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題名 霸權的維繫與挑戰：以美國小布希政府之美新與美澳自由貿易協定為例
The maintenance and challenge of hegemony：The U.S.-Singapore FTA and U.S.-Australia FTA of George W.Bush`s administration
作者 蔡宜珊
Tsai, Yi Shan
貢獻者 盧業中
蔡宜珊
Tsai, Yi Shan
關鍵詞 美國
自由貿易協定(FTA)
制度霸權
霸權穩定論
美新FTA
美澳FTA
日期 2010
上傳時間 7-十月-2011 14:17:17 (UTC+8)
摘要 本文主要以霸權穩定論作為研究基礎，解釋美國為維持在亞太地區的主導權，透過簽訂FTA作為一種手段並檢視其效益，意即美國與亞太國家簽訂雙邊FTA是否為一有效維繫其在亞太地區主導權的手段。研究重心為美國在亞太地區的FTA政策運用和FTA性質的變化，並以美新FTA與美澳FTA兩個案作為研究標的，分析美國選取簽署國的政經與策略，並評估美國在亞太地區簽訂雙邊FTA對於其霸權維繫的之成效與FTA政策運用是否成功。根據本研究發現，相較於亞太地區因區域整合而引領的FTA洽簽風潮，美國於2001年小布希上台後才對FTA重視程度大幅提升，但與亞太國家的談判速度與簽署數量上仍然進度緩慢且成效不彰，美國對亞太整體的FTA政策運用已從過去傳統的經濟策略轉變為政治與安全上的手段。從美澳FTA與美新FTA兩個已簽署並生效的FTA個案檢視，簽署的關鍵因素皆傾向以911後反恐戰略上的考量與對美政策支持的回饋來解釋，而在洽簽考量上主要是政治與安全因素大於經濟效益的考量。最後，美國並未在與新加坡和澳洲簽訂FTA後引發其他亞太國家積極與美洽簽的效果，因此美國對亞太地區的FTA政策並未達到美國預期之輪軸網絡化目標。
參考文獻 一、 中文書目
(一)專書
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Zbigniew Brzezinski著，郭希誠譯，美國的抉擇 (臺北：左岸文化事業有限公司，2004年)。
丁永康，「21世紀初澳洲的國家利益分析」，朱松柏主編，新世紀亞太情勢與區域安全 (臺北：國立政治大學國際關係研究中心，1994年)。
王逸舟，國際政治析論 (臺北：五南圖書公司，1998年)。
王逸舟編，全球政治與國際關係經典導讀 (北京：北京大學出版社，2009年)。
宋興洲，動態的東亞經濟合作：理論性爭辯與實踐 (臺北：鼎茂圖書，2005年)。
門洪華，霸權之翼：美國國際制度戰略 (北京：北京大學出版社，2005年)。
高祖貴，「美國霸權的根源、擴展及其特點」，傅耀祖、顧關福主編，中國國際關係理論研究 (北京：時事出版社，2005年)。
黃奎博，「美國與亞太關係：反恐優先、穩定第一」，收錄於李英明主編，2002－2003年亞太形勢發展與展望 (台北：遠景基金會，2003年)。
孫玉紅，論全球FTA網絡化 (中國大陸：中國社會科學出版社，2008年)。
葉乃嘉，研究方法的第一本書:從知識管理進入研究工作的遊戲規則 (臺北：五南圖書出版股份有限公司，2008年)。
閻學通，美國霸權與中國安全 (天津：天津人民出版社，2000年)。
謝福進，「東亞經濟情勢─區域反恐與經濟競合」，收錄於李英明主編，2002－2003年亞太形勢發展與展望 (臺北：遠景基金會，2003年)。
鄭保國，美國霸權探析 (臺北：秀威資訊科技股份有限公司，2009年)。
(二)期刊論文
丁永康，「冷戰後的美國大戰略」，美歐季刊，第13卷第2期(1999年夏季號)，頁161-180。
江啟臣（主編），新加坡對外經貿戰略掃描 (台北，中華台北APEC研究中心，2009年)，頁2。 <http://www.ctasc.org.tw/02publication/2008impo/2008impo.doc>
江敏華，「美國與東南亞關係進展之研析」，戰略與安全研析，第51期(2009年)，頁42-43。
吳玲君，「九一一後事件後美國對東亞區域經濟合作的政策」，邱稔壤主編，國際反恐與亞太情勢 (臺北:國立政治大學國際關係研究中心，2004年)。
---------，「中國與東亞區域經貿合作：區域主義與霸權之間的關係」，問題與研究，第44卷第5期(2005年9、10月)，頁1-27。
宋學文，「層次分析對國際關係研究的重要性及模型建構」，問題與研究，第47卷第4 期 (2008年12月)，頁167-199。
吳念祺，「澳洲對澳中自由貿易協定談判策略之分析」，WTO研究，第十四期(2010年)，頁91-131。
林正義，「亞太安全保障的新體系」，問題與研究，35卷12期 (1996/12/1)，頁1-18。
施子中，「『金色眼鏡蛇2010』聯合演習之研析」，亞太和平月刊，第2卷第3期(2010年3月11日)。
洪財隆，「美國選取「自由貿易協定」對象之標準研析與台灣的可能途徑」，亞太經濟合作評論，12期(2003年12月)，頁67-75。
---------，「FTA之政經特質與被排除的經濟效果」，亞太經濟合作評論，第11期（2003年12月），頁34- 42。
----------，「兩種FTA：美國與中國FTA 政策之初步比較」，收入於江啟臣主編，強權關係與亞太區域發展(台北：中華台北APEC研究中心，2007年)，頁1-28。
----------，全球化、區域主義與經濟戰略--以兩岸經貿關係為實例，第四屆戰略學術研討會—當代戰略思想的省思與前瞻，2008年4月18日。
柯春共，「區域貿易協定主要類型之研析」，問題與研究，第44卷第2期(2005年)，頁147-188。
洪銘德、蔡東杰，「新世紀以來美國對東南亞軍事戰略之分析」，台灣國際研究季刊，第5卷第2期 (2009年夏季號)，頁79-104。
秦亞青，「權勢霸權、制度霸權與美國地位」，現代國際關係，第3期(2004年)，頁6-8。
---------，「制度霸權與合作治理」，現代國際關係，第7期(2002年)，頁10-12。
---------，「美國霸權與國際秩序：一項歷史分析」，遠景基金會季刊，第七卷第三期(2006年7月)，頁37-73。
徐遵慈，美國2011年經濟大戰略跨太平洋戰略經濟夥伴協定，金融保險論壇，第五期(2011/03)。
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黃子庭，「美國－新加坡自由貿易協定(USSFTA)的政經分析及其對東協的意涵」國立嘉義大學通識學報，第2期(2004年12月)，頁257 -281 。
程玉秀、方慧娟，「國際間自由貿易協定之發展及其對我國的影響」，國際金融參考資料(第四十九輯)，頁229-237。
黃奎博，「Australia-United States Security Cooperation and Implications for the Republic of China」，澳洲研究，第4期(2004/12/01)，頁163-195。
詹滿容，美國參與「亞太區域經濟整合」的策略，第八屆全球戰略與台海安全學術研討會:全球競合格局下安全環境變動趨勢，2010年11月5日。
廖小娟，「美國的APEC政策-用霸權理論檢視」，亞太經濟合作評論，第12期(2004年12月)，頁101-114。
趙文衡，「總統、國會與美國FTA政策：以NAFTA與CAFTA-DR為例」，問題與研究，第48卷第4期(2009 年12月)，頁1-33。
廖舜右，「東亞區域經濟戰略情勢之雙元取向」，全球政治評論，第二十期(2007年)，頁1-24。
楊保筠、郭國興，「全球金融危機與東亞區域整合之探討」，多國籍企業管理評論，3卷1期(2009/03/01)，頁69-73。
劉德海，「澳洲與中國關係近況之剖析」，澳洲研究，第六期(2005年)，頁176-199。
---------，「南韓自由貿易協定策略之研究」，WTO研究，第4期(2006年)，頁127-153。
盧業中，「論國際關係理論之新自由制度主義」，問題與研究，第41卷第2期(2002年3、4月)，頁43-67。
陳欣之，「國際體系層級的建構與霸權統治」，問題與研究，第46卷第2期(2007年4-6月)，頁23-52。
----------，「美國獨霸地位與其東亞政策：國際權力分配極化(polarity)的分析」，2005年中國政治學會年會暨學術研討會，2005年10月1-2日。
陳鴻鈞，「美國貿易授權法時期FTA的簽訂策略」，問題與研究，第47卷第4期(2008年12月)，頁141-166。
陳佩修，「911 事件後美國國土安全任務與反恐聯盟建構:兼論對東南亞安全情勢的影響」，全球政治評論，第五期 (2004年1月)，頁93-115。
蔡東杰，「當前東亞霸權結構的變遷發展分析」，全球政治評論，第9期(2005年)，頁101-122。
鄭乃慈，美新自由貿易協定開始生效，中華經濟研究院(台灣WTO中心)，2004年1月6日。
美國貿易政策的區域主義色彩，中華經濟研究院(台灣WTO中心)，2003年10月16日，<http://www.wtocenter.org.tw/SmartKMS/do/www/readDoc?document_id=1722&action=content>
(三) 新聞
孫茹，「美國東亞政策的三大變化」，人民日報，2009年8月3日，第003版。
「透視美國與東南亞國家的軍事合作」，華夏經緯網，2004年10月8日。
「新加坡美國自由貿易談判招致批評」，國際商報，2000年12月13日。
「澳媒體公布澳美自貿協定雙方要價」，國際商報，2003年07月22日，第004版。
(四) 官方網站
台灣國際貿易局經貿資訊網 ：http://cweb.trade.gov.tw/mp.asp?mp=1
新加坡投資環境簡介，中華民國經濟部，2010年11月。
澳洲投資環境簡介，中華民國經濟部，2010年11月。
二、 英文書目
(一) 官方資料
Australia Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, “ Australia – United States Free Trade Agreement：Guide to the Agreement,” (Canberra, March 2004),p.1.
<http://www.dfat.gov.au/fta/ausfta/guide/ausfta_guide.pdf >
Australia Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, “Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement: Fact sheets,” 01/01/2005,
<http://www.dfat.gov.au/trade/negotiations/us_fta/outcomes/index.html > (29/12/2010)
Australia Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, “Australia-United States Ministerial Consultations Joint Communique 2006,” 12/12/2006,
< http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/us/trade_investment.html> (29/12/2010)
Australia Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, “Australia-United States Ministerial Consultations Sydney Statement, ” <http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/us/ausmin/sydney_statement.html> (02/05/2011)
Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade ,“Australia Trade with East Asia 2006,” Jul/2007, <http://www.dfat.gov.au/publications/stats-pubs/downloads/EA_2006.pdf > (25/04/2011)
Center for Strategic and International Studies , “U.S. Alliance and Emerging partnership in Southest Asia :Out of the Shadow, A conference Report of the CSIS Southest Asia Initiative,” July,2009,
<http://csis.org/files/publication/090710_southeast_asia_alliances_partnerships.pdf > (09/04/2011 )
Export . gov, <http://www.export.gov/FTA/australia/index.asp> (09/04/2011 )
Official United States Marine Corps Web Site
<http://www.marines.mil/unit/iiimef/Pages/cg2011/news/ThaisecurityprotectingjointUSforcesduringCobraGold2011.aspx> (05/05/2011)
Singapore of Ministry of Trade and Industry, “ Information Paper on the US-Singapore Free Trade Agreement (USSFTA) ,” 16 May 2003, <http://www.fta.gov.sg/ussfta/info_kit_ussfta.pdf > (07/04/2011)
Singapore of Ministry of Trade and Industry, “US Congress Passes the US-Singapore Free Trade Agreement,”( Press Release), August 1, 2003, <http://www.fta.gov.sg/press_home_detail.asp?id=56&txt_rdate=2003&txt_ftalist=13> (15/04/2011)
The Ministry of Trade and Industry of Singapore, “Information Paper on the US-Singapore Free Trade Agreement (USSFTA),” 12/05/2003,
< http://www.fta.gov.sg/ussfta/info_kit_ussfta.pdf > (27/12/2010)
The Ministry of Trade and Industry of Singapore, “USSFTA: The year in review,” 12/05/2003,
<http://www.fta.gov.sg/press_home_detail.asp?id=55&txt_rdate=2005&txt_ftalist=1> (27/12/2010)
The Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, “Quick Facts: U.S.-Singapore Free Trade Agreement,” 05/06/2003,
<http://ustraderep.gov/Document_Library/Fact_Sheets/2003/Quick_Facts_US-Singapore_Free_Trade_Agreement.html > (29/12/2010)
The Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, “U.S.-Australia FTA Summary of the Agreement, ” 07/15/2004,
<http://ustraderep.gov/Trade_Agreements/Bilateral/Australia_FTA/US-Australia_FTA_Summary_of_the_Agreement.html> (29/12/2010)
The Office of the United States Trade Representative, “Quick Facts: U.S.-Singapore Free Trade Agreement <http://www.ustr.gov/webfm_send/2657 > (07/04/2011)
The Office of the United States Trade Representative, “Singapore FTA: Integrated Sourcing Initiative,”
<http://ustraderep.gov/Document_Library/Fact_Sheets/2003/Singapore_FTA_Integrated_Sourcing_Initiative.html> (09/04/2011)
The Office of the United States Trade Representative, “UNITED STATES – SINGAPORE FREE TRADE AGREEMENT,” <http://www.ustr.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/agreements/fta/singapore/asset_upload_file708_4036.pdf > (16/04/2011)
The Office of the United States Trade Representative, “Quick Facts: U.S.-Singapore Free Trade Agreement,” 05/06/2003,
<http://ustraderep.gov/Document_Library/Fact_Sheets/2003/Quick_Facts_US-Singapore_Free_Trade_Agreement.html> (17/04/2011)
The Office of the United States Trade Representative, “United States And Singapore Hold Fifth Annual Free Trade Agreement Review,”12/7/2009,
<http://www.ustr.gov/about-us/press-office/press-releases/2009/december/united-states-and-singapore-hold-fifth-annual-fre >(22/04/2011)
The Office of the United States Trade Representative, “United States and Singapore Hold Second Annual FTA Review,” 03/30/2006,
<http://www.ustr.gov/about-us/press-office/press-releases/archives/2006/march/united-states-and-singapore-hold-second-ann> (22/04/2011)
The Office of the United States Trade Representative, “ Free Trade Agreements Are Working for America,”05/ 26/2005,
<http://www.ustr.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/factsheets/2005/asset_upload_file204_7872.pdf> (22/04/2011)
The Office of the United States Trade Representative, “United States and Singapore Welcome Increased Trade and Investment from Free Trade Agreement,” 05/11/2007
<http://ustraderep.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2007/May/United_States_Singapore_Welcome_Increased_Trade_Investment_from_Free_Trade_Agreement.html > (22/04/2011)
The Office of the United States Trade Representative, “U.S.-Singapore Trade Facts,”
< http://www.ustr.gov/countries-regions/southeast-asia-pacific/singapore> (05/05/2011)
The Office of the United States Trade Representative, Press Release, “Office of the United States Trade Representative Executive Office of the President, ” Nov. 17, 2004,
<http://www.ustr.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/pdfs/press_release/2004/asset_upload_file236_6752.pdf> (18/04/2011)
The Office of the United States Trade Representative, “Statement of Why the United States-Australia Free Trade Agreement Is in the Interests of U.S. Commerce , ” <http://www.ustr.gov/webfm_send/2627 > (20/04/2011)
The Office of the United States Trade Representative, “Advisory Committee Reports on U.S.-Australia FTA,”
<http://ustraderep.gov/Trade_Agreements/Bilateral/Australia_FTA/Reports/Section_Index.html> (09/05/2011)
The Office of the United States Trade Representative, “ Office of the United States Trade Representative Executive Office of the President,”11/17/2004,
<http://www.ustr.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/pdfs/press_release/2004/asset_upload_file236_6752.pdf > (12/05/2011)
The Office of the United States Trade Representative, <http://ustraderep.gov/Trade_Agreements/Bilateral/Australia_FTA/Reports/Section_Index.html > (13/05/2011)
The Office of the United States Trade Representative, “ Statement of Why the United States-Australia Free Trade Agreement Is in the Interests of U.S. Commerce , ” <http://www.ustr.gov/webfm_send/2627 >(5/13/2011)
The Office of the United States Trade Representative, “Australian Free Trade Agreement Documents-Final Text , ” <http://www.ustr.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/agreements/fta/australia/asset_upload_file148_5168.pdf > (13/05/2011)
The Office of the United States Trade Representative, “2007 National Trade Estimate Report - Australia, ” 3/30/2007,
<http://www.ustr.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/reports/2007/NTE/asset_upload_file983_10927.pdf > (13/05/2011)
The Office of the United States Trade Representative, “ U.S.-Australia Free Trade Agreement: Short Summary of the Agreement ,” 05/18/2004, <http://www.ustr.gov/webfm_send/2626 > (16/05/2011)
The Office of the United States Trade Representative, “ Free Trade Agreements Australia ,” 03/21/2011, <http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/australian-fta > (17/05/2011)
The Office of the United States Trade Representative,“2008 National Trade Estimate Report – Australia, ”3/28/2008
<http://www.ustr.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/reports/2008/NTE/asset_upload_file867_14625.pdf> (18/05/2011)
The Office of the United States Trade Representative, “2009 National Trade Estimate Report - Australia, ” 3/29/2009,
<http://www.ustr.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/reports/2009/NTE/asset_upload_file406_15455.pdf> (19/05/2011)
The Office of the United States Trade Representative, “2010 National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers, ” 3/31/2010 , <http://www.ustr.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/reports/2010/NTE/2010_NTE_Australia_final.pdf >(19/05/2011)
The Office of the United States Trade Representative, “Minister Vaile’s Remarks on Signing of Australia FTA ,”05/ 18/2004,
<http://www.ustr.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/speeches/2004/asset_upload_file167_5468.pdf> (19/05/2011)
(二)專書
Capling, Ann, All the Way with the USA : Australia,
the US and Free Trade (Sydney, Australia : UNSW Press,
2005).
DeRosa, Dean A., “US Free Trade Agreements with ASEAN,”
in Schott, Jeffrey J., ed., Free Trade Agreements : US
Strategies and Priorities (Washington, D.C. :
Institute for International Economics, 2004).
Gilpin, Robert, War and Change in World Politics(Cambridge：
Cambridge University Press,1981).
------------------, The Political Economy of International
Relations (Princeton: Princeton University Press,1987).
------------------, “The Rise of American Hegemony,” in
Patrick Karl O`Brien and Armand Clesse,eds., Two
Hegemonies: Britain 1846-1914 and the United States
1941-2001 (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2002).
George, Alexender L., and Andrew Bennett, Case Studies and
Theory Development in the Social Sciences (Cambridge:
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美國人口普查局：http://www.census.gov/
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
外交研究所
97253006
99
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097253006
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 盧業中zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) 蔡宜珊zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) Tsai, Yi Shanen_US
dc.creator (作者) 蔡宜珊zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Tsai, Yi Shanen_US
dc.date (日期) 2010en_US
dc.date.accessioned 7-十月-2011 14:17:17 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 7-十月-2011 14:17:17 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 7-十月-2011 14:17:17 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0097253006en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/51497-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 外交研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 97253006zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 99zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本文主要以霸權穩定論作為研究基礎，解釋美國為維持在亞太地區的主導權，透過簽訂FTA作為一種手段並檢視其效益，意即美國與亞太國家簽訂雙邊FTA是否為一有效維繫其在亞太地區主導權的手段。研究重心為美國在亞太地區的FTA政策運用和FTA性質的變化，並以美新FTA與美澳FTA兩個案作為研究標的，分析美國選取簽署國的政經與策略，並評估美國在亞太地區簽訂雙邊FTA對於其霸權維繫的之成效與FTA政策運用是否成功。根據本研究發現，相較於亞太地區因區域整合而引領的FTA洽簽風潮，美國於2001年小布希上台後才對FTA重視程度大幅提升，但與亞太國家的談判速度與簽署數量上仍然進度緩慢且成效不彰，美國對亞太整體的FTA政策運用已從過去傳統的經濟策略轉變為政治與安全上的手段。從美澳FTA與美新FTA兩個已簽署並生效的FTA個案檢視，簽署的關鍵因素皆傾向以911後反恐戰略上的考量與對美政策支持的回饋來解釋，而在洽簽考量上主要是政治與安全因素大於經濟效益的考量。最後，美國並未在與新加坡和澳洲簽訂FTA後引發其他亞太國家積極與美洽簽的效果，因此美國對亞太地區的FTA政策並未達到美國預期之輪軸網絡化目標。zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 論文目次

第一章 緒論……………………………………………………………1
第一節 研究動機………………………………………………1
第二節 文獻探討與研究目的…………………………………3
第三節 研究方法與架構………………………………………13
第四節 研究限制與預期結果…………………………………20

第二章 制度性霸權與美國霸權角色之變化…………………………23
第一節 霸權概念與美國霸權角色之變化………………………23
第二節 霸權穩定論之內涵與發展………………………………29
第三節 美國在亞太地區的霸權角色轉變………………………36
第四節 小結………………………………………………………40

第三章 FTA與美國之亞太政策…………………………………………………43
第一節 美國貿易協定之轉變：多邊轉到雙邊的因素………………43
第二節 FTA之特質與效果……………………………………………47
第三節 美國選取亞太國家簽訂自由貿易協定對象之策略與標準…53
第四節 小結……………………………………………………………63

第四章　個案研究：美國-新加坡自由貿易協定(USSFTA) …………………65
第一節 雙方簽訂之背景…………………………………………………66
第二節 成立過程與協定特點……………………………………………71
第三節 美新FTA之主要議題與內涵……………………………………75
第四節 美新FTA之政治分析……………………………………………78
第五節 美新FTA之經濟分析……………………………………………81
第六節 小結………………………………………………………………97

第五章　個案研究：美國-澳洲自由貿易協定(USAFTA) ………………99
第一節 雙方簽訂之背景……………………………………………100
第二節 成立過程與協定特點………………………………………107
第三節 美澳FTA之主要議題與內涵………………………………110
第四節 美澳FTA之政治分析………………………………………115
第五節 美澳FTA之經濟分析………………………………………117
第六節 小結…………………………………………………………128

第六章　結　論……………………………………………………………131
第一節 研究發現……………………………………………………131
第二節 未來研究方向………………………………………………135

參考書目………………………………………………………………………137
中文部分………………………………………………………………137
英文部分………………………………………………………………142		zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097253006en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 美國zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 自由貿易協定(FTA)zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 制度霸權zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 霸權穩定論zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 美新FTAzh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 美澳FTAzh_TW
dc.title (題名) 霸權的維繫與挑戰：以美國小布希政府之美新與美澳自由貿易協定為例zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The maintenance and challenge of hegemony：The U.S.-Singapore FTA and U.S.-Australia FTA of George W.Bush`s administrationen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
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