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題名 中國自願性孤立網路主權與"中國資訊網"
China`s voluntary isolation: Internet sovereignty and the "China Wide Web"
作者 侯德賢
Jorge Eduardo Castelan Badillo
貢獻者 林碧炤
Lin, Bih Jaw
侯德賢
Jorge Eduardo Castelan Badillo
關鍵詞 Internet Control
Sovereignty
Censorship
China
日期 2010
上傳時間 29-Sep-2011 18:35:43 (UTC+8)
摘要 In the last decade of last century, the advent of the Internet as the predominant medium of communication for the masses prompted countless observers and social sciences scholars to predict the end of physical borders; a revolution in the way we understood the nation-state and the concept of sovereignty. The Internet, a medium that seemed not to be confined to the same territorial delimitations that traditional media was subjected to, would simultaneously represent and promote the achievement of the “one world” scenario that globalization promised; a world in which information could flow free from governmental control and official censorship. Thus, the ideological foundation of authoritarian regimes, such as that of the People’s Republic of China, faced a dire threat – or so the theory went.

Today, fifteen years after the Chinese incursion into cyberspace, the veil of idealism and simplistic thinking that elicited those initial claims has been lifted from our eyes, and recent events have further demonstrated that the web is still subject, and will continue to be subject, to territorial delimitation. This reality was further illustrated in June 2010 with the publication of the first Chinese White Paper entirely dedicated to the Internet, which revealed the overarching principle guiding Beijing’s Internet control efforts: the assertion of what it calls “Internet sovereignty”, the supreme authority by the Chinese Communist Party to control which kind of information enters its borders through the Internet and is spread within.

While China is not the only country trying to restrict the access of online information from abroad to its borders, it is the first country in the world to actually make an official plea sovereignty over the Web. However, despite the boldness of its content, Section V of the Internet White Paper sparked “outrage, concern, but surprisingly not much discussion”. Ever since the first connection was established in the country, the examination of the political aspects of the Chinese Internet has mainly revolved around the issues of censorship and surveillance. Yet, the spat between the Chinese government and Internet giant Google raised the stakes in the debate considerably, as it prompted the Chinese Communist Party to make explicit its claims of sovereignty over the Internet and advance its strategy of fragmentation of the Web; something that a few years ago was considered nearly impossible. For this reason, this study seeks to answer the question: How does the Chinese government intend to apply its national sovereignty, which has traditionally been understood primarily in geographical terms, to a medium that seems to be exempt of geographical location?
參考文獻 Books
De Sola Pool, Ithiel (1983). Technologies of Freedom: On Free Speech in an Electronic Age. Cambridge, MA: Belkap Press.
Deibert, Ronald. (Eds.) (2010) Access controlled: the Shaping of Power, Rights, and Rule in Cyberspace. Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press.
Goldsmith, Jack L. and Wu, Tim (2006). Who controls the Internet? : Illusions of a borderless world. Oxford [England]; New York: Oxford University Press.
Green, J. & Karolides N. (2005). The Encyclopedia of Censorship. New York, N.Y.: Infobase Publishing.
He, Qinglian (2008) The Fog of Censorship: Media Control in China. New York: Human Rights In China.
Kalathil, Shanthi & Boas, Taylor (2003) Open Networks, Closed Regimes: The Impact of the Internet on Authoritarian Rule. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Krasner, Stephen (1999). Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy. Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press. p. 11.
Lessig, Lawrence (2006). Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace, Version 2.0. New York, N.Y. : Basic Books.
Price, Monroe E. (2002). Media and Sovereignty: The Global Information Revolution and Its Challenges to State Power. Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press.
Rohozinski, Rafal & Deibert, Ronald (2010) Control and Subversion in the Russian Cyberspace. In Deibert, Ronald. (Eds.) Access controlled: the shaping of power, rights, and rule in cyberspace (15-34). Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press.
Wells, Clare (1986). The UN, UNESCO and Information Rights. In Vincent, J.R. (Ed.) Foreign Policy and Human Rights: Issues and Responses (140 - 161). Cambridge, New York : Cambridge University Press.
Zuckerman, Ethan (2010). Intermediary Censorship. In Deibert, Ronald. (Eds.) Access controlled :the shaping of power, rights, and rule in cyberspace (71-83). Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press.
Journals
Androunas, E. & Zassoursky, Y. (1979). Protecting the sovereignty of information. In Journal of Communication, 29, 186-192.
Bonari, Paolo (Jan. 2010). The passion for reality in Hannah Arendt’s ideology and terror: How to escape from totalitarism. In Humana. Mente, 12, 161 – 166. p. 167.
Calinoff, Jordan (Jan. 15, 2010). Beijing’s Foreign Internet Purge. In Foreign Policy. Retrieved Jan. 16, 2010 from http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/01/14/chinas_foreign_internet_purge.
Cukier, Kenneth Neil (2005) Who will control the Internet?. In Foreign Affairs, Volume 84, Number 6, pp 23 - 32.
Goldberg, David (Feb. 20, 2006). Transnational communication and defamatory speech: A case for establishing norms for the twenty-first century. In New York Law School Review, 50, 145 – 167. p. 147.
Goldsmith, Jack (1998). Against Cyberanarchy. In MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. Retrieved October 11, 2010 from: http://groups.csail.mit.edu/mac/classes/6.805/articles/goldsmith-against-cyberanarchy.html
Gong, Wenxiang (2005). Information sovereignty reviewed. In Intercultural Communication Studies, XIV: 1, 119-135.
Joffe, Josef (1999). Rethinking the Nation-State: The Many Meanings of Sovereignty. In Foreign Affairs, Volume 78, Number 6. pp. 42 – 52.
Masmoudi, Mustapha (1979). The new world information order. In Journal of Communication, 29, 172 – 179. p. 174.
Nordenstreng, Kaarle (1979). Behind the Semantics – A strategic design. In Journal of Communication, 29, 195-198.
Qiu, Jack Linchuan (1999). Virtual Censorship in China: Keeping the Gate Between the Cyberspaces. International Journal of Communications Law and Policy. Vol. 4, Winter 1999. pp. 1-25.
Richter, Rosemary (1979). Who won?. In Journal of Communication, 29, 192-195.
Wu, Tim (1997). Cyberspace Sovereignty? – The Internet and the international system. In Harvard Journal of Law & Technology, 10:3, p. 647 – 666.
Official Documents
Council for Foreign Relations (Dec. 26, 1933). Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States. In Council for Foreign Relations. Accessed on September 30, 2010 at:http://www.cfr.org/publication/15897/montevideo_convention_on_the_rights_and_duties_of_states.html.
Information Office of the State Council of the People`s Republic of China (June 8, 2010). The Internet in China White Paper. Retrieved June 13 from: http://china.org.cn/government/whitepaper/node_7093508.htm.
U.S. – China Economic and Security Review Commission (July 2008). Access to Information and Media Control in the People’s Republic of China. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 122.
U.S. – China Economic and Security Review Commission (Nov. 2008). 2008 Report to Congress. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 293.
Reports
Human Rights Watch (2006). How Censorship Works in China: A Brief Overview. In Human Rights Watch. Retrieved May 6, 2009 from http://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/china0806/index.htm.
International Development Research Centre (2001). The Responsibility to Protect: Research, Bibliography, Background. Supplementary Volume to the Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty. Ottawa, On.: International Development Research Centre.
Nuemann, Lin (2001). Special Report: The Great Firewall. In Committee to Protect Journalists. Retrieved on February 23, 2010 from: http://cpj.org/reports/2001/01/china-jan01.php. p. 3.
Winfield, Richard & Mendoza, Kristin (Apr. 4, 2008). Does China hope to remap the Internet in its own image?. In World Press Freedom Committee. Retrieved September 20, 2010 from www.wpfc.org/NewsletterApril42008.html.
Working Group on Internet Governance (2005). Report of the Working Group on Internet Governance. In The Internet Governance Forum. Retrieved September 20, 2010 from: http://www.wgig.org/docs/WGIGREPORT.pdf.
Conferences
MacKinnon, Rebecca (Feb. 19, 2009). Cyber-ocracy: How the Internet is Changing China [Conference transcript]. In Carnegie Endowment For International Peace. Retrieved April 20, 2009 from: http://www.carnegieendowment.org/events/?fa=eventDetail&id=1263&zoom_highlight=cyber-ocracy.
Qui, Jack Linchuan (2003). The Internet in China: Data and Issues. In Annenberg Research Seminar on International Communication. Retrieved May 8, 2009 from http://arnic.info/Papers/JQ_China_and_Internet.pdf.
Magazines
Bandurski, David (July 2008). China’s Guerrilla War for the Web. In Far Eastern Economic Review. Retrieved May 12, 2009 from http://www.feer.com/essays/2008/august/chinas-guerrilla-war-for-the-web.
Calinoff, Jordan (Jan. 15, 2010). Beijing’s Foreign Internet Purge. In Foreign Policy. Retrieved Jan. 16, 2010 from http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/01/14/chinas_foreign_internet_purge.
Elegant, Simon (Jun. 22, 2009). Chinese Government Attacks Google Over Internet Porn. In TIME. Retrieved on Sept. 20, 2009 from http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1906133,00.html.
Fallows, James (March 2008). The Connection Has Been Reset. In The Atlantic. Retrieved May 5, 2009, from http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200803/chinese-firewall.
Forney, Matthew (Oct. 03, 2005). China`s Web Watchers. In TIME. Retrieved May 15, 2009 from http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1112920,00.html.
Gross, Daniel (Jan. 15, 2010). China’s Silicon Ceiling. In Newsweek. Retrieved on Jan 20, 2010 from: http://www.newsweek.com/2010/01/14/china-s-silicon-ceiling.html.
Grossman, Lev (Feb. 05, 2006). Google Under the Gun. In TIME. Retrieved May 8, 2009 from http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1156598,00.html.
Kalathil, Shanthi (2003). Dot com for dictators. In Foreign Policy Magazine (March/April 2003).
Morozov, Evgeny (Mar. 2009). Texting toward Utopia. In Boston Review. Retrieved June 18, 2010 from http://bostonreview.net/BR34.2/morozov.php. p. 1.
Osnos, Evan (June 11, 2010). Can China Maintain “Sovereignty” Over the Internet?. In The New Yorker. Retrieved June 13, 2010 from: http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/evanosnos/2010/06/what-is-internet-sovereignty-in-china.html
Stone, Brad & Einhorn, Bruce (Nov. 11, 2010). How Baidu Won China. In Businessweek. Retrieved Nov. 20, 2010 from: http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/10_47/b4204060242597.htm.
Strangio, Sebastian (Jun. 8, 2011). Pyongyang Spring. In Foreign Policy. Retrieved Jun. 8, 2011 from http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/06/08/pyongyang_spring.
Walker, Christopher and Cook, Sarah (May 2009). China`s Commercialization of Censorship. In Far Eastern Economic Review. Retrieved May 4, 2009, from http://www.feer.com/politics/2009/may56/Chinas-Commercialization-of-Censorship.
Newspapers
Chao, Lorreta (January 25, 2010). Beijing Hardens Rebuttal on Internet Policy. In The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 26, 2010 from: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB1000142405274870785358775028.html
China Daily (Jan. 22, 2010). Internet - New Shot in the Arm for US Hegemony. In China Daily. Retrieved February 1, 2010 from: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-01/22/content_9364327.htm
China Daily (January 26, 2010) Internet Should be Free but Regulated. In China Daily. Retrieved February 26, 2010 from: http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90780/91345/6878890.html.
Erixon, Fredrik & Lee-Makiyama, Hosuk (Jan. 6, 2010). Chinese Censorship Equals Protectionism. In The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved on Jan 17, 2010 from http://online.wsj.com/article/S266.html.
Fletcher, Owen (August 16, 2010). The Chinese State Enters Online Search. In The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved September 20, 2010 from http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2010/08/16/the-chinese-state-enters-online-search/.
Friedman, Thomas L. (July 25, 2000). Foreign Affairs; Censors Beware. In The New York Times. Retrieved June 20, 2010 from: http://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/25/opinion/foreign-affairs-censors-beware.html.
People’s Daily. China`s Internet Industry Wants Self-Discipline. In People’s Daily Online. Retrieved November 5, 2009 from http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200203/26/print20020326_92885.html.
Thompson, Clive (Apr. 23, 2006). Google’s China Problem (and China`s Google Problem). In The New York Times. Retrieved May 10, 2009 from http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/23/magazine/23google.html.
Watts, Jonathan (Feb. 20, 2006). The War of the Words. In The Guardian. Retrieved May 4, 2009, from http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2006/feb/20/news.
Wines, Michael (Mar 23, 2010). Stance by China to Limit Google Is Risk by Beijing. In The New York Times. Retrieved Mar 23, 2010 from: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/24/world/asia/24china.html.
Xinhua News Agency (Jan. 25, 2010) China says Internet regulation legitimate and reasonable. In Xinhuanet. Retrieved on January 26, 2010 from: http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-01/25/c_13149272.htm.
Websites
Asmolov, Gregory (Jun. 13, 2010). Russia: From “Sovereign Democracy” to “Sovereign Internet”?. In Global Voices. Retrieved on July 10, 2010 from http://globalvoicesonline.org/2010/06/13/russia-from-sovereign-democracy-to-sovereign-internet/.
Barlow, John Perry (Feb. 8, 1996). A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace. Retrieved on October 10, 2010 from: https://projects.eff.org/~barlow/Declaration-Final.html
Fayette, Alex (June 25, 2010). China`s White Paper on the Internet and Internet Sovereignty. In OpenNet Initiative. Retrieved June 30, 2010 from: http://opennet.net/blog/2010/06/chinas-white-paper-internet-and-internet-sovereignty.
Lauinius, Roger. Sputnik and the Origins of the Space Age. In National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved on October 11, 2010 at: http://history.nasa.gov/sputnik/sputorig.html
MacKinnon, Rebecca (Jan. 18, 2010) Are China`s demands for Internet `self-discipline` spreading to the West?. In McClatchy. Retrieved Feb 5, 2010, from http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/01/18/82469/commentary-are-chinas-demands.html.
MacKinnon, Rebecca (2 Feb. 2009). China’s Censorship 2.0: How Companies Censor Bloggers. In First Monday, Vol. 14, No. 2.
MacKinnon, Rebecca (Feb. 19, 2009). Cyber-ocracy: How the Internet is Changing China [Conference transcript]. In Carnegie Endowment For International Peace. Retrieved April 20, 2009 from: http://www.carnegieendowment.org/events/?fa=eventDetail&id=1263&zoom_highlight=cyber-ocracy.
MacKinnon, Rebecca (June 15, 2010). China`s Internet White Paper: networked authoritarianism in action. In RConversation. Retrieved on June 16, 2010 from: http://rconversation.blogs.com/rconversation/2010/06/chinas-internet-white-paper-networked-authoritarianism.html.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
外交研究所
98253044
99
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098253044
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 林碧炤zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Lin, Bih Jawen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 侯德賢zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Jorge Eduardo Castelan Badilloen_US
dc.creator (作者) 侯德賢zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Jorge Eduardo Castelan Badilloen_US
dc.date (日期) 2010en_US
dc.date.accessioned 29-Sep-2011 18:35:43 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 29-Sep-2011 18:35:43 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 29-Sep-2011 18:35:43 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0098253044en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/51100-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 外交研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 98253044zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 99zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) In the last decade of last century, the advent of the Internet as the predominant medium of communication for the masses prompted countless observers and social sciences scholars to predict the end of physical borders; a revolution in the way we understood the nation-state and the concept of sovereignty. The Internet, a medium that seemed not to be confined to the same territorial delimitations that traditional media was subjected to, would simultaneously represent and promote the achievement of the “one world” scenario that globalization promised; a world in which information could flow free from governmental control and official censorship. Thus, the ideological foundation of authoritarian regimes, such as that of the People’s Republic of China, faced a dire threat – or so the theory went.

Today, fifteen years after the Chinese incursion into cyberspace, the veil of idealism and simplistic thinking that elicited those initial claims has been lifted from our eyes, and recent events have further demonstrated that the web is still subject, and will continue to be subject, to territorial delimitation. This reality was further illustrated in June 2010 with the publication of the first Chinese White Paper entirely dedicated to the Internet, which revealed the overarching principle guiding Beijing’s Internet control efforts: the assertion of what it calls “Internet sovereignty”, the supreme authority by the Chinese Communist Party to control which kind of information enters its borders through the Internet and is spread within.

While China is not the only country trying to restrict the access of online information from abroad to its borders, it is the first country in the world to actually make an official plea sovereignty over the Web. However, despite the boldness of its content, Section V of the Internet White Paper sparked “outrage, concern, but surprisingly not much discussion”. Ever since the first connection was established in the country, the examination of the political aspects of the Chinese Internet has mainly revolved around the issues of censorship and surveillance. Yet, the spat between the Chinese government and Internet giant Google raised the stakes in the debate considerably, as it prompted the Chinese Communist Party to make explicit its claims of sovereignty over the Internet and advance its strategy of fragmentation of the Web; something that a few years ago was considered nearly impossible. For this reason, this study seeks to answer the question: How does the Chinese government intend to apply its national sovereignty, which has traditionally been understood primarily in geographical terms, to a medium that seems to be exempt of geographical location?
zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents Chapter I: Introduction 3
1.1 Research Purpose 4
1.2 Statement of Problem 6
1.3 Conceptual Framework 7
1.4 Literature Review 10
1.5 Research Questions 13
1.6 Methodology 14
1.7 Organization of research 16

Chapter II: On Internet Sovereignty 19
2.1 Information Sovereignty 22
2.2 Internet Sovereignty 29
Chapter III: Reasserting Borders 39
3.1 The Importance of Internet Sovereignty 40
3.2 The Defense of Sovereignty 45
3.2.1 Unilateral Actions 46
a)Infrastructural Borders 47
b)Control by Law 49
3.2.2 Multilateral Actions 53

Chapter IV: The “China Wide Web” 59
4.1 A New Generation of Internet Controls 60
4.2 The Redesign of the Web 64
4.3 The Reoccupation of the Web 70

Chapter V: Conclusions 79
5.1 Research Findings 79
5.2 Potential Future Developments 82
5.3 Further Research 87
5.4 China’s Voluntary Isolation 89

Reference List 91
zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098253044en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Internet Controlen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Sovereigntyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Censorshipen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Chinaen_US
dc.title (題名) 中國自願性孤立網路主權與"中國資訊網"zh_TW
dc.title (題名) China`s voluntary isolation: Internet sovereignty and the "China Wide Web"en_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bookszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) De Sola Pool, Ithiel (1983). Technologies of Freedom: On Free Speech in an Electronic Age. Cambridge, MA: Belkap Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Deibert, Ronald. (Eds.) (2010) Access controlled: the Shaping of Power, Rights, and Rule in Cyberspace. Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Goldsmith, Jack L. and Wu, Tim (2006). Who controls the Internet? : Illusions of a borderless world. Oxford [England]; New York: Oxford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Green, J. & Karolides N. (2005). The Encyclopedia of Censorship. New York, N.Y.: Infobase Publishing.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) He, Qinglian (2008) The Fog of Censorship: Media Control in China. New York: Human Rights In China.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kalathil, Shanthi & Boas, Taylor (2003) Open Networks, Closed Regimes: The Impact of the Internet on Authoritarian Rule. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Krasner, Stephen (1999). Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy. Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press. p. 11.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lessig, Lawrence (2006). Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace, Version 2.0. New York, N.Y. : Basic Books.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Price, Monroe E. (2002). Media and Sovereignty: The Global Information Revolution and Its Challenges to State Power. Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rohozinski, Rafal & Deibert, Ronald (2010) Control and Subversion in the Russian Cyberspace. In Deibert, Ronald. (Eds.) Access controlled: the shaping of power, rights, and rule in cyberspace (15-34). Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wells, Clare (1986). The UN, UNESCO and Information Rights. In Vincent, J.R. (Ed.) Foreign Policy and Human Rights: Issues and Responses (140 - 161). Cambridge, New York : Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Zuckerman, Ethan (2010). Intermediary Censorship. In Deibert, Ronald. (Eds.) Access controlled :the shaping of power, rights, and rule in cyberspace (71-83). Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Journalszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Androunas, E. & Zassoursky, Y. (1979). Protecting the sovereignty of information. In Journal of Communication, 29, 186-192.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bonari, Paolo (Jan. 2010). The passion for reality in Hannah Arendt’s ideology and terror: How to escape from totalitarism. In Humana. Mente, 12, 161 – 166. p. 167.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Calinoff, Jordan (Jan. 15, 2010). Beijing’s Foreign Internet Purge. In Foreign Policy. Retrieved Jan. 16, 2010 from http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/01/14/chinas_foreign_internet_purge.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cukier, Kenneth Neil (2005) Who will control the Internet?. In Foreign Affairs, Volume 84, Number 6, pp 23 - 32.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Goldberg, David (Feb. 20, 2006). Transnational communication and defamatory speech: A case for establishing norms for the twenty-first century. In New York Law School Review, 50, 145 – 167. p. 147.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Goldsmith, Jack (1998). Against Cyberanarchy. In MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. Retrieved October 11, 2010 from: http://groups.csail.mit.edu/mac/classes/6.805/articles/goldsmith-against-cyberanarchy.htmlzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gong, Wenxiang (2005). Information sovereignty reviewed. In Intercultural Communication Studies, XIV: 1, 119-135.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Joffe, Josef (1999). Rethinking the Nation-State: The Many Meanings of Sovereignty. In Foreign Affairs, Volume 78, Number 6. pp. 42 – 52.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Masmoudi, Mustapha (1979). The new world information order. In Journal of Communication, 29, 172 – 179. p. 174.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Nordenstreng, Kaarle (1979). Behind the Semantics – A strategic design. In Journal of Communication, 29, 195-198.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Qiu, Jack Linchuan (1999). Virtual Censorship in China: Keeping the Gate Between the Cyberspaces. International Journal of Communications Law and Policy. Vol. 4, Winter 1999. pp. 1-25.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Richter, Rosemary (1979). Who won?. In Journal of Communication, 29, 192-195.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wu, Tim (1997). Cyberspace Sovereignty? – The Internet and the international system. In Harvard Journal of Law & Technology, 10:3, p. 647 – 666.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Official Documentszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Council for Foreign Relations (Dec. 26, 1933). Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States. In Council for Foreign Relations. Accessed on September 30, 2010 at:http://www.cfr.org/publication/15897/montevideo_convention_on_the_rights_and_duties_of_states.html.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Information Office of the State Council of the People`s Republic of China (June 8, 2010). The Internet in China White Paper. Retrieved June 13 from: http://china.org.cn/government/whitepaper/node_7093508.htm.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) U.S. – China Economic and Security Review Commission (July 2008). Access to Information and Media Control in the People’s Republic of China. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 122.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) U.S. – China Economic and Security Review Commission (Nov. 2008). 2008 Report to Congress. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 293.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Reportszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Human Rights Watch (2006). How Censorship Works in China: A Brief Overview. In Human Rights Watch. Retrieved May 6, 2009 from http://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/china0806/index.htm.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) International Development Research Centre (2001). The Responsibility to Protect: Research, Bibliography, Background. Supplementary Volume to the Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty. Ottawa, On.: International Development Research Centre.zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Winfield, Richard & Mendoza, Kristin (Apr. 4, 2008). Does China hope to remap the Internet in its own image?. In World Press Freedom Committee. Retrieved September 20, 2010 from www.wpfc.org/NewsletterApril42008.html.zh_TW
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