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題名 高齡人口勞動參與 - 國際之比較研究
The study of senior-aged labor force participation - international comparison
作者 葉月美
Yeh, Yueh May
貢獻者 黃仁德
Hwang, Jen Te
葉月美
Yeh, Yueh May
關鍵詞 勞動參與
Labor force participation
日期 2010
上傳時間 29-Sep-2011 18:56:58 (UTC+8)
摘要 This paper aims at exploring senior-aged labor force participation in both OECD countries and Taiwan, covering the aspects of the historical trends and transition, the dominant factors influencing participation status, the prevailing measures in practice and cross-country comparison. In the process of this study, secondary data including book, journals, article, news clips and statistical reports were collected and analyzed.
      The fast growing trends of ageing and low birth rate are supposed to bring about labor supply shortage and impact our economic growth for the years to come. Besides, employment and social policies and practices that discourage work at an older age effectively deny older workers’ choice in when and how they retire. This will result in a waste of valuable human resources and has become a top global issue.
      In conformity with the fast growing ageing population, more and more ageing labor force is projected to be infused into the labor market so as to support continuous economic development. However, ways to facilitate this group’s willingness of continuous work to sustain the aggregate labor supply are considered even a more tremendous issue. With the efforts made by the government as well as support from both employers and employees, task on the reform of pension system and other parts of social welfare system, abolishment of age discrimination, flexibility of employment protection rules and working hours, and enhancement of job training should be carried out promptly and efficiently.
This paper aims at exploring senior-aged labor force participation in both OECD countries and Taiwan, covering the aspects of the historical trends and transition, the dominant factors influencing participation status, the prevailing measures in practice and cross-country comparison. In the process of this study, secondary data including book, journals, article, news clips and statistical reports were collected and analyzed.
      The fast growing trends of ageing and low birth rate are supposed to bring about labor supply shortage and impact our economic growth for the years to come. Besides, employment and social policies and practices that discourage work at an older age effectively deny older workers’ choice in when and how they retire. This will result in a waste of valuable human resources and has become a top global issue.
      In conformity with the fast growing ageing population, more and more ageing labor force is projected to be infused into the labor market so as to support continuous economic development. However, ways to facilitate this group’s willingness of continuous work to sustain the aggregate labor supply are considered even a more tremendous issue. With the efforts made by the government as well as support from both employers and employees, task on the reform of pension system and other parts of social welfare system, abolishment of age discrimination, flexibility of employment protection rules and working hours, and enhancement of job training should be carried out promptly and efficiently.
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Anderson, K. and R. Burkhauser (1985), “The Retirement-Health Nexus: A New Measure of An Old Puzzle,”Journal of Human Resources, 20:3, pp. 315-330.
Bass, S. A. and F. S. Caro (1996), “Theoretical Perspectives on Productive Aging,” in W. H. Crown, ed., Handbook on Employment and the Elderly (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press), pp. 262-275.
Bazzoli, G. (1985), “The Early Retirement Decision: New Empirical Evidence on the Influence of Health,” Journal of Human Resources, 20:2, pp. 214-234.
Behaghel, L. and N. Greenan (2005), “Training and Aged-Biased Technical Change: Evidence from French Micro Data,” CREST Working Papers, No. 6.
Behaghel, L., B. Crepon, and B. Sedillot (2004), “Contribution Delalande et transitions sur le marche du travail,” Economie et Statistique, 372, pp. 61-88.
Blau, D. and R. Riphahn (1999), “Labor Force Transitions of Older Married Couples in Germany,” Labour Economics, 6:2, pp. 229-251
Blekesaune, M. and P. E. Solem (2005), “Working Conditions and Early Retirement: A Prospective Study of Retirement Behavior,” Research on Aging, 27:1, pp. 3-30.
Blondal, S. and S. Scarpetta (1998), “The Retirement Decision in OECD Countries,” OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 98.
Boskin, M., and M. Hurd (1978), “The Effects of Social Security on Early Retirement,” Journal of Public Economics, 10, pp. 361-377.
Bound, J., M. Schoenbaum, T. Stinebricker, and T. Waidmann (1999), “The Dynamic Effects of Health on the Labor Force Transitions of Older Workers,” Labour Economics, 6:2, pp. 179-202.
Burniaux, J-M., R. Duval, and F. Jaumotte (2003), “Coping with Ageing: A Dynamic Approach to Quantify the Impact of Alternative Policy Options on Future Labour Supply in OECD Countries,” OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 371.
Burtless, G. and R. Moffitt (1985), “The Joint Choice of Retirement Age and Retirement Hours of Work,” Journal of Labor Economics, 3:2, pp. 209-236.
Burtless, G. and R. Moffitt (1984), “The Effects of Social Security Benefits on the Labor Supply of the Aged,” in H. J. Aaron and G. Burtless, eds., Retirement and Economic Behavior (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution), pp. 135-174.
Caro, F., S. Bass, and Y. Chen (1993), Achieving a Productive Aging Society. Westport, Conn.: Auburn House.
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS)
96924003
99
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0096924003
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 黃仁德zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Hwang, Jen Teen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 葉月美zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Yeh, Yueh Mayen_US
dc.creator (作者) 葉月美zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Yeh, Yueh Mayen_US
dc.date (日期) 2010en_US
dc.date.accessioned 29-Sep-2011 18:56:58 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 29-Sep-2011 18:56:58 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 29-Sep-2011 18:56:58 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0096924003en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/51121-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 96924003zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 99zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This paper aims at exploring senior-aged labor force participation in both OECD countries and Taiwan, covering the aspects of the historical trends and transition, the dominant factors influencing participation status, the prevailing measures in practice and cross-country comparison. In the process of this study, secondary data including book, journals, article, news clips and statistical reports were collected and analyzed.
      The fast growing trends of ageing and low birth rate are supposed to bring about labor supply shortage and impact our economic growth for the years to come. Besides, employment and social policies and practices that discourage work at an older age effectively deny older workers’ choice in when and how they retire. This will result in a waste of valuable human resources and has become a top global issue.
      In conformity with the fast growing ageing population, more and more ageing labor force is projected to be infused into the labor market so as to support continuous economic development. However, ways to facilitate this group’s willingness of continuous work to sustain the aggregate labor supply are considered even a more tremendous issue. With the efforts made by the government as well as support from both employers and employees, task on the reform of pension system and other parts of social welfare system, abolishment of age discrimination, flexibility of employment protection rules and working hours, and enhancement of job training should be carried out promptly and efficiently.
zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This paper aims at exploring senior-aged labor force participation in both OECD countries and Taiwan, covering the aspects of the historical trends and transition, the dominant factors influencing participation status, the prevailing measures in practice and cross-country comparison. In the process of this study, secondary data including book, journals, article, news clips and statistical reports were collected and analyzed.
      The fast growing trends of ageing and low birth rate are supposed to bring about labor supply shortage and impact our economic growth for the years to come. Besides, employment and social policies and practices that discourage work at an older age effectively deny older workers’ choice in when and how they retire. This will result in a waste of valuable human resources and has become a top global issue.
      In conformity with the fast growing ageing population, more and more ageing labor force is projected to be infused into the labor market so as to support continuous economic development. However, ways to facilitate this group’s willingness of continuous work to sustain the aggregate labor supply are considered even a more tremendous issue. With the efforts made by the government as well as support from both employers and employees, task on the reform of pension system and other parts of social welfare system, abolishment of age discrimination, flexibility of employment protection rules and working hours, and enhancement of job training should be carried out promptly and efficiently.
en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Chapter 1 Introduction 1
     1.1 Background 1
     1.2 Motivation 3
     1.3 Purposes 5
     1.4 Research Methods 5
     
     Chapter 2 Literature Review 6
     2.1 Pull Factors 6
     2.1.1 Old-Age Pensions 7
     2.1.2 Other Parts of Social Welfare System 14
     2.1.3 Tax 16
     2.2 Push Factors 18
     2.2.1 On the Side of Employers 18
     2.2.2 On the Side of Senior-Aged Worker 23
     2.3 Theoretical Perspectives 29
     2.3.1 Affluence/Leisure Preference Theory 30
     2.3.2 Conflict Theory 31
     2.3.3 Cultural Lag Theory 31
     2.4 Summary 32
     
     Chapter 3 Senior-Aged Labor Force Participation in OECD Countries 34
     3.1 Evolution of Senior-Aged Labor Force Participation 34
     3.1.1 Senior-Aged Employment 43
     3.1.2 Senior-Aged Unemployment 45
     3.2 The Dominant Factors Affecting Labor Force Participation 48
     3.2.1 Economic Factor 49
     3.2.2 Factor of Retirement 51
     3.2.3 Educational Factor 53
     3.2.4 Factor of Low Older Women Labor Force Participation 56
     3.3 Measures Undertaken in Major OECD Countries 57
     3.3.1 Pension Reforms and Work Incentives 58
     3.3.2 Changing Negative Employer’s Attitudes and Employment Practices 62
     3.3.3 Improving Employability 68
     3.4 Summary 74
     
     Chapter 4 Senior-Aged Labor Force Participation in Taiwan 76
     4.1 Evolution of Senior-Aged Labor Force Participation 76
     4.1.1 Senior-Aged Employment 77
     4.1.2 Senior-Aged Unemployment 83
     4.2 Comparison of Senior-Aged Labor Force Participation of Taiwan with That of OECD Countries 83
     4.2.1 Comparison of Senior-Aged Employment of Taiwan with OECD Countries 86
     4.2.2 Comparison of Senior-Aged Unemployment of Taiwan with That of OECD Countries 87
     4.3 The Dominant Factors Affecting Labor Force Participation 88
     4.3.1 Factor of Retirement 89
     4.3.2 Factor of Structural Change in Industry 91
     4.3.3 Factor of Age Discrimination 94
     4.3.4 Factor of Low Older Female Labor Force Participation 95
     4.4 Measures Related to Senior-Aged Employment 97
     4.4.1 Prohibition of Age Discrimination 97
     4.4.2 Employment Promotion 98
     4.4.3 Living Security 99
     4.5 Summary 100
     
     Chapter 5 Conclusions and Policy Suggestions 102
     5.1 Conclusions 102
     5.2 Policy Recommendations 105
     References 108
     Appendix 1: Age-Discrimination Legislation in the United States and Europe 114
     Appendix 2: New Deal 50 Plus in the United Kingdom 116
     
     
     
     
     
     
     List of Tables
     
     Table 3-1: Labor Force Population and Participation Rate by Age in OECD Countries— 1980-2008 35
     Table 3-2: Share of Labor Force by Age in OECD Countries— 1980-2009 37
     Table 3-3: Labor Force Participation Rate of Aged 50-54 in OECD Countries— 1995-2008 39
     Table 3-4: Labor Force Participation Rate of Aged 55-64 in OECD Countries— 1995-2008 40
     Table 3-5: Labor Force Participation Rate of Male Aged 55-64 in OECD Countries— 1995-2008 41
     Table 3-6: Labor Force Participation Rate of Female Aged 55-64 in OECD Countries— 1995-2008 42
     Table 3-7: Employment Rate by Age in OECD Countries—1995-2008 44
     Table 3-8: Employment Rate of Aged 50-54 by Gender in OECD Countries— 1995-2008 45
     Table 3-9: Employment Rate of Workers Aged 55-64 by Gender in OECD Countries— 1995-2008 46
     Table 3-10: Unemployment Rate by Age and Gender in OECD Countries— 1990 and 2008 48
     Table 3-11: Employment by Sector, Employment Rate of Aged 50-64 and Per Capita GDP 50
     Table 3-12: Labor Force Participation Rate of Aged 55-64 and Effective Retirement Age 54
     Table 3-13: Tertiary Attainment Rate, Employment Rate with Tertiary Attainment, and Grand Employment Rate of Aged 55-64 in OECD Countries— 1997 and 2006 55
     Table 3-14: Labor Force Participation Rate by Age and Gender in OECD Countries— 2008 57
     Table 3-15: The Upward Trend of Official Pension Ages in OECD Countries 59
     Table 3-16: Reductions of Replacement Rates of Retirement in OECD Countries 61
     Table 3-17: Increasing Rewards and Penalties Based on Timing of Retirement in OECD Countries 62
     Table 3-18: Restricting Options for Early Retirement 63
     Table 3-19: Countries of Changes to Non-Pension Incentives to Remain in Work 64
     Table 3-20: Measures to Tackle Age Discrimination in OECD Countries 65
     Table 4-1: Labor Force Population and Participation Rate by Age—1978-2008 78
     Table 4-2: Labor Force Participation Rate by Age and Gender—1978-2009 79
     Table 4-3: Share of Labor Force by Age— 1978-2009 80
     Table 4-4: Senior-Aged Employment by Sector— 2008 82
     Table 4-5: Senior-Aged Employment by Occupation— 2008 83
     Table 4-6: Unemployment Rate by Age and Gender— 1993-2009 84
     Table 4-7: Labor Force Participation Rate of Aged 55-64 in Taiwan and OECD Countries— 2005-2008 85
     Table 4-8: Willingness Survey of Available Inactive People Aged 50-64— 2009 86
     Table 4-9: Senior-Aged Employment Rate in Taiwan and OECD Countries— 2007-2008 87
     Table 4-10: Unemployment Rate by Age in Taiwan and OECD Countries—
     1999-2009 88
     Table 4-11: Labor Force Participation Rate of Aged 60-64 and Effective Retirement Age
      in Taiwan and OECD Countries 90
     Table 4-12: Share of GDP by Industry, Employment Structure by Sector and Unemployment Rate of Aged 45-64— 1970-2009 92
     Table 4-13: Approved Indirect Mainland Investment, Taiwanese Businesses Closed and Unemployment Rate of Aged 45-64— 1991-2008 94
     Table 4-14: Distribution of Reasons for Senior-Aged Female out of Employment— 2009 96
     Table 4-15: Distribution of Female Non Labor Force by Age—1990-2009 96
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     List of Figures
     
     Figure 3-1: Per Capita GDP and Labor Force Participation Rate of Aged
     55-64— 2007 50
     Figure 3-2: Average Effective Retirement Age and Official Retirement Age— 2002-2007 53
     Figure 4-1: Employment Rate of Aged 50 and Over 81
     Figure 4-2: Evolution of Average Effective Retirement Age by Gender 89
     Figure 4-3: Employment Structure in Taiwan and OECD Countries— 2007 93
     Figure 4-4: Difficulties in Job Seeking for Unem
zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0096924003en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 勞動參與zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Labor force participationen_US
dc.title (題名) 高齡人口勞動參與 - 國際之比較研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The study of senior-aged labor force participation - international comparisonen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Adams, S. (2004), “Age Discrimination Legislation and the Employment of Older Workers,”Labour Economics, 11:2, pp. 219-241.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Anderson, K. and R. Burkhauser (1985), “The Retirement-Health Nexus: A New Measure of An Old Puzzle,”Journal of Human Resources, 20:3, pp. 315-330.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bass, S. A. and F. S. Caro (1996), “Theoretical Perspectives on Productive Aging,” in W. H. Crown, ed., Handbook on Employment and the Elderly (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press), pp. 262-275.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bazzoli, G. (1985), “The Early Retirement Decision: New Empirical Evidence on the Influence of Health,” Journal of Human Resources, 20:2, pp. 214-234.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Behaghel, L. and N. Greenan (2005), “Training and Aged-Biased Technical Change: Evidence from French Micro Data,” CREST Working Papers, No. 6.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Behaghel, L., B. Crepon, and B. Sedillot (2004), “Contribution Delalande et transitions sur le marche du travail,” Economie et Statistique, 372, pp. 61-88.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Blau, D. and R. Riphahn (1999), “Labor Force Transitions of Older Married Couples in Germany,” Labour Economics, 6:2, pp. 229-251zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Blekesaune, M. and P. E. Solem (2005), “Working Conditions and Early Retirement: A Prospective Study of Retirement Behavior,” Research on Aging, 27:1, pp. 3-30.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Blondal, S. and S. Scarpetta (1998), “The Retirement Decision in OECD Countries,” OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 98.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Boskin, M., and M. Hurd (1978), “The Effects of Social Security on Early Retirement,” Journal of Public Economics, 10, pp. 361-377.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bound, J., M. Schoenbaum, T. Stinebricker, and T. Waidmann (1999), “The Dynamic Effects of Health on the Labor Force Transitions of Older Workers,” Labour Economics, 6:2, pp. 179-202.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Burniaux, J-M., R. Duval, and F. Jaumotte (2003), “Coping with Ageing: A Dynamic Approach to Quantify the Impact of Alternative Policy Options on Future Labour Supply in OECD Countries,” OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 371.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Burtless, G. and R. Moffitt (1985), “The Joint Choice of Retirement Age and Retirement Hours of Work,” Journal of Labor Economics, 3:2, pp. 209-236.zh_TW
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