學術產出-學位論文
文章檢視/開啟
書目匯出
-
題名 調節焦點契合之後設分析
A meta-analysis of regulatory fit studies作者 陳玉珊
Chen, Yu Shan貢獻者 樓永堅<br>別蓮蒂
陳玉珊
Chen, Yu Shan關鍵詞 調節焦點契合
regulatory fit日期 2010 上傳時間 7-十月-2011 14:12:10 (UTC+8) 摘要 Since Higgins presented regulatory fit theory in 2000, over 200 studies have demonstrated that regulatory fit processes moderate both information processing and outcome responses substantially. However, scholars characterize regulatory fit diversely and manipulate the definition. Researchers have highlighted this issue and recommended further investigations to clarify regulatory fit heterogeneity, which is derived from two sources: conceptual viewpoints of regulatory fit and methods for regulatory fit induction (Aaker, 2006; Avnet, 2006; Cesario, 2008; Pham, 2009). This study decomposes manipulation heterogeneity for researching regulatory fit from the experimental methodology viewpoint. Rather than providing a summary of existing methods, this study proposes a critical moderator embedded in these techniques, which objectifies the regulatory fit concept using a calculable index. The proposed index can be used to predict the strength of the regulatory fit effect, and explain manipulation heterogeneity when researching regulatory fit. 參考文獻 Aarts, H., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Hassin, R. (2004). Goal contagion: perceiving is for pursuing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 23-37.
Aaker, J. L., & Lee, A. Y. (2006). Understanding regulatory fit. Journal of Marketing Research, 43(1), 15-19.
Anderson, J. R. (1974). Retrieval of propositional information from long-term memory. Cognitive Psychology, 6, 451-474.
Appelt, K. C., & Higgins, E. T. (2010). My way: how strategic preferences vary by negotiator role and regulatory focus. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(6), 1138-1142.
Appelt, K. C., Zou, X., Arora, P., & Higgins, E. T. (2009). Regulatory fit in negotiation: effects of "prevention-buyer" and "promotion-seller" fit. Social Cognition, 27(3), 365-384.
Avnet, T., & Higgins, E. T. (2003). Locomotion, assessment, and regulatory fit: value transfer from "how" to "what". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39(5), 525-530.
Avnet, T., & Higgins, E. T. (2006). How regulatory fit affects value in consumer choices and opinions. Journal of Marketing Research, 43(1), 1-10.
Barkoukis, V., Ntoumanis, N., & Nikitaras, N. (2007). Comparing dichotomous and trichotomous approaches to achievement goal theory: an example using motivational regulations as outcome variables. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 77(3), 683-702.
Bassili, J. N., & Smith, M. C. (1986). On the spontaneity of trait attribution: converging evidence for the role of cognitive strategy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 239–245.
Benjamin, L., & Flynn, F. J. (2006). Leadership style and regulatory mode: value from fit? Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 100(2), 216-230.
Bianco, A. T., Higgins, E. T., & Klem, A. (2003). How "fun/importance" fit affects performance: pelating implicit theories to instructions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(9), 1091-1103.
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2009). Introduction to meta-analysis. United Kingdom: The John Wiley & Sons.
Brodscholl, J. C., Kober, H., & Higgins, E. T. (2007). Stregies of self-regulation in goal attainment versus goal maintance. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 628-648.
Bush, R. R., & Mosteller, F. (1951). A model for stimulus generalization and discrimination. Psychological Review, 58(6), 413-423.
Camacho, C. J., Higgins, E., & Luger, L. (2003). Moral value transfer from regulatory fit: what feels right is right and what feels wrong is wrong. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(3), 498-510.
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1981). Attention and self-regulation: a control theory approach to human behavior. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: the BIS/BAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(2), 319-333.
Cesario, J., Grant, H., & Higgins, E. T. (2004). Regulatory fit and persuasion: transfer from "feeling right". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(3), 388-404.
Cesario, J., Higgins, E., & Scholer, A. A. (2008). Regulatory fit and persuasion: basic principles and remaining questions. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(1), 444-463.
Cesario, J., & Higgins, E. T. (2008). Making message recipients "feel right": how nonverbal cues can increase persuasion. Psychological Science, 19(5), 415-420.
Collins, A. M., & Loftus, E. F. (1975). A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 82(6), 407-428.
Crowe, E., & Higgins, E. T. (1997). Regulatory focus and strategic inclinations: Promotion and prevention in decision making. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 69, 117-132.
Daryanto, A., de Ruyter, K., & Wetzels, M. (2010). Getting a discount or sharing the cost: the influence of regulatory fit on consumer response to service pricing schemes. Journal of Service Research, 13(2), 153-167.
Daryanto, A., de Ruyter, K., Wetzels, M., & Patterson, P. G. (2010). Service firms and customer loyalty programs: a regulatory fit perspective of reward preferences in a health vlub setting. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 38(5), 604-616.
de Lange, M. A., & van Knippenberg, A. (2007). Going against the grain: regulatory focus and interference by task-irrelevant information. Experimental Psychology, 54(1), 6-13.
Dholakia, U. M., Gopinath, M., & Bagozzi, R. P. (2005). The role of desires in sequential impulsive choices. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 98(2), 179-194.
Dijksterhuis, A., & Bargh, J. A. (2001). The perception-behavior expressway: automatic effects of social perception on social behavior. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 1-40
Dweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. L. (1988). A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review, 95(2), 256-273.
Ferguson, M. J., & Bargh, J. A. (2004). Liking is for doing: the effects of goal pursuit on automatic evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(5), 557-572.
Fitzsimons, G. J. (2008). Death to dichotomizing. Journal of Consumer Research, pp. 9-9.
Florack, A., & Scarabis, M. (2006). How advertising claims affect brand preferences and category-brand associations: the role of regulatory fit. Psychology & Marketing, 23(9), 741-755.
Förster, J., & Higgins, E. (2005). How global versus local perception fits regulatory focus. Psychological Science, 16(8), 631-636.
Förster, J., Liberman, N., & Friedman, R. S. (2007). Seven principles of goal activation: a systematic approach to distinguishing goal priming from priming of non-goal constructs. Personality and social Psychology Review, 11, 211-233.
Fransen, M. L., Reinders, M. J., Bartels, J., & Maassen, R. L. (2010). The influence of regulatory fit on evaluation and intentions to buy genetically modified foods: the mediating role of social identification. Journal of Marketing Communications, 16(1-2), 5-20.
Freitas, A. L., & Higgins, E. T. (2002). Enjoying goal-directed action: the role of regulatory fit. Psychological Science, 13(1), 1-6.
Freitas, A. L., Liberman, N., & Higgins, E. T. (2002). Regulatory fit and resisting temptation during goal pursuit. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38(3), 291-298.
Friedman, R. S., & Förster, J. (2001). The effects of promotion and prevention cues on creativity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(6), 1001-1013.
Fuglestad, P. T., Rothman, A. J., & Jeffery, R. W. (2008). Getting there and hanging on: the effect of regulatory focus on performance in smoking and weight loss interventions. Health Psychology, 27(3), S260-S270.
Gilbert, D. T., & Hixon, J. G. (1991). The trouble of thinking: Activation and application of stereotypic beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(4), 509-517.
Gray, J. A. (1990). Brain systems that mediate both emotion and cognition. Cognition and Emotion, 4(3), 268-288.
Grimm, L. R., Markman, A. B., Maddox, W., & Baldwin, G. C. (2008). Differential effects of regulatory fit on category learning. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(3), 920-927.
Grimm, L. R., Markman, A. B., Maddox, W., & Baldwin, G. C. (2009). Stereotype threat reinterpreted as a regulatory mismatch. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(2), 288-304.
Haddad, H., & Delhomme, P. (2006). Persuading young car drivers to take part in a driving skills test: the influence of regulatory fit on informational-assessment value and persuasion. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 9(6), 399-411.
Hendrix, K. S., & Hirt, E. R. (2009). Stressed out over possible failure: the role of regulatory fit on claimed self-handicapping. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(1), 51-59.
Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: a theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94(3), 319-340.
Higgins, E. T. (1989a). Continuties and discountinuities in self-regulatory and self-evaluative processes: a developmental theory relating seld and addect. Journal of Personality, 57, 407-444.
Higgins, E. T. (1989b). Self-discrepancy theory: what patterns of self-beliefs cause people to suffer? In B. Leonard (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. Volume 22, pp. 93-136): Academic Press.
Higgins, E. T. (1996). The "self digest": self-knowledge serving self-regulatory functions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(6), 1062-1083.
Higgins, E. T. (1997). Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist, 52(12), 1280-1300.
Higgins, E. T. (1998). Promotion and prevention: regulatory focus as a motivational principle. In P. Z. Mark (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. Volume 30, pp. 1-46): Academic Press.
Higgins, E. T. (1999). Promotion and prevention as a motivational duality. New York: Guilford Press.
Higgins, E. T. (2000). Making a good decision: value from fit. American Psychologist, 55(11), 1217-1230.
Higgins, E. T. (2005). Value from regulatory fit. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(4), 209-213.
Higgins, E. T. (2006). Value from hedonic experience and engagement. Psychological Review, 113(3), 439-460.
Higgins, E. T., Bond, R. N., Klein, R., & Strauman, T. (1986). Self-discrepancies and emotional vulnerability: How magnitude, accessibility, and type of discrepancy influence affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(1), 5-15.
Higgins, E. T., Cesario, J., Hagiwara, N., Spiegel, S., & Pittman, T. (2010). Increasing or decreasing interest in activities: the role of regulatory fit. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(4), 559.
Higgins, E. T., Friedman, R. S., Harlow, R. E., Idson, L. C., Ayduk, O. N., & Taylor, A. (2001). Achievement orientations from subjective histories of success: promotion pride versus prevention pride. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31(1), 3-23.
Higgins, E. T., Idson, L. C., Freitas, A. L., Spiegel, S., & Molden, D. C. (2003). Transfer of value from fit. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(6), 1140-1153.
Higgins, E. T., Rholes, W. S., & Jones, C. R. (1977). Category accessibility and impression formation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13, 141-154.
Higgins, E. T., Roney, C. J. R., Crowe, E., & Hymes, C. (1994). Ideal versus ought predilections for approach and avoidance distinct self-regulatory systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(2), 276-286.
Higgins, E. T., & Scholer, A. A. (2009). Engaging the consumer: the science and art of the value creation process. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 19(2), 100-114.
Higgins, E. T., Shah, J., & Friedman, R. (1997). Emotional responses to goal attainment: Strength of regulatory focus as moderator. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 515-525.
Higgins, E. T., & Silberman, I. (1998). Development of regulatory focus: promotion and prevention as ways of living. In J. Heckhausen & C. S. Dweck (Eds.), Motivation and self-regulation across the life span (pp. 78-113). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Holler, M., Hoelzl, E., Kirchler, E., Leder, S., & Mannetti, L. (2008). Framing of information on the use of public finances, regulatory fit of recipients and tax compliance. Journal of Economic Psychology, 29(4), 597.
Hong, J., & Lee, A. Y. (2008). Be fit and be strong: mastering self-regulation through regulatory fit. Journal of Consumer Research, 34(5), 682-695.
Idson, C. L., & Higgins, E. T. (2000). How current feedback and chronic effectiveness influence motivation: everything to gain versus everything to lose. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30(4), 583-592.
Idson, L. C., Liberman, N., & Higgins, E. T. (2004). Imagining how you`d feel: the role of motivational experiences from regulatory fit. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(7), 926-937.
Jain, S. P., Agrawal, N., & Maheswaran, D. (2006). When more may be less: the effects of regulatory focus on responses to different comparative frames. Journal of Consumer Research, 33(1), 91-98.
Jiang, Y., Cho, A., & Adaval, R. (2009). The unique consequences of feeling lucky: implications for consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 19, 171-184.
Jin, S.-A. A., & Lee, K. M. (2010). The influence of regulatory fit and interactivity on brand satisfaction and trust in e-health marketing inside 3D virtual worlds (Second Life). Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 13(6), 673-680.
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979) Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), Mar, 263-291.
Kees, J., Burton, S., & Tangari, A. H. (2010). The impact of regulatory focus, temporal orientation, and fit on consumer responses to health-related advertising. Journal of Advertising, 39(1), 19-34.
Kim, Y.-J. (2006). The role of regulatory focus in message framing in antismoking advertisements for adolescents. Journal of Advertising, 35(1), 143.
Koenig, A. M., Cesario, J., Molden, D. C., Kosloff, S., & Higgins, E. (2009). Incidental experiences of regulatory fit and the processing of persuasive appeals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(10), 1342-1355.
Kruglanski, A. W. (2006). The nature of fit and the origins of "feeling right": a goal-systemic perspective. Journal of Marketing Research, 43(1), 11-14.
Kruglanski, A. W., Pierro, A., & Higgins, E. T. (2007). Regulatory mode and preferred leadership styles: how fit increases job satisfaction. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 29(2), 137-149.
Kruglanski, A. W., Shah, J. Y., Fishbach, A., Friedman, R., Woo Young, C., & Sleeth-Keppler, D. (2002). A theory of goal systems. In P. Z. Mark (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. Volume 34, pp. 331-378): Academic Press.
Kruglanski, A. W., Shah, J. Y., Friedman, R., Chun, W., & Sleeth-Keppler, D. (Eds.). (2002). A theory of goals systems. New York: Academic Press.
Kuhl, J. (Ed.). (1984). Volitional aspects of achievement motivation and learned helplessness: toward a comprehensive theory of action control. (Vol. 13). New York: Academic Press.
Langens, T. A. (2007). Regulatory focus and illusions of control. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(2), 226-237.
Latham, G. P. (1991). Self-regulation through goal setting. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 212-247.
Leder, S., Mannetti, L., Hölzl, E., & Kirchler, E. (2010). Regulatory fit effects on perceived fiscal exchange and tax compliance. Journal of Socio - Economics, 39(2), 271.
Lee, A. Y., & Aaker, J. L. (2004). Bringing the frame into focus: the influence of regulatory fit on processing fluency and persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(2), 205-218.
Lee, A. Y., Keller, P. A., & Sternthal, B. (2010). Value from regulatory construal fit: the persuasive impact of fit between consumer goals and message concreteness. Journal of Consumer Research, 36(5), 735-747.
Lee, L. (2005). The influence of primary and secondary goals on consumer decision making. Advances in Consumer Research, 32, 331-334.
Leikas, S., Lindeman, M., Roininen, K., & Lahteenmaki, L. (2009). Boundaries of regulatory fit: is it the thought that counts? Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 31(4), 289-294.
Lockwood, P., Jordan, C. H., & Kunda, Z. (2002). Motivation by positive or negative role models: regulatory focus determines who will best inspire us. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(4), 854-864.
Loehlin, J. C. (1968). Computer models of personality. New York: Random House.
Macrae, C. N., & Lewis, H. L. (2002). Do I know you? Processing orientation and face recognition. Psychological Science, 13, 194-196.
Maddox, W., Baldwin, G. C., & Markman, A. B. (2006). A test of the regulatory fit hypothesis in perceptual classification learning. Memory & Cognition, 34(7), 1377-1397.
Malaviya, P., & Sternthal, B. (2009). Parity product features can enhance or dilute brand evaluation: the influence of goal orientation and presentation format. Journal of Consumer Research, 36(1), 112-121.
Mancuso, J. C. (Ed.). (1970). Reading for a cognitive theory of personality. New York: Holt, Reinehart, & Winston.
Mannetti, L., Giacomantonio, M., Higgins, E. T., Pierro, A., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2010). Tailoring visual images to fit: value creation in persuasive messages. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40(2), 206-215.
Markman, A. B., Baldwin, G. C., & Maddox, W. (2005). The interaction of payoff structure and regulatory focus in classification. Psychological Science, 16(11), 852-855.
Markus, H., & Nurius, P. (1986). Possible selves. American Psychologist, 41(9), 954-969.
McGregor, I., Gailliot, M. T., Vasquez, N. A., & Nash, K. A. (2007). Ideological and personal zeal reactions to threat among people with high self-esteem: motivated promotion focus. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(11), 1587-1599.
Memmert, D., Unkelbach, C., & Ganns, S. (2010). The impact of regulatory fit on performance in an inattentional blindness paradigm. The Journal of General Psychology, 137(2), 129.
Moretti, M. M., & Higgins, E. T. (1990). The development of self-system vulnerabilities: Social and cognitive factors in developmental psychopathology. New Harven, CT: Yale University Press.
Moss, S., Ritossa, D., & Ngu, S. (2006). The effect of follower regulatory focus and extraversion on leadership behavior: the role of emotional intelligence. Journal of Individual Differences, 27(2), 93-107.
Otto, A., Markman, A. B., Gureckis, T. M., & Love, B. C. (2010). Regulatory fit and systematic exploration in a dynamic decision-making environment. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36(3), 797-804.
Pham, M. T., & Avnet, T. (2009). Rethinking regulatory engagement theory. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 19(2), 115-123.
Plessner, H., Unkelbach, C., Memmert, D., Baltes, A., & Kolb, A. (2009). Regulatory fit as a determinant of sport performance: how to succeed in a soccer penalty-shooting. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(1), 108-115.
Santelli, A. G., Struthers, C., & Eaton, J. (2009). Fit to forgive: Exploring the interaction between regulatory focus, repentance, and forgiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(2), 381-394.
Sassenberg, K., Jonas, K. J., Shah, J. Y., & Brazy, P. C. (2007). Why some groups just feel better: the regulatory fit of group power. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(2), 249-267.
Schroder, H. M., & Suedfeld, P. (Eds.). (1970). Personality theory and information processing. New York: Ronald Press.
Semin, G. R., Higgins, T., de Montes, L. G., Estourget, Y., & Valencia, J. F. (2005). Linguistic signatures of regulatory focus: how abstraction fits promotion more than prevention. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(1), 36-45.
Spiegel, S., Grant-Pillow, H., & Higgins, E. (2004). How regulatory fit enhances motivational strength during goal pursuit. European Journal of Social Psychology, 34(1), 39-54.
Stam, D. A., Van Knippenberg, D., & Wisse, B. (2010). The role of regulatory fit in visionary leadership. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(4), 499-518.
Taylor, S. E., Pham, L. B., Rivkin, I. D., & Armor, D. A. (1998). Harnessing the imagination: Mental stimulation, self-regulation, and coping. American Psychologist, 53(4), 429-439.
Thaler, R. (1980). Towards a positive theory of consumer choice. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 1, 39-60.
Tulving, E., Schacter, D. L., & Stark, H. A. (1982). Priming effects in word-fragment completion are independent of recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 8, 336-342.
Tversky, A. (1977). Features of similarity. Psychological Review, 84(4).
Uskul, A. K., Keller, J., & Oyserman, D. (2008). Regulatory fit and health behavior. Psychology & Health, 23(3), 327-346.
Vaughn, L. A., Baumann, J., & Klemann, C. (2008). Openness to experience and regulatory focus: evidence of motivation from fit. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(4), 886-894.
Vaughn, L. A., Harkness, A. R., & Clark, E. K. (2010). The effect of incidental experiences of regulatory fit on trust. Personal Relationships, 17(1), 57-69.
Vaughn, L. A., Hesse, S. J., Petkova, Z., & Trudeau, L. (2009). "This story is right on": the impact of regulatory fit on narrative engagement and persuasion. European Journal of Social Psychology, 39(3), 447-456.
Vaughn, L. A., O`Rourke, T., Schwartz, S., Malik, J., Petkova, Z., & Trudeau, L. (2006). When two wrongs can make a right: regulatory nonfit, bias, and correction of judgments. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42(5), 654-661.
Wang, J., & Lee, A. Y. (2006). The role of regulatory focus in preference construction. Journal of Marketing Research, 43(1), 28-38.
Worthy, D. A., Maddox, W., & Markman, A. B. (2007). Regulatory fit effects in a choice task. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14(6), 1125-1132.
Worthy, D. A., Markman, A. B., & Maddox, W. (2009). What is pressure? evidence for social pressure as a type of regulatory focus. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16(2), 344-349.
Wyer, R. S., & Srull, T. K. (1989). Memory and social cognition in its social context. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.描述 博士
國立政治大學
企業管理研究所
94355512
99資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094355512 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 樓永堅<br>別蓮蒂 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) 陳玉珊 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) Chen, Yu Shan en_US dc.creator (作者) 陳玉珊 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Chen, Yu Shan en_US dc.date (日期) 2010 en_US dc.date.accessioned 7-十月-2011 14:12:10 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 7-十月-2011 14:12:10 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 7-十月-2011 14:12:10 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0094355512 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/51479 - dc.description (描述) 博士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 企業管理研究所 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 94355512 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 99 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Since Higgins presented regulatory fit theory in 2000, over 200 studies have demonstrated that regulatory fit processes moderate both information processing and outcome responses substantially. However, scholars characterize regulatory fit diversely and manipulate the definition. Researchers have highlighted this issue and recommended further investigations to clarify regulatory fit heterogeneity, which is derived from two sources: conceptual viewpoints of regulatory fit and methods for regulatory fit induction (Aaker, 2006; Avnet, 2006; Cesario, 2008; Pham, 2009). This study decomposes manipulation heterogeneity for researching regulatory fit from the experimental methodology viewpoint. Rather than providing a summary of existing methods, this study proposes a critical moderator embedded in these techniques, which objectifies the regulatory fit concept using a calculable index. The proposed index can be used to predict the strength of the regulatory fit effect, and explain manipulation heterogeneity when researching regulatory fit. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents ABSTRACT 1CONTENTS 3TABLES 6FIGURES 7CHAPTER 1 7INTRODUCTION 71.1 RESEARCH BACKGROUND AND STUDY PURPOSE 71.2 STANDPOINT OF THE CURRENT STUDY 81.2.1 Definition of Regulatory Fit 81.2.2 Regulatory Orientation and Self-Regulatory Strategies 81.2.3 Regulatory Forms 91.2.4 Core Concept of the Current Study 10CHAPTER 2 11LITERATURE REVIEW 112.1 OVERVIEW 112.2 BACKGROUND THEORIES 122.2.1 Self-Discrepancy Theory 132.2.2 Regulatory Focus Theory 132.3 REGULATORY FIT 162.3.1 Isolate Regulatory Fit from Goal Attainment 162.3.2 Isolate Regulatory Fit from Pleasure Mood 172.4 MANIPULATIONS OF REGULATORY FIT 172.4.1 Dividing Participants into Distinct Regulatory Groups 182.4.2 Manipulating Regulatory Strategies 192.5 REGULATORY FORMS 202.5.1 Pursuit and Maintenance of the Goal 212.5.2 Escape and Distance from the Anti-Goal 222.5.3 Corresponding Regulatory Strategies 222.6 COMMONLY USED MEASUREMENTS AND MANIPULATIONS 232.6.1 Commonly Used Measurements 232.6.2 Commonly Used Priming Techniques 322.6.3 Commonly Used Framing Techniques 352.7 MATCHING REGULATORY STRATEGIES WITH ORIENTATION 382.7.1 Theory of Similarity 392.7.2 Matching between Regulatory Orientation and Strategy 41CHAPTER 3 48METHOD 483.1 IDENTIFICATION OF STUDIES 483.1.1 Literatures Search 483.1.2 Inclusion Criteria 483.1.3 Studies Included in Current Study 543.2 OUTCOME VARIABLES AND EFFECT SIZE MEASURE 553.3.1 Outcome Variables 553.2.2 Unit of Analysis 573.2.3 To Calculate the Matching Discrepancy 583.3 PROCEDURES OF META-ANALYSIS 593.3.1 Meta-Regression 593.3.2 Comparison Model of Meta-Analysis 60CHAPTER 4 62RESULTS 624.1 DISTRIBUTION OF EFFECT SIZES 624.2 THE OVERALL REGULATORY FIT EFFECT 634.3 HYPOTHESIS TESTING 654.4 OTHER POSSIBLE PREDICTORS IN MANIPULATIONS 684.4.1 Promotion versus Prevention Group 684.4.2 Desired Goal versus Undesired Anti-Goal 69CHAPTER 5 71FURTHER ANALYSES 715.1 POSSIBLE PSEUDO-NEGATIVE OUTCOME 715.2 MEASURED ORIENTATION VERSUS MANIPULATED FOCUS 725.2.1 Usage Frequency of Measurements 725.2.2 Usage Frequency of Manipulations 735.3 MAESTRO EFFECT 745.4 MANIPULATION AND CONFOUNDING CHECKS 76CHAPTER 6 78CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSIONS 786.1 CONCLUSIONS 786.1.1 Manipulating and Knowing Regulatory Fit 786.1.2 Steps to Manipulate Regulatory Fit 796.1.3 Other Possible Predictors in Manipulations 806.2 FURTHER INSIGHTS AND ISSUES 816.2.1 An Issue of Multiple Goals 816.2.2 Measurements versus Manipulations 816.2.3 Manipulation Checks 836.3 SUGGESTIONS 836.3.1 Suggestions on Measurements 846.3.2 Suggestions on Priming Techniques 856.3.3 Suggestions on Framing Techniques 876.3.5 Possible Confusion in Manipulating Strategies 896.4 LIMITATIONS 91REFERENCE 93 zh_TW dc.language.iso en_US - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094355512 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 調節焦點契合 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) regulatory fit en_US dc.title (題名) 調節焦點契合之後設分析 zh_TW dc.title (題名) A meta-analysis of regulatory fit studies en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Aarts, H., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Hassin, R. (2004). Goal contagion: perceiving is for pursuing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 23-37. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Aaker, J. L., & Lee, A. Y. (2006). Understanding regulatory fit. Journal of Marketing Research, 43(1), 15-19. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Anderson, J. R. (1974). Retrieval of propositional information from long-term memory. Cognitive Psychology, 6, 451-474. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Appelt, K. C., & Higgins, E. T. (2010). My way: how strategic preferences vary by negotiator role and regulatory focus. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(6), 1138-1142. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Appelt, K. C., Zou, X., Arora, P., & Higgins, E. T. (2009). Regulatory fit in negotiation: effects of "prevention-buyer" and "promotion-seller" fit. Social Cognition, 27(3), 365-384. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Avnet, T., & Higgins, E. T. (2003). Locomotion, assessment, and regulatory fit: value transfer from "how" to "what". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39(5), 525-530. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Avnet, T., & Higgins, E. T. (2006). How regulatory fit affects value in consumer choices and opinions. Journal of Marketing Research, 43(1), 1-10. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Barkoukis, V., Ntoumanis, N., & Nikitaras, N. (2007). Comparing dichotomous and trichotomous approaches to achievement goal theory: an example using motivational regulations as outcome variables. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 77(3), 683-702. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bassili, J. N., & Smith, M. C. (1986). On the spontaneity of trait attribution: converging evidence for the role of cognitive strategy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 239–245. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Benjamin, L., & Flynn, F. J. (2006). Leadership style and regulatory mode: value from fit? Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 100(2), 216-230. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bianco, A. T., Higgins, E. T., & Klem, A. (2003). How "fun/importance" fit affects performance: pelating implicit theories to instructions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(9), 1091-1103. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2009). Introduction to meta-analysis. United Kingdom: The John Wiley & Sons. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brodscholl, J. C., Kober, H., & Higgins, E. T. (2007). Stregies of self-regulation in goal attainment versus goal maintance. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 628-648. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bush, R. R., & Mosteller, F. (1951). A model for stimulus generalization and discrimination. Psychological Review, 58(6), 413-423. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Camacho, C. J., Higgins, E., & Luger, L. (2003). Moral value transfer from regulatory fit: what feels right is right and what feels wrong is wrong. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(3), 498-510. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1981). Attention and self-regulation: a control theory approach to human behavior. New York: Springer-Verlag. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: the BIS/BAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(2), 319-333. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cesario, J., Grant, H., & Higgins, E. T. (2004). Regulatory fit and persuasion: transfer from "feeling right". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(3), 388-404. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cesario, J., Higgins, E., & Scholer, A. A. (2008). Regulatory fit and persuasion: basic principles and remaining questions. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(1), 444-463. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cesario, J., & Higgins, E. T. (2008). Making message recipients "feel right": how nonverbal cues can increase persuasion. Psychological Science, 19(5), 415-420. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Collins, A. M., & Loftus, E. F. (1975). A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 82(6), 407-428. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Crowe, E., & Higgins, E. T. (1997). Regulatory focus and strategic inclinations: Promotion and prevention in decision making. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 69, 117-132. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Daryanto, A., de Ruyter, K., & Wetzels, M. (2010). Getting a discount or sharing the cost: the influence of regulatory fit on consumer response to service pricing schemes. Journal of Service Research, 13(2), 153-167. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Daryanto, A., de Ruyter, K., Wetzels, M., & Patterson, P. G. (2010). Service firms and customer loyalty programs: a regulatory fit perspective of reward preferences in a health vlub setting. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 38(5), 604-616. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) de Lange, M. A., & van Knippenberg, A. (2007). Going against the grain: regulatory focus and interference by task-irrelevant information. Experimental Psychology, 54(1), 6-13. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dholakia, U. M., Gopinath, M., & Bagozzi, R. P. (2005). The role of desires in sequential impulsive choices. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 98(2), 179-194. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dijksterhuis, A., & Bargh, J. A. (2001). The perception-behavior expressway: automatic effects of social perception on social behavior. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 1-40 zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. L. (1988). A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review, 95(2), 256-273. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ferguson, M. J., & Bargh, J. A. (2004). Liking is for doing: the effects of goal pursuit on automatic evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(5), 557-572. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fitzsimons, G. J. (2008). Death to dichotomizing. Journal of Consumer Research, pp. 9-9. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Florack, A., & Scarabis, M. (2006). How advertising claims affect brand preferences and category-brand associations: the role of regulatory fit. Psychology & Marketing, 23(9), 741-755. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Förster, J., & Higgins, E. (2005). How global versus local perception fits regulatory focus. Psychological Science, 16(8), 631-636. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Förster, J., Liberman, N., & Friedman, R. S. (2007). Seven principles of goal activation: a systematic approach to distinguishing goal priming from priming of non-goal constructs. Personality and social Psychology Review, 11, 211-233. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fransen, M. L., Reinders, M. J., Bartels, J., & Maassen, R. L. (2010). The influence of regulatory fit on evaluation and intentions to buy genetically modified foods: the mediating role of social identification. Journal of Marketing Communications, 16(1-2), 5-20. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Freitas, A. L., & Higgins, E. T. (2002). Enjoying goal-directed action: the role of regulatory fit. Psychological Science, 13(1), 1-6. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Freitas, A. L., Liberman, N., & Higgins, E. T. (2002). Regulatory fit and resisting temptation during goal pursuit. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38(3), 291-298. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Friedman, R. S., & Förster, J. (2001). The effects of promotion and prevention cues on creativity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(6), 1001-1013. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fuglestad, P. T., Rothman, A. J., & Jeffery, R. W. (2008). Getting there and hanging on: the effect of regulatory focus on performance in smoking and weight loss interventions. Health Psychology, 27(3), S260-S270. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gilbert, D. T., & Hixon, J. G. (1991). The trouble of thinking: Activation and application of stereotypic beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(4), 509-517. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gray, J. A. (1990). Brain systems that mediate both emotion and cognition. Cognition and Emotion, 4(3), 268-288. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Grimm, L. R., Markman, A. B., Maddox, W., & Baldwin, G. C. (2008). Differential effects of regulatory fit on category learning. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(3), 920-927. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Grimm, L. R., Markman, A. B., Maddox, W., & Baldwin, G. C. (2009). Stereotype threat reinterpreted as a regulatory mismatch. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(2), 288-304. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Haddad, H., & Delhomme, P. (2006). Persuading young car drivers to take part in a driving skills test: the influence of regulatory fit on informational-assessment value and persuasion. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 9(6), 399-411. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hendrix, K. S., & Hirt, E. R. (2009). Stressed out over possible failure: the role of regulatory fit on claimed self-handicapping. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(1), 51-59. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: a theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94(3), 319-340. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Higgins, E. T. (1989a). Continuties and discountinuities in self-regulatory and self-evaluative processes: a developmental theory relating seld and addect. Journal of Personality, 57, 407-444. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Higgins, E. T. (1989b). Self-discrepancy theory: what patterns of self-beliefs cause people to suffer? In B. Leonard (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. Volume 22, pp. 93-136): Academic Press. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Higgins, E. T. (1996). The "self digest": self-knowledge serving self-regulatory functions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(6), 1062-1083. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Higgins, E. T. (1997). Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist, 52(12), 1280-1300. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Higgins, E. T. (1998). Promotion and prevention: regulatory focus as a motivational principle. In P. Z. Mark (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. Volume 30, pp. 1-46): Academic Press. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Higgins, E. T. (1999). Promotion and prevention as a motivational duality. New York: Guilford Press. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Higgins, E. T. (2000). Making a good decision: value from fit. American Psychologist, 55(11), 1217-1230. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Higgins, E. T. (2005). Value from regulatory fit. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(4), 209-213. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Higgins, E. T. (2006). Value from hedonic experience and engagement. Psychological Review, 113(3), 439-460. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Higgins, E. T., Bond, R. N., Klein, R., & Strauman, T. (1986). Self-discrepancies and emotional vulnerability: How magnitude, accessibility, and type of discrepancy influence affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(1), 5-15. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Higgins, E. T., Cesario, J., Hagiwara, N., Spiegel, S., & Pittman, T. (2010). Increasing or decreasing interest in activities: the role of regulatory fit. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(4), 559. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Higgins, E. T., Friedman, R. S., Harlow, R. E., Idson, L. C., Ayduk, O. N., & Taylor, A. (2001). Achievement orientations from subjective histories of success: promotion pride versus prevention pride. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31(1), 3-23. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Higgins, E. T., Idson, L. C., Freitas, A. L., Spiegel, S., & Molden, D. C. (2003). Transfer of value from fit. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(6), 1140-1153. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Higgins, E. T., Rholes, W. S., & Jones, C. R. (1977). Category accessibility and impression formation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13, 141-154. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Higgins, E. T., Roney, C. J. R., Crowe, E., & Hymes, C. (1994). Ideal versus ought predilections for approach and avoidance distinct self-regulatory systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(2), 276-286. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Higgins, E. T., & Scholer, A. A. (2009). Engaging the consumer: the science and art of the value creation process. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 19(2), 100-114. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Higgins, E. T., Shah, J., & Friedman, R. (1997). Emotional responses to goal attainment: Strength of regulatory focus as moderator. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 515-525. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Higgins, E. T., & Silberman, I. (1998). Development of regulatory focus: promotion and prevention as ways of living. In J. Heckhausen & C. S. Dweck (Eds.), Motivation and self-regulation across the life span (pp. 78-113). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Holler, M., Hoelzl, E., Kirchler, E., Leder, S., & Mannetti, L. (2008). Framing of information on the use of public finances, regulatory fit of recipients and tax compliance. Journal of Economic Psychology, 29(4), 597. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hong, J., & Lee, A. Y. (2008). Be fit and be strong: mastering self-regulation through regulatory fit. Journal of Consumer Research, 34(5), 682-695. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Idson, C. L., & Higgins, E. T. (2000). How current feedback and chronic effectiveness influence motivation: everything to gain versus everything to lose. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30(4), 583-592. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Idson, L. C., Liberman, N., & Higgins, E. T. (2004). Imagining how you`d feel: the role of motivational experiences from regulatory fit. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(7), 926-937. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jain, S. P., Agrawal, N., & Maheswaran, D. (2006). When more may be less: the effects of regulatory focus on responses to different comparative frames. Journal of Consumer Research, 33(1), 91-98. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jiang, Y., Cho, A., & Adaval, R. (2009). The unique consequences of feeling lucky: implications for consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 19, 171-184. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jin, S.-A. A., & Lee, K. M. (2010). The influence of regulatory fit and interactivity on brand satisfaction and trust in e-health marketing inside 3D virtual worlds (Second Life). Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 13(6), 673-680. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979) Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), Mar, 263-291. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kees, J., Burton, S., & Tangari, A. H. (2010). The impact of regulatory focus, temporal orientation, and fit on consumer responses to health-related advertising. Journal of Advertising, 39(1), 19-34. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kim, Y.-J. (2006). The role of regulatory focus in message framing in antismoking advertisements for adolescents. Journal of Advertising, 35(1), 143. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Koenig, A. M., Cesario, J., Molden, D. C., Kosloff, S., & Higgins, E. (2009). Incidental experiences of regulatory fit and the processing of persuasive appeals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(10), 1342-1355. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kruglanski, A. W. (2006). The nature of fit and the origins of "feeling right": a goal-systemic perspective. Journal of Marketing Research, 43(1), 11-14. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kruglanski, A. W., Pierro, A., & Higgins, E. T. (2007). Regulatory mode and preferred leadership styles: how fit increases job satisfaction. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 29(2), 137-149. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kruglanski, A. W., Shah, J. Y., Fishbach, A., Friedman, R., Woo Young, C., & Sleeth-Keppler, D. (2002). A theory of goal systems. In P. Z. Mark (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. Volume 34, pp. 331-378): Academic Press. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kruglanski, A. W., Shah, J. Y., Friedman, R., Chun, W., & Sleeth-Keppler, D. (Eds.). (2002). A theory of goals systems. New York: Academic Press. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kuhl, J. (Ed.). (1984). Volitional aspects of achievement motivation and learned helplessness: toward a comprehensive theory of action control. (Vol. 13). New York: Academic Press. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Langens, T. A. (2007). Regulatory focus and illusions of control. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(2), 226-237. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Latham, G. P. (1991). Self-regulation through goal setting. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 212-247. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Leder, S., Mannetti, L., Hölzl, E., & Kirchler, E. (2010). Regulatory fit effects on perceived fiscal exchange and tax compliance. Journal of Socio - Economics, 39(2), 271. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lee, A. Y., & Aaker, J. L. (2004). Bringing the frame into focus: the influence of regulatory fit on processing fluency and persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(2), 205-218. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lee, A. Y., Keller, P. A., & Sternthal, B. (2010). Value from regulatory construal fit: the persuasive impact of fit between consumer goals and message concreteness. Journal of Consumer Research, 36(5), 735-747. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lee, L. (2005). The influence of primary and secondary goals on consumer decision making. Advances in Consumer Research, 32, 331-334. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Leikas, S., Lindeman, M., Roininen, K., & Lahteenmaki, L. (2009). Boundaries of regulatory fit: is it the thought that counts? Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 31(4), 289-294. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lockwood, P., Jordan, C. H., & Kunda, Z. (2002). Motivation by positive or negative role models: regulatory focus determines who will best inspire us. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(4), 854-864. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Loehlin, J. C. (1968). Computer models of personality. New York: Random House. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Macrae, C. N., & Lewis, H. L. (2002). Do I know you? Processing orientation and face recognition. Psychological Science, 13, 194-196. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Maddox, W., Baldwin, G. C., & Markman, A. B. (2006). A test of the regulatory fit hypothesis in perceptual classification learning. Memory & Cognition, 34(7), 1377-1397. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Malaviya, P., & Sternthal, B. (2009). Parity product features can enhance or dilute brand evaluation: the influence of goal orientation and presentation format. Journal of Consumer Research, 36(1), 112-121. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mancuso, J. C. (Ed.). (1970). Reading for a cognitive theory of personality. New York: Holt, Reinehart, & Winston. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mannetti, L., Giacomantonio, M., Higgins, E. T., Pierro, A., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2010). Tailoring visual images to fit: value creation in persuasive messages. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40(2), 206-215. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Markman, A. B., Baldwin, G. C., & Maddox, W. (2005). The interaction of payoff structure and regulatory focus in classification. Psychological Science, 16(11), 852-855. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Markus, H., & Nurius, P. (1986). Possible selves. American Psychologist, 41(9), 954-969. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McGregor, I., Gailliot, M. T., Vasquez, N. A., & Nash, K. A. (2007). Ideological and personal zeal reactions to threat among people with high self-esteem: motivated promotion focus. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(11), 1587-1599. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Memmert, D., Unkelbach, C., & Ganns, S. (2010). The impact of regulatory fit on performance in an inattentional blindness paradigm. The Journal of General Psychology, 137(2), 129. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Moretti, M. M., & Higgins, E. T. (1990). The development of self-system vulnerabilities: Social and cognitive factors in developmental psychopathology. New Harven, CT: Yale University Press. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Moss, S., Ritossa, D., & Ngu, S. (2006). The effect of follower regulatory focus and extraversion on leadership behavior: the role of emotional intelligence. Journal of Individual Differences, 27(2), 93-107. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Otto, A., Markman, A. B., Gureckis, T. M., & Love, B. C. (2010). Regulatory fit and systematic exploration in a dynamic decision-making environment. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36(3), 797-804. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Pham, M. T., & Avnet, T. (2009). Rethinking regulatory engagement theory. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 19(2), 115-123. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Plessner, H., Unkelbach, C., Memmert, D., Baltes, A., & Kolb, A. (2009). Regulatory fit as a determinant of sport performance: how to succeed in a soccer penalty-shooting. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(1), 108-115. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Santelli, A. G., Struthers, C., & Eaton, J. (2009). Fit to forgive: Exploring the interaction between regulatory focus, repentance, and forgiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(2), 381-394. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sassenberg, K., Jonas, K. J., Shah, J. Y., & Brazy, P. C. (2007). Why some groups just feel better: the regulatory fit of group power. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(2), 249-267. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schroder, H. M., & Suedfeld, P. (Eds.). (1970). Personality theory and information processing. New York: Ronald Press. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Semin, G. R., Higgins, T., de Montes, L. G., Estourget, Y., & Valencia, J. F. (2005). Linguistic signatures of regulatory focus: how abstraction fits promotion more than prevention. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(1), 36-45. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Spiegel, S., Grant-Pillow, H., & Higgins, E. (2004). How regulatory fit enhances motivational strength during goal pursuit. European Journal of Social Psychology, 34(1), 39-54. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Stam, D. A., Van Knippenberg, D., & Wisse, B. (2010). The role of regulatory fit in visionary leadership. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(4), 499-518. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Taylor, S. E., Pham, L. B., Rivkin, I. D., & Armor, D. A. (1998). Harnessing the imagination: Mental stimulation, self-regulation, and coping. American Psychologist, 53(4), 429-439. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Thaler, R. (1980). Towards a positive theory of consumer choice. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 1, 39-60. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tulving, E., Schacter, D. L., & Stark, H. A. (1982). Priming effects in word-fragment completion are independent of recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 8, 336-342. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tversky, A. (1977). Features of similarity. Psychological Review, 84(4). zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Uskul, A. K., Keller, J., & Oyserman, D. (2008). Regulatory fit and health behavior. Psychology & Health, 23(3), 327-346. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Vaughn, L. A., Baumann, J., & Klemann, C. (2008). Openness to experience and regulatory focus: evidence of motivation from fit. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(4), 886-894. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Vaughn, L. A., Harkness, A. R., & Clark, E. K. (2010). The effect of incidental experiences of regulatory fit on trust. Personal Relationships, 17(1), 57-69. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Vaughn, L. A., Hesse, S. J., Petkova, Z., & Trudeau, L. (2009). "This story is right on": the impact of regulatory fit on narrative engagement and persuasion. European Journal of Social Psychology, 39(3), 447-456. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Vaughn, L. A., O`Rourke, T., Schwartz, S., Malik, J., Petkova, Z., & Trudeau, L. (2006). When two wrongs can make a right: regulatory nonfit, bias, and correction of judgments. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42(5), 654-661. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wang, J., & Lee, A. Y. (2006). The role of regulatory focus in preference construction. Journal of Marketing Research, 43(1), 28-38. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Worthy, D. A., Maddox, W., & Markman, A. B. (2007). Regulatory fit effects in a choice task. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14(6), 1125-1132. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Worthy, D. A., Markman, A. B., & Maddox, W. (2009). What is pressure? evidence for social pressure as a type of regulatory focus. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16(2), 344-349. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wyer, R. S., & Srull, T. K. (1989). Memory and social cognition in its social context. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. zh_TW
