| dc.contributor.advisor | 鍾曉芳 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.advisor | Chung, Siaw Fong | en_US |
| dc.contributor.author (Authors) | 王亮鈞 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.author (Authors) | Wang, Liang Chun | en_US |
| dc.creator (作者) | 王亮鈞 | zh_TW |
| dc.creator (作者) | Wang, Liang Chun | en_US |
| dc.date (日期) | 2010 | en_US |
| dc.date.accessioned | 5-Oct-2011 14:25:22 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.date.available | 5-Oct-2011 14:25:22 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.date.issued (上傳時間) | 5-Oct-2011 14:25:22 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) | G0097551021 | en_US |
| dc.identifier.uri (URI) | http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/51157 | - |
| dc.description (描述) | 碩士 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 國立政治大學 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 英國語文學研究所 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 97551021 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 99 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.abstract (摘要) | 本研究，基於分辨非賓存現動詞及瞭解二語學習者如何讓習得此類動詞之需求，旨在分析一個高頻率之非賓格存現動詞 HAPPEN與其三個同義字(OCCUR，APPEAR，與EXIST)和中文同義字「發生」從語言使用者角度作比較。採用了母語語料庫 (英文採用英國國家語料庫 BNC；中文採用十億詞語料庫 GW 2.0)及學習者語料庫(含語言訓練與測驗中心學習者語料庫the LTTC，國際英語學習者語料庫the ICLE，及政治大學外語學習者語料庫the NCCU)作為第一部分的語料庫分析。此外，為了探索二語英文錯誤及母語中文遷移的關係，我們也進行了以語料庫為基礎的心理語言學實驗(兩個關於中英文HAPPEN句子結構的接受度判斷測驗)。本研究結果發現，其一，就語料庫中的文法形式(Grammatical form)來分析HAPPEN、OCCUR、APPEAR與EXIST，英文母語語料庫中的高頻文法形式(例如：happened或happen)與學習者語料庫中有相同的現象。然而大部份的高頻文法形式都是二語學習者經常誤用之處，且容易與兩個常見非賓動詞錯誤—過度被動化錯誤(Overpassivization)和及物化錯誤(Transitivization)—共現(Collocated)。其二，從語料庫錯誤分析各種錯誤類型得知， HAPPEN與OCCUR較常出現過度被動化錯誤；APPEAR與 EXIST較常有及物化錯誤。此結果顯示每個非賓存現動詞可能會犯不同錯誤，也因此造成其錯誤的原因有所不同。其三，從分析心理語言實驗結果得知，我們發現母語中文文法句型(L1 Chinese grammatical patterns)，例如：「V-了」－「出現了」；抑或是「V+N」－「發生車禍」、「發生戰爭」、「存在缺失」，都影響了二語學習者對英文非賓動詞之文法形式的正確判定。由此揭示了母語中文大多都對二語英文非賓動詞習得有所干擾。基於所得結果，我們提出「完成體」(Perfectivity)及「及物性」(Transitivity)之不同來探討中英文間存現動詞用法之異同，並試著解釋造成二語非賓動詞學習複雜化的原因。此研究克服了過去文獻中比較非賓存現動詞之困難也透過語料庫結合心理實驗研究法提供對非賓動詞習得之解釋方法。這些發現可進一步作為詮釋非賓動詞的假說，並將其應用於語言教材設計或被視為未來跨語言分析研究之基石。 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.abstract (摘要) | Owing to the necessity to identify unaccusative existence/appearance verbs and realize how they are acquired by L2 learners, this present thesis aims to analyze a highly frequent English unaccusative verb HAPPEN and compare it with its three other synonyms (OCCUR, APPEAR, and EXIST), as well as its Chinese counterpart發生 fāshēn ‘happen.’ Native speaker corpora (the British National Corpus (BNC) for English and Chinese Gigaword 2 Corpus (GW 2.0) for the Chinese), and L2 learner corpora (the Language Training and Testing Learner Corpus (the LTTC), International Corpus of Learner English 2.0 (the ICLE), and the National Chengchi University Foreign Language Learner Corpus (the NCCU)) are utilized to analyze the unaccusative verbs in the first main section. In addition, in order to discover the relationship between L2 English errors and L1 Chinese transfer, psycholinguistic experiments (two acceptability judgments tasks with comparable Chinese and English HAPPEN sentence constructions) based on the corpora data were conducted in this thesis.The results in this thesis showed that, first, the highly frequent grammatical forms of unaccusative verbs (e.g., happened or happen) in the English native speaker corpus share some similarities with those of L2 learner corpora. However, these grammatical forms were usually misused by L2 learners and were frequently collocated with the two common unaccusative errors (overpassivization, e.g., *What is happened? and trasitivization, e.g., *I happen a car accident.). Second, as for the distributions of unaccusative error types, HAPPEN and OCCUR were found to mainly co-occur with overpassivization errors, whereas APPEAR and EXIST were found to mainly co-occur with transitivization errors. This indicates that each unaccusative verb may have different potential for L2 unaccusative errors, and therefore the causes of these errors with different verbs may vary. Third, from the analysis of psycholinguistic experiments, we discover that the L1 Chinese grammatical patterns, such as the V-le grammatical pattern (e.g., 出現了chūxiànle ‘appear-le’) and the V+N grammatical pattern (e.g., 發生車禍fāshēngchēhuò ‘The car accident happened’, 發生戰爭 fāshēngzhànzhēng ‘The war occurred’, and存在缺失 cúnzàiquēshī ‘The pitfalls existed’) may influence L2 learners’ correct judgment as to the grammatical forms of unaccusative verbs. This reveals that generally L1 Chinese might have some interference with L2 unaccusative acquisition. Based on the results, we proposed that the perfectivity and transitivity differences between English and Chinese unaccusative existence/appearance verbs could distinguish the uses among the English HAPPEN and the Chinese發生 fāshēn ‘happen’ with their synonyms. These differences could also provide a possible reason for the cause of the problematic L2 unaccusative acquisition.This thesis overcomes the difficulties of comparing unaccusative existence/appearance verbs in the previous studies and attempts to unravel the enigma of acquiring this verb type from the integrated corpus-based and empirical findings. These findings in turn serve as the suggested assumptions to interpret unaccusative verbs, which can be applied to the design of language teaching materials or can be viewed as the basis of cross-language analysis in the future studies. | en_US |
| dc.description.tableofcontents | TABLE OF CONTENTSCHINESE ABSTRACT..... ixENGLISH ABSTRACT..... xiChapter 1.INTRODUCTION.... 11.1 Background and Motivation of the Study……………11.2 Significance of the Study...52.LITERATURE REVIEW ......102.1 L2 English Syntactic Differentiation of Unaccusative Existence/appearance Verbs...102.1.1 Syntactic Structure of Unaccusative Existence/appearance Verbs……………102.1.2 Thematic Roles of Unaccusative Existence/appearance Verbs………142.1.3 Causative Alternations of Unaccusative Existence/appearance Verbs............................. 162.2 Perfectivity...192.3 Lexical Semantics-based and Corpus-based Differentiation (L1 Chinese)........242.4 Errors Analysis of Unaccusative Existence/appearance Verbs………………………… 302.5 Gaps of the Previous Research........352.5 Summary of the Chapter......403. STUDY I—CORPORA ANALYSIS......413.1 Methods and Findings of Analyzing Native Speaker Corpora......423.1.1 Native Speaker Corpora....433.1.2 Analyzing Synonyms of HAPPEN and its Chinese Counterpart 發生 fāshēng ‘happen’.....443.1.3 Analyzing Chinese Grammatical Patterns in GW 2.0.......493.1.4 Grammatical Form Analysis in the Native Speaker Corpus.....523.2 Methods of Analyzing Learner Corpora....553.2.1 Three Learner Corpora.....553.2.2 The Tool of Extracting Learner Data......573.2.3 Grammatical Form and Erroneous Rate Analysis....593.2.4 Categorizing the Errors…… 593.3 Findings of Learner Corpora Analysis....623.3.1 Findings of Grammatical Form and Erroneous Rate Analysis in Learner Corpora....623.2.2 Findings of Categorizing the Errors.....673.4 Summary of the Chapter....744. STUDY II—PSYCHOLINGUISTIC EXPERIMENTS...764.1 Methods of L2 English Acceptability Judgment Tasks....774.1.1 Selected Stimuli of Questionnaire A and B....784.1.2 Samples of Questionnaire A and B.....814.1.3 Subjects and Procedures of Questionnaire A and B....844.2 Methods of L1 Chinese Acceptability Judgment Tasks...864.2.1 Selected Stimuli of Questionnaires C and D....864.2.2 Samples of Questionnaires C and D 894.2.3 Subjects and Procedures of Questionnaire C and D...914.3 Results of Questionnaire A...934.4 Results of Questionnaire B....1014.5 Results of Questionnaires C and D....1054.6 Summary of the Chapter....1135. DISCUSSION......1155.1Major Findings of the Study.......1155.2Discussion of the Results........1205.2.1 Perfectivity with Transitivity of Unaccusative Existence/appearance Verbs..........1206. LIMITATIONS, PEDAGOGICAL IMPLICATION, AND CONCLUSION..........1236.1 Overall Summary.........1236.2 Limitations and Suggestions for Future Linguistic Studies..........1256.3 Conclusion and Pedagogical Implications......128REFERENCE......130APPENDIX........135Appendix One: Errors of Unaccusative Existence/appearance Verbs in Learner Corpora.....135Appendix Two: Questionnaires A B C D......153LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURESTABLES Table1.1 Accusative, Ergative, Unaccussative, and Unergative verbs.....1Table 2.1 Examples of the Five Error Types (Wang & Chung, 2009)………34Table 3.1 Frequency (and Percentages) of the Chinese Grammatical Patterns in GW 2.0……50Table 3.2 Examples of the Five Error Types from Learner Corpora……………………60Table 3.3 Two Top Grammatical Forms with High Frequency and Errors………………………67Table 3.4 Frequency of Error Types in HAPPEN and OCCUR………………………………68Table 3.5 Frequency of Error Types in APPEAR and EXIST…………………………………71Table 4.1 Stimuli Used in Questionnaire A……………79Table 4.2 Stimuli Used in Questionnaire B………………80Table 4.3 Stimuli Used in Questionnaires C and D.....87Table 4.4 Overall Three-Way ANOVA of Colloge_High Group, Error Type, and Grammatical Form in Questionnaire A...93Table 4.5 Mean Rating (and Standard Deviation) of the Grammatical Form Rating in Questionnaire A.....95Table 4.6 Mean Rating (and Standard Deviation) of the Infinitive Error Type in Questionnaire A......98Table 4.7 Mean Rating (and Standard Deviation) of the Overpassivization Error Type in Questionnaire A....100Table 4.8 Overall Three-Way ANOVA of Colloge_High Group, Verb Type, and Grammatical Form Rating in Questionnaire B…………102Table 4.9 Mean Rating (and Standard Deviation) of the Transitivization Error Type in Questionnaire B....103Table 4.10 Overall Three-Way ANOVA of Chinese Transfer, Collocation Pattern, and Grammatical Form in Questionnaires C and D…………… 106Table 4.11 Mean Rating (and Standard Deviation) of the Grammatical Form Rating in Questionnaires C and D....107Table 4.12 Mean Rating (and Standard Deviation) of the V+ -le Collocation Pattern in Questionnaires C and D.....109Table 4.13 Mean Rating (and Standard Deviation) of the V+ N Collocation Pattern in Questionnaires C and D.....111FIGURES Figure 2.1 Summaries of the Corpora Applications in Unaccusative Existence/appearance Verbs....29Figure 2.2 Summaries of the Studies on the Overpassivization in Unaccusative Existence/appearance Verbs......32Figure 3.1 The Search Results for HAPPEN in BNC and發生 fāshēng ‘happen’ in GW 2.0 Using the Thesaurus Function..45Figure 3.2 Sentence Construction Comparison of HAPPEN and OCCUR in BNC......46Figure 3.3 The Chinese Grammatical Patterns of發生 fāshēng ‘happen’ in GW 2.0........49Figure 3.4 The Grammatical Forms of HAPPEN in BNC......52Figure 3.5 Verb-forms of HAPPEN, OCCUR, APEAR, and EXIST in BNC..........53Figure 3.6 The Grammatical Forms of HAPPEN in Learner Corpora................58Figure 3.7 BNC Frequency of the Four Verbs........62Figure 3.8 LTTC Frequency of the Four Verbs.....62Figure 3.9 ICLE Frequency of the Four Verbs.........63Figure 3.10 NCCU Frequency of the Four Verbs.....63Figure 5.1 Grammatical Forms of Unaccusative Existence/appearance Verbs in English and L2 English.........117Figure 5.2 Errors of Unaccusative Existence/appearance Verbs in Corpora and Psycholinguistic Experiments........118Figure 5.3 Chinese Grammatical Patterns of Unaccusative Existence/appearance verbs.........120 | zh_TW |
| dc.language.iso | en_US | - |
| dc.source.uri (資料來源) | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097551021 | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 第二語言習得 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | BNC英文母語語料庫 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | HAPPEN | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 學習者語料庫 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 非賓存現動詞 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | Second Language Acquisition | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | BNC | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | HAPPEN | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | Learner Corpora | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | Unaccusative Existence/appearance Verbs | en_US |
| dc.title (題名) | 比較HAPPEN與其同義字: 以母語及學習者語料庫為基礎的非賓格存現動詞之研究 | zh_TW |
| dc.title (題名) | Comparing unaccusative HAPPEN and its synonyms: a study of existence/appearance verbs based on native speaker and learner corpora | en_US |
| dc.type (資料類型) | thesis | en |
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