in contemporary America, in Stephen M. Feldman ed., Law and religion : a critical anthology, 317-344, New York : New York University Press.
Dworkin, Ronald (1978), Liberalism, in Stuart Hampshire ed., Public and Private Morality, 113-143, Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press.
Feldman, Stephen M. (2000), A Christian America and the Separation of Church and State, in Stephen M. Feldman ed., Law and religion : a critical anthology, 261-277, New York : New York University Press.
Franklin, Kimberly & Harro Van Brummelen (2006), Religious diversity in Western Canadian education : presumptions, provisions, practices, and possibilities, in Farideh Salili and Rumjahn Hoosain eds., Religion in multicultural education, 71-100, Greenwich, Conn. : IAP.
Garcia, Ricardo L (2006)，Language, Culture, and Education, in James A. Banks, Cultural diversity and education : foundations, curriculum, and teaching, 266-291, Boston, Mass. : Pearson/Allyn and Bacon.
Gutmann, Amy (1994), Introduction, in Amy Gutmann ed., Multiculturalism : examining the politics of recognition, 3-24, Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press.
Habermas, Jürgen (1994), Struggles for Recognition in the Democratic Constitutional State, in Amy Gutmann ed., Multiculturalism : examining the politics of recognition, 107-148, Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press.
Markus, Hazel R. (2008), Identity Matters: Ethnicity, Race, and the American Dream, in Martha Minow, Richard A. Shweder, &Hazel Rose Markus, eds., Just School: Pursuing Equality in Societies of Difference, 63-98, New York, N.Y. :Russell Sage Foundation.
Marshall, William P. (2009), Progressives, the Religion Clauses, and the Limits of Secularism in Jack M. Balkin & Reva B. Siegel eds., The Constitution in 2020, 231-242, New York : Oxford University Press.
Minow, Martha (2008), We’re All For Equality in U.S. School Reforms: But What Does It Mean? in Martha Minow, Richard A. Shweder, &Hazel Rose Markus, eds., Just School: Pursuing Equality in Societies of Difference, 21-62, New York, N.Y. :Russell Sage Foundation.
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Rosenfeld, Michel (2007), Equality and the dialectic between identity and difference, in Omid Payrow Shabani ed., Multiculturalism and law : a critical debate, 156-181, Cardiff [Wales] : University of Wales Press.
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Shweder, Richard A. (2008), After Just Schools: The Equality –Difference Paradox and Conflicting Varieties of Liberal Hope, in Martha Minow, Richard A. Shweder, &Hazel Rose Markus, eds., Just School: Pursuing Equality in Societies of Difference, 254-290, New York, N.Y. :Russell Sage Foundation.
Subedi, Binaya et al., Teachers’ and Students’ Experiences Working With Religious Issues in U.S. Schools, in Farideh Salili and Rumjahn Hoosain eds., Religion in multicultural education, 215-238, Greenwich, Conn. : IAP.
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(三) 期刊論文
1. 中文部分
卯靜儒、張建成 (2005)，在地化與全球化之間：解嚴後臺灣課程改革論述的擺盪，臺灣教育社會學研究，5卷1期，頁39-76。
吳清山 (2003)，國民教育階段辦理非學校型態實驗教育之挑戰與策略，北縣教育，45期，頁18-26。
周志宏 (2000)，高等教育階段中的宗教教育問題─教育基本法第六條與私立學校法第九條之檢討，法令月刊，51卷10期，頁687-718。
周志宏 (2003)，教育事務民營化之法律問題─以國民中小學公辦民營為中心，月旦法學雜誌，102期，頁30-55。
許育典，周敬凡 (2006)，從德國聯邦憲法法院「頭巾判決」論學校的宗教中立，台大法學論叢，35卷6期，頁117-168 。
陳建榮、黃隆民 (2004)，我國國民教育階段「宗教與學校教育分際」現況的評析，臺中師院學報，18卷1期，頁41-60。
曾志隆 (2007)，公/私領域的界限：瓊塔‧穆芙的詮釋，思與言，45卷3期，頁79-116。
黃昭元 (2000a)，信上帝者下監獄？從司法院釋字第490號解釋論宗教自由與兵役義務的衝突，台灣本土法學雜誌，8期，頁30-45。
黃昭元 (2000b)，釋迦牟尼，生日快樂─定佛誕日為國定紀念日是否違憲？月旦法學雜誌，58期，頁16-17。
黃昭元 (2001)，上帝要我上祂的學校─宗教自由與義務教育的衝突，月旦法學雜誌，74期 頁8-9。
楊深坑 (2008)，社會公義、差異政治與教育機會均等的新視野，當代教育研究，16卷4期，頁1-37。
蔡文山 (2004)，從教育機會均等的觀點省思台灣原住民學生的教育現況與展
望，教育與社會研究，6期，頁109-144。
薛化元 (1997)，戰後國家教育權發展的考察─「教育基本法」爭議的歷史思考，律師雜誌，210期，頁19-29。
顏厥安 (1997)，凱撒管得了上帝嗎？─由法管制理論檢討宗教立法，月旦法學雜誌，24期，頁34-43。
廖元豪 (2006a)，宗教自由：第三講－政教分離(一)，月旦法學教室，48期，頁30-36．
廖元豪 (2006b)，宗教自由：第四講─政教分離（二）—案例類型與本土反思，月旦法學教室，50期，頁30-38。
廖元豪 (2006c)，誰的法律？誰的人權─建構「弱勢人權」芻議，律師雜誌，321期，頁10-20。
2.英文部分
Bell, Derrick A., Jr.(1980), Brown v. Board of Education and The Interest Convergence Dilemma, 93 Harvard Law Review 518.
Berger, Benjamin (2002), The Limits of Belief: Freedom of Religion, Secularism, and the Liberal State, 17 NO.1 Can. J. L. & Soc’y 39
Brown, Kevin (1993), Do African-Americans Need Immersion Schools? The Paradoxes Created by Legal Conceptualization of Race and Public Education, 78 Iowa L. Rev. 813.
Carter, Stephen L. (1987), Evolutionism, Creationism, and Treating Religion as a Hobby, 1987 Duke Law Journal 977.
Carter, Stephen L. (1997), Parents, Religion, and Schools: Reflections on Pierce, 70 Years Later, 27 Seton Hall Law Review 1194.
Conkle, Daniel O. (1994), Different Religions, Different Politics: Evaluating the Role of Competing Religious Traditions in American Politics and Law, 10 J. L. & Religion 1.
DeGroff, Eric A. (2003), State Regulation of Nonpublic Schools: Does The Tie Still Bind? 2003 B.Y.U. Educ. & L.J. 363.
Gunn, T. Jeremy (2004), Religious Freedom and Lacite: A Comparison of the United States and France, 2004 B.Y.U. L. Rev. 419.
Lawrence , Charles R. (1995), Forward Ace, Multiculturalism, and the Jurisprudence of Transformation, 47 Stan. L. Rev. 819.
McConnell, Michael W. (1990), Free Exercise Revisionism and The Smith Case, 57 University of Chicago Law Review 1109.
McConnell, Michael W. (1992), Accommodation of Religion: An Update and a Response to the Critics, 60 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 685.
McConnell, Michael W. (2000), Why is Religious Liberty the "First Freedom"? 21 Cardozo Law Review 1243.
Paterson, Frances R. A. (2000), “Supreme Court: Enemy of Freedom?” Constitutional Law in Christian School Textbooks, 29 J.L. & Educ. 405.
Stolzenberg, Nomi Maya (1993), He Drew a Circle That Shut Me Out: Assimilation, Indoctrination, and a Paradox of Liberal Education, 106 Harv. L. Rev. 581.
Young, Iris Marion (1989), Polity and Group difference: A Critique of the Ideal of Universal Citizenship, Ethics, Vol. 99, No.2, 269.
Zine, Jasmin (2001), Muslim Youth in Canadian Schools: Education and the Politics of Religious Identity, Anthropology & Education Quarterly, Vol.32, No.4, 399.
(四) 學位論文
尤伯祥 (1998)，宗教自由之權利內涵研究，國立政治大學法研所碩士論文。
周志宏 (1999)，私人興學自由與私立學校法制之研究，輔仁大學法律學系博士論文。
周敬凡 (2001)，宗教自由的法建構-兼論「宗教團體法草案」，國立成功大學法研所碩士論文。
張源泉 (2002)，台灣宗教教育之合憲性研究─國民教育之分析，國立政治大學宗教研究所碩士論文。
洪筱淋 (2009)，從多元文化觀點論宗教教育的重要性─自身經驗和國小現況的激盪，國立東華大學多元文化教育研究所碩士論文。
陳忠雄 (2005)，國民小學實施宗教教育之分析研究，佛光人文社會學院宗教學系碩士論文。
陳敏華 (2007)，我國國民中學公民類科教科書國家認同內涵之演變，國立台灣師範大學公民教育與活動領導學系在職進修碩士班碩士論文。
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
法律學研究所
96651034
98
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0096651034
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 廖元豪zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 林榮光zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 林榮光zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2009en_US
dc.date.accessioned 8-Dec-2010 17:39:30 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 8-Dec-2010 17:39:30 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 8-Dec-2010 17:39:30 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0096651034en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/49735-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 法律學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 96651034zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 98zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本論文係從多元文化主義之觀點來探討國民教育階段中的宗教自由。我國憲法第159條規定：「國民受教育之機會一律平等」。然而學生在教育過程中實質的平等受教育機會卻與其文化認同有密切的關係。如果學生的獨特文化認同不能在主流教育體制中受到尊重與接納，連帶的也會影響其學習上的成功機會。而透過對於法律「兼顧容納宗教自由」之案例的反省與分析，本論文引出了「宗教也是一深刻文化認同」之看法。筆者根據此一看法來重新思索宗教與國民教育之關係，並認為在憲法基本權利的層次，為了兼顧容納信徒基於宗教認同所產生之需求，我們必須承認「宗教學生平等受教育的權利」與「父母宗教教育之自由」。然而國家在國民教育階段中兼顧容納宗教自由，除了不應違背「政教分離」原則之外，也應以「民主教育」作為兼顧容納之重要界限。以上述想法為基礎，本論文也於最後具體探討我國的教育規範與教育實踐應如何作出調整，以建構一個兼顧信仰與學習的教育環境。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This dissertation discussed religious freedom in mandated education context from a multiculturalism perspective. Article 159 of ROC Constitution provides, “The educational opportunities of citizens are equal.” Understood in a subjective sense, equal educational opportunities of students have much to do with their cultural identities. If a student’s unique cultural identity cannot be respected and accommodated in mainstream education system, his or her opportunities to success in the education process will be limited seriously. Through the discussion of cases of “accommodation of religious freedom”, this dissertation tried to propose the view that religion is also a profound cultural identity. Accordingly, the author indicated that in order to accommodate believers religious identity, “the equal educational rights of religious students” and “the freedom of religious education of parents” should be recognized in mandated education context. However, the efforts to accommodate religious freedom should also be balanced by the principles of democratic education, in addition to the requirements of secularism in public schools. Based on the ideas mentioned above, this dissertation reviewed educational regulations and practices in Taiwan in the final section, and proposed the ways to construct a education environment in which both the believers’ needs to learn and to develop religious identity can be respected and attended properly.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機 1
一、楔子：來時路的反思 1
二、宗教與世俗教育的衝突：國內外的案例 3
三、我國文獻探討不足 7
第二節 問題提出 10
第三節 分析架構與研究方法 13
一、分析架構 13
二、研究方法 15
第四節 各章簡介 18
第二章 多元文化主義與憲法 21
第一節 以「自我決定」與「國家中立」為特徵之自由主義憲法 23
一、「自我決定」原則與「國家中立」原則作為自由主義的核心特徵 23
二、憲法作為保障個人權利的中立框架 23
三、以美國最高法院對於「言論自由」權利內涵的界定為例 25
四、我國憲法學說上對於「人性尊嚴」的理解 27
五、自我決定與文化身份 28
第二節 從「獨立自主」到「獨特文化觀點」 32
一、何謂平等？「同」與「異」的辯證關係 32
二、美國種族融合教育之經驗─司法判決與非裔學者省思 33
三、人性圖像的再界定─具有強烈文化紐帶的個人 39
第三節 質疑中立標準，引入差異觀點 43
一、「文化」與「國家中立」的省思 43
二、以引入差異觀點、促進多元價值作為釋憲之依據 46
三、釋字第五七三號解釋 48
四、釋字第六一七號解釋 54
第四節 小結 57
第三章 國民教育、文化差異與教育機會均等 61
第一節 國家與文化群體在教育上之拉鋸 63
一、國家與教育之關係─三種理論模式 63
二、我國教育實踐的回顧與現況 67
三、小結 72
第二節 憲法上教育權利之內涵 74
一、教育權利之體系建構 74
二、基本國策作為教育憲法之重要環節 76
三、以「教育機會均等」條款充實學習權之內涵 78
第三節 教育機會均等與多元文化教育 81
一、「教育機會均等」條款內涵的再思 81
二、多元文化教育─歷程、目標與策略 85
三、實質教育機會均等觀之憲法意義 91
第四節 小結 94
第四章 法律兼顧容納宗教自由之理據 97
第一節 美國兼顧容納宗教自由之案例介紹 99
一、「兼顧容納」宗教自由概說─內涵與類型 99
二、美國司法判例介紹 101
第二節 台灣司法解釋與學說對於兼顧容納宗教自由之論述 112
一、釋字第四九○號解釋 112
二、我國學說對於「兼顧容納」宗教自由之態度 114
第三節 從多元文化觀點看「兼顧容納」宗教自由 122
一、宗教作為一種深刻的文化認同 122
二、「形式中立觀」真的中立嗎？ 128
第四節 小結 135
第五章 國民教育階段宗教自由權利內涵及其界限 137
第一節 引言：建構一個兼顧信仰與學習的教育環境 139
一、宗教在公領域中的圖像 139
二、以宗教作為積極貢獻者的觀點，建構兼顧容納的學習環境 142
第二節 宗教學生平等受教育權利 144
一、教育機會均等與宗教自我認同 144
二、台灣學校教育：對於宗教學生不平等的學習環境 146
第三節 宗教教育自由與信仰傳承 150
一、概說 150
二、文化傳承作為宗教自由的重要內涵 151
三、與孩子的自我實現產生衝突？ 152
第四節 界限：民主教育 155
第五節 兼顧容納的二種類型與審查方式 159
一、憲法宗教信仰自由所要求的兼顧容納 159
二、憲法政教分離原則所容許的兼顧容納 161
第六節 小結 166
第六章 對於我國教育規範與教育實踐的具體檢討 167
第一節 私立宗教學校 169
一、概說─私立學校與兼顧容納宗教自由 169
二、私立宗教學校從事宗教儀式之自由 175
三、私立宗教學校教科書選擇權 181
第二節 公立學校 193
一、概說─接納學生的宗教自我認同 193
二、免於接受侵害或限制宗教自由的教育措施 194
三、建立正規宗教課程 204
第三節 豁免於在家自學法規範─台北新約教會訴願案 211
一、案例事實 211
二、分析 212
第四節 小結 219
第七章 結論 221
第一節 研究回顧 221
第二節 研究反思 225
附錄：Christian Legal Soc. v. Martinez簡介與評析 229
參考文獻 233		zh_TW
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dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0096651034en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 國民教育zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 多元文化主義zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 平等受教育機會zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 宗教作為文化認同zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 兼顧容納宗教自由zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) mandated educationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) multiculturalismen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) equal education opportunitiesen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) religion as cultural identityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) accommodation of religious freedomen_US
dc.title (題名) 國民教育階段中的宗教自由─多元文化主義的觀點zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Religious freedom in mandated education context─a multiculturalism perspectiveen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) (三) 期刊論文zh_TW
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