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題名 漢語多義情態動詞的連用結構:語意與語用之互動
On the construction of multiple polysemous modal verbs in mandarin Chinese: the Semantics-Pragmatics interface
作者 吳光中
Wu, Guang Zhong Andrew
貢獻者 張郇慧
吳光中
Wu, Guang Zhong Andrew
關鍵詞 情態
多義
Modality
Polysemy
日期 2009
上傳時間 9-十二月-2010 12:35:17 (UTC+8)
摘要 本論文藉由系統性地闡述情態語意詮釋與情態動詞連用結構之間的關係來解釋限制漢語多義情態動詞(應該、要、會、可以、能)連用詞序的機制。首先本文作者指出以Lyons (1977)及Palmer (2001)為首的描述性導向分析方法無法全面性地解釋所有漢語多義情態動詞連用的可能性,於是本文採用Klinge (1993)的語意與語用互動分析方法並認為所有情態動詞本身只含有單一核心語意而且共享「潛在性」(POTENTIALITY)語意來預測未證實的情狀描述(SITUATION REPRESENTATION)是否說明實際語境形勢(WORLD SITUATION)的可能性,而此未證實的情狀描述所身處的語境主要分為兩大情狀類型:事件型情狀描述(WORLD-EVENT)和主語型情狀描述(AGENT-EVENT)。此外,經由逐一定義每個多義情態動詞的核心語意之後作者發現情態動詞說明未證實的情狀描述與實際語境形勢之間關係的預測強度是影響漢語多義情態動詞連用結構中詞序限制的主要因素;作者也舉出英語方言中的情態助動詞連用情形來證明本研究中所採用的語意與語用互動分析方法之下的概括性結論在跨語言間可以獲得普遍性支持。
The purpose of this study is to formulate a schematic representation of modal form-meaning correspondence to explicate what mechanism governs the ordering constraint of Chinese polysemous modal verbs – YINGGAI應該, YAO要, HUI會, KEYI可以, NENG能– in one utterance. We first point out the traditional descriptive-oriented approach argued by Lyons (1977) and Palmer (2001) cannot comprehensively explain all possible Chinese modal co-occurrence. Hence, the alternative semantics-pragmatics approach suggested by Klinge (1993) in this study argues that various modal interpretations are not encoded in modal lexemes but induced by the following inference process: the modal verbs which share the same semantic field of POTENTIALITY specify the correspondence between the unverified SITUATION REPRESENTATION of two major situation types, i.e. WORLD-EVENT and ANGENT-EVENT, and the referential situation in real world, i.e. WORLD SITUATION. Besides, according to the systematic account for different core meanings of each Chinese polysemous modal verb, we also claim that the STRENGTH of prediction represented by each polysemous modal verb to the POTENTIAL correspondence between SITUATION REPRESENTATION and WORLD SITUATION governs the ordering restriction in Chinese multiple-modal construction. This generalization of our alternative methodology in this study is also supported by the English double-modal construction in several English dialects, in which it implies our present framework is universal across languages.
參考文獻 Bybee, Joan L., William Pagliuca, and Revere D. Perkins. 1994. The Evolution of Grammar: Tense, Aspect and Modality in the Languages of the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Bybee, Joan, and Suzanne Fleischman (eds.). 1995. Modality in Grammar and Discourse. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Chao, Yuen-ren. 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Coates, Jennifer. 1983. The Semantics of the Modal Auxiliaries. London: Croom Helm.
Fennell, Barbara A. 1993. Evidence for British Sources of Double Modal Construction in Southern American English. American Speech 68(4). p430-437.
Fillmore, Charles J., and Berl T. Atkins. 1992. Towarda frame-based lexicon: The semantics of risk and its neighbors. Frames, Fields, and Contrasts, ed. by Adrienne Lehrer and Eva Feder Kittay, 75-102. Hillsdale: NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Goossens, L. 1982. On the Development of the Modlas and of the Epistemic Function English. In Papers from the 5th International Conference on Historical Linguistics (A. Alqvist, ed.), p74-84. Benjamins, Amsterdam.
Guo, Jian-sheng. 1994. Social Interaction, Meaning, and Grammatical Form: Children’s Development and Use of Modal Auxiliaries in Mandarin Chinese. Ph.D Dissertation, Berkley: University of California.
Heine, Bernd. 1995. “Agent-Oriented vs. Epistemic Modality: Some Observations on German Modals.” In Modality in Grammar and Discourse, ed. J. Bybee and S. Fleischman, 17-53. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Her, One-Soon. 2008. Grammatical Functions and Verb Subcategorization in Mandarin Chinese. Taipei: The Crane Publishing.
Herndobler, Robin, and Andrew Sledd. 1976. Black English—Notes on the Auxiliary. American Speech 51(3/4). 185-200.
Hofmann, T. R. 1993. Realms of Meaning. New York: Longman Publishing.
Hsieh, Chia-Ling. 2002. Hanyu de Qingtai Dongci (Modal Verbs in Mandarin Chinese). Doctoral Dissertation. National Tsing Hua Univesity.
Hsieh, Chia-Ling. 2005. Modal Verbs and Modal Adverbs in Chinese: An Investigation into the Semantic Source [electronic version]. UST Working Papers in Linguistics, 1, 31-58.
Hsieh, Chia-Ling. 2006. Hanyu Qingtaici de Yuyi Jieding: Yuliauku wei Ben de Yianjiu (The Semantic Definition of Chinese Modals: A Study Based on Corpus). Zhongguo Yuwen Yianjiu 21: 45-63.
Hsin, Ai-Li. 2000. Huayu Qingtai Dongci de Yuyi Yu Jufa Chengfen Zhi Hudong (The Interaction between Syntax and Semantics of Modal Verbs in Mandarin Chinese). Diliujie Shijie Huayuwu Jiaoxue Yantaohui (6th Chinese Language Teaching). 258-279. Taipei: Shijie Huawen.
Hsu, Yu-Yin. 2004. The Syntactic Structure and Pedagogical Grammar of Modals in Mandarin Chinese. M.A. Thesis, National Taiwan Normal University.
Huang, Yu-Chun. 1999. A Semantic Study of Modal Verbs in Chinese. M.A. Thesis, National Taiwan Normal University
Huang, Wan-Ju. 2008. On the Non-existence of the Adjective Category in Mandarin Chinese. M.A. Thesis, National Chengchi University.
Huang, Xiao-You. 2009. Multiple-Modal Constructions in Mandarin Chinese: A View from Cartography and MP. M.A. Thesis, National Tsing Hua University.
Klinge, Alex. 1993. The English Modal Auxiliaries: From Lexical Semantics to Utterance Interpretation. Journal of Linguistics 29:315-357.
Leech, G. N. 1987. Meaning and the English verb. London: Longman.
Li, Charles N., and Sandra A. Thompson. 1981. Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar. Berkeley; Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Lin, Jo-Wang., and C.C. Jane Tang. 1995. Modals as Verbs in Chinese: A GB perspective. The Bulletin of the Institute of History and Phiology, Academic Sinica 6.1: 53-105. Taipei, Taiwan.
Liu, Mei-Chun, and Yi-Ching Wu. 2004. A Frame-based Analysis of Polysemous-verbs of Encoding in Mandarin. Paper presented in the 12th Annual Conference of IACL. Naikai University. Tianjin, China.
Liu, Yue-Hua, Wen-Yu Pan, and Wei Gu. 1996. Shiyong Xiandai Hanyu Yufa (Practical Modern Chinese Grammar). Taipei: Normal University Publishing.
Lu, Shu-Xiang. 1980. Xiandai Hanyu Babai Ci (Eight Hundred Words in Modern Chinese). Hong Kong: Shang Wu Publishing.
Lyons, John. 1977. Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mishoe, Margaret, and Michael Montgomery. 1994. The Pragmatics of Multiple Modal Variation in North and South Carolina. American Speech, 69(1). 3-29.
Nagle, Stephen J. 2003. Double Modals in the Southern United States: Syntactic Structure or Syntactic Structures? Modality in Contemporary English, ed. by Roberta Facchinetti, Manfred Krug, Frank Palmer, 349-372. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Ogura, Michiko. 1993. Shal (not) mowe, or Double Auxiliary Constructions in Middle English. The Review of English Studies 44(176). 539-548.
Palmer, F. R. 1990. Modality and the English Modals. 2nd ed. London; New York: Longman.
Palmer, F. R. 2001. Mood and Modality. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Papafragou, Anna. 2000. Modality: Issues in the Semantics-Pragmatics Interface. Amsterdam: New York.
Perkins, Michael R. 1983. Modal Expressions in English. Norwood, New Jersey: ABLEX Publishing Co.
Shepherd, S. 1982. The Acquisition of Modality in Antiguan Creole. In Papers from the 5th International Conference on Historical Linguistics (A. Alqvist, ed.), p171-185. Benjamins, Amsterdam.
Sperber, D., and D. Wilson. 1986. Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Blackwell, Oxford.
Sweetser, Eve. 1990. From Etymology to Pragmatics: Metaphorical and Cultural Aspects of Semantic Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Talmy, Leonard. 1988. Force dynamics in language and cognition. Cognitive Science 2: 49-100.
Tang, Ting-Chi, and Chih-Chen Jane Tang. 1997. Hanyu Qingtaici Xulun (Introduction to Modal Words in Mandarin Chinese). Diwujie Shijie Huayuwu Jiaoxue Yantaohui (5th Conference of World Chinese Language Teaching). 177-197. Taipei: Shi Jie Hua Wen.
Tang, Ting-Chi. 2000. Hanyu de Qingtai Fuci: Yuyi Neihan yu Yufa Gongneng (Modal Adverbs in Mandarin Chinese: Semantic Content and Syntactic Function). Collection of Sinica Academia 71:199-219.
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. 1989. On the Rise of Epistemic Meanings in English: An Example of Subjectification in Semantic Change. Language 65: 31-55.
Tsai, W.-T. Dylan, and Paul H. Porter. 2008. Adverb-Modal Interactions and Actuality Entailments in Chinese. Paper presented at IsCLL-11, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan.
Tsao, Feng-Fu. 1990. Sentence and Clause Structure in Chinese: a functional Perspective. Taipei: Student Book, Co.
Wu, Chun-Hui. 2009. Polysemous Modal Verbs in Mandarin Chinese. MA thesis. Taipei: National Chengchi University.
曹逢甫. 1993.《台灣話動詞研究》,國科會研究計畫報告(NSC 81-0301-H-007-508).
鄭縈. 2001.〈從語料庫看漢語情態動詞的詞序〉,於《靜宜人文學報》,14: 42-69.
Corpus Data Resource
Chinese Sketch Engine: http://wordsketch.ling.sinica.edu.tw
Huang, Chu-Ren, Adam Kilgarriff, Yicing Wu, Chih-Min Chiu, Simon Smith, Pavel Rychlý, Ming-Hong Bai, and Keh-Jiann Chen. 2005. Chinese Sketch Engine and the Extraction of Collocations. Proceedings of the Fourth SIGHAN Workshop on Chinese Language Processing, 48-55. October 14-15. Jeju, Korea.
Kilgarriff, Adam, Pavel Rychlý, Pavel Smrz, and David Tugwell. 2004. The Sketch Engine. Proceedings of EURALEX, Lorient, France.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
96555004
98
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0096555004
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 張郇慧zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) 吳光中zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) Wu, Guang Zhong Andrewen_US
dc.creator (作者) 吳光中zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Wu, Guang Zhong Andrewen_US
dc.date (日期) 2009en_US
dc.date.accessioned 9-十二月-2010 12:35:17 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 9-十二月-2010 12:35:17 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 9-十二月-2010 12:35:17 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0096555004en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/49902-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 96555004zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 98zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本論文藉由系統性地闡述情態語意詮釋與情態動詞連用結構之間的關係來解釋限制漢語多義情態動詞(應該、要、會、可以、能)連用詞序的機制。首先本文作者指出以Lyons (1977)及Palmer (2001)為首的描述性導向分析方法無法全面性地解釋所有漢語多義情態動詞連用的可能性,於是本文採用Klinge (1993)的語意與語用互動分析方法並認為所有情態動詞本身只含有單一核心語意而且共享「潛在性」(POTENTIALITY)語意來預測未證實的情狀描述(SITUATION REPRESENTATION)是否說明實際語境形勢(WORLD SITUATION)的可能性,而此未證實的情狀描述所身處的語境主要分為兩大情狀類型:事件型情狀描述(WORLD-EVENT)和主語型情狀描述(AGENT-EVENT)。此外,經由逐一定義每個多義情態動詞的核心語意之後作者發現情態動詞說明未證實的情狀描述與實際語境形勢之間關係的預測強度是影響漢語多義情態動詞連用結構中詞序限制的主要因素;作者也舉出英語方言中的情態助動詞連用情形來證明本研究中所採用的語意與語用互動分析方法之下的概括性結論在跨語言間可以獲得普遍性支持。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The purpose of this study is to formulate a schematic representation of modal form-meaning correspondence to explicate what mechanism governs the ordering constraint of Chinese polysemous modal verbs – YINGGAI應該, YAO要, HUI會, KEYI可以, NENG能– in one utterance. We first point out the traditional descriptive-oriented approach argued by Lyons (1977) and Palmer (2001) cannot comprehensively explain all possible Chinese modal co-occurrence. Hence, the alternative semantics-pragmatics approach suggested by Klinge (1993) in this study argues that various modal interpretations are not encoded in modal lexemes but induced by the following inference process: the modal verbs which share the same semantic field of POTENTIALITY specify the correspondence between the unverified SITUATION REPRESENTATION of two major situation types, i.e. WORLD-EVENT and ANGENT-EVENT, and the referential situation in real world, i.e. WORLD SITUATION. Besides, according to the systematic account for different core meanings of each Chinese polysemous modal verb, we also claim that the STRENGTH of prediction represented by each polysemous modal verb to the POTENTIAL correspondence between SITUATION REPRESENTATION and WORLD SITUATION governs the ordering restriction in Chinese multiple-modal construction. This generalization of our alternative methodology in this study is also supported by the English double-modal construction in several English dialects, in which it implies our present framework is universal across languages.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgements.........................................iv
Table of Contents........................................vi
Chinese Abstract.......................................viii
English Abstract.........................................ix
CHAPTER
I. Introduction...........................................1
1.1 Motivation and Purpose................................2
1.2 Data Collection.......................................6
1.3 Outline of Thesis.....................................7
II. Literature Review.....................................9
2.1 Syntactic Approach....................................9
2.1.1 Syntactic Status of Chinese Modal Verbs.............9
2.1.2 Generative Approach on Chinese Modals..............17
2.2 Semantics-Pragmatics Interface Approach..............24
2.2.1 Descriptive-oriented Approach......................24
2.2.2 Polysemy Approach..................................32
2.2.3 Context-derived Approach...........................35
2.3 Remarks..............................................41
III. Semantics-Pragmatics Analysis of
Polysemous Modal Verb...............................43
3.1 The Resolution to Unverified WORLD SITUATION.........43
3.2 Modal Interpretation of Polysemous Modal Verb........46
3.2.1 YINGGAI 應該.......................................46
3.2.2 KEYI 可以 and NENG 能...............................50
3.2.3 HUI 會.............................................62
3.2.4 YAO 要.............................................66
3.3 Summary..............................................70
IV. Modal Co-occurrence in Mandarin Chinese..............71
4.1 Initial Observation within
Descriptive-oriented Approach........................71
4.2 Modal Co-occurrence within Semantics-Pragmatics
Interface Approach...................................78
4.2.1 Hypothesis.........................................78
4.2.2 Data Distribution..................................82
4.2.2.1 The Co-occurrence of Different Category..........82
4.2.2.2 The Co-occurrence within Identical Category......94
4.2.3 The Evidence of English Multiple-Modal
Construction......................................100
4.2.4 Discussion........................................102
4.3 Summary.............................................107
V. Conclusion...........................................111
References..............................................115
Corpus Data Resource....................................120
zh_TW
dc.format.extent 744152 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0096555004en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 情態zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 多義zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Modalityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Polysemyen_US
dc.title (題名) 漢語多義情態動詞的連用結構:語意與語用之互動zh_TW
dc.title (題名) On the construction of multiple polysemous modal verbs in mandarin Chinese: the Semantics-Pragmatics interfaceen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bybee, Joan L., William Pagliuca, and Revere D. Perkins. 1994. The Evolution of Grammar: Tense, Aspect and Modality in the Languages of the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bybee, Joan, and Suzanne Fleischman (eds.). 1995. Modality in Grammar and Discourse. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chao, Yuen-ren. 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Coates, Jennifer. 1983. The Semantics of the Modal Auxiliaries. London: Croom Helm.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fennell, Barbara A. 1993. Evidence for British Sources of Double Modal Construction in Southern American English. American Speech 68(4). p430-437.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fillmore, Charles J., and Berl T. Atkins. 1992. Towarda frame-based lexicon: The semantics of risk and its neighbors. Frames, Fields, and Contrasts, ed. by Adrienne Lehrer and Eva Feder Kittay, 75-102. Hillsdale: NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Goossens, L. 1982. On the Development of the Modlas and of the Epistemic Function English. In Papers from the 5th International Conference on Historical Linguistics (A. Alqvist, ed.), p74-84. Benjamins, Amsterdam.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Guo, Jian-sheng. 1994. Social Interaction, Meaning, and Grammatical Form: Children’s Development and Use of Modal Auxiliaries in Mandarin Chinese. Ph.D Dissertation, Berkley: University of California.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Heine, Bernd. 1995. “Agent-Oriented vs. Epistemic Modality: Some Observations on German Modals.” In Modality in Grammar and Discourse, ed. J. Bybee and S. Fleischman, 17-53. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Her, One-Soon. 2008. Grammatical Functions and Verb Subcategorization in Mandarin Chinese. Taipei: The Crane Publishing.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Herndobler, Robin, and Andrew Sledd. 1976. Black English—Notes on the Auxiliary. American Speech 51(3/4). 185-200.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hofmann, T. R. 1993. Realms of Meaning. New York: Longman Publishing.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hsieh, Chia-Ling. 2002. Hanyu de Qingtai Dongci (Modal Verbs in Mandarin Chinese). Doctoral Dissertation. National Tsing Hua Univesity.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hsieh, Chia-Ling. 2005. Modal Verbs and Modal Adverbs in Chinese: An Investigation into the Semantic Source [electronic version]. UST Working Papers in Linguistics, 1, 31-58.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hsieh, Chia-Ling. 2006. Hanyu Qingtaici de Yuyi Jieding: Yuliauku wei Ben de Yianjiu (The Semantic Definition of Chinese Modals: A Study Based on Corpus). Zhongguo Yuwen Yianjiu 21: 45-63.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hsin, Ai-Li. 2000. Huayu Qingtai Dongci de Yuyi Yu Jufa Chengfen Zhi Hudong (The Interaction between Syntax and Semantics of Modal Verbs in Mandarin Chinese). Diliujie Shijie Huayuwu Jiaoxue Yantaohui (6th Chinese Language Teaching). 258-279. Taipei: Shijie Huawen.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hsu, Yu-Yin. 2004. The Syntactic Structure and Pedagogical Grammar of Modals in Mandarin Chinese. M.A. Thesis, National Taiwan Normal University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huang, Yu-Chun. 1999. A Semantic Study of Modal Verbs in Chinese. M.A. Thesis, National Taiwan Normal Universityzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huang, Wan-Ju. 2008. On the Non-existence of the Adjective Category in Mandarin Chinese. M.A. Thesis, National Chengchi University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huang, Xiao-You. 2009. Multiple-Modal Constructions in Mandarin Chinese: A View from Cartography and MP. M.A. Thesis, National Tsing Hua University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Klinge, Alex. 1993. The English Modal Auxiliaries: From Lexical Semantics to Utterance Interpretation. Journal of Linguistics 29:315-357.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Leech, G. N. 1987. Meaning and the English verb. London: Longman.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Li, Charles N., and Sandra A. Thompson. 1981. Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar. Berkeley; Los Angeles: University of California Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lin, Jo-Wang., and C.C. Jane Tang. 1995. Modals as Verbs in Chinese: A GB perspective. The Bulletin of the Institute of History and Phiology, Academic Sinica 6.1: 53-105. Taipei, Taiwan.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Liu, Mei-Chun, and Yi-Ching Wu. 2004. A Frame-based Analysis of Polysemous-verbs of Encoding in Mandarin. Paper presented in the 12th Annual Conference of IACL. Naikai University. Tianjin, China.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Liu, Yue-Hua, Wen-Yu Pan, and Wei Gu. 1996. Shiyong Xiandai Hanyu Yufa (Practical Modern Chinese Grammar). Taipei: Normal University Publishing.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lu, Shu-Xiang. 1980. Xiandai Hanyu Babai Ci (Eight Hundred Words in Modern Chinese). Hong Kong: Shang Wu Publishing.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lyons, John. 1977. Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mishoe, Margaret, and Michael Montgomery. 1994. The Pragmatics of Multiple Modal Variation in North and South Carolina. American Speech, 69(1). 3-29.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Nagle, Stephen J. 2003. Double Modals in the Southern United States: Syntactic Structure or Syntactic Structures? Modality in Contemporary English, ed. by Roberta Facchinetti, Manfred Krug, Frank Palmer, 349-372. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ogura, Michiko. 1993. Shal (not) mowe, or Double Auxiliary Constructions in Middle English. The Review of English Studies 44(176). 539-548.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Palmer, F. R. 1990. Modality and the English Modals. 2nd ed. London; New York: Longman.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Palmer, F. R. 2001. Mood and Modality. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Papafragou, Anna. 2000. Modality: Issues in the Semantics-Pragmatics Interface. Amsterdam: New York.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Perkins, Michael R. 1983. Modal Expressions in English. Norwood, New Jersey: ABLEX Publishing Co.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Shepherd, S. 1982. The Acquisition of Modality in Antiguan Creole. In Papers from the 5th International Conference on Historical Linguistics (A. Alqvist, ed.), p171-185. Benjamins, Amsterdam.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sperber, D., and D. Wilson. 1986. Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Blackwell, Oxford.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sweetser, Eve. 1990. From Etymology to Pragmatics: Metaphorical and Cultural Aspects of Semantic Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
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