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題名 摩爾多瓦共產黨執政之研究（2001~2009年）
A Study of the PCRM Government, 2001-2009
作者 蕭力榮
貢獻者 林永芳
蕭力榮
關鍵詞 社會民主主義
摩爾多瓦共產黨
沃羅寧
德左分離問題
推特革命
Social Democracy
Party of Communist of the Republic of Moldova
Vladimir Voronin
Separatism of Transnistria
Twitter Revolution
日期 2010
上傳時間 7-Oct-2011 14:29:44 (UTC+8)
摘要 歐洲社會民主主義與共產主義皆源自馬克思的社會主義，俄羅斯無產階級革命成功後使得兩者在實際作為中開始分化。隨後社會民主主義在西歐議會制度中得以持續發展，而第二次世界大戰後東歐則被蘇聯納入共產主義陣營之中。然而，歷經近百年的實踐後兩者終究殊途同歸，其同歸的方式是由社會民主主義更新發展成為更符合現代政治價值的「第三條路」，尤其蘇東劇變後的20年間，東西歐的左派政治皆已趨於穩定，特別是東歐各國的共產黨繼承政黨在社會民主化後，更能相繼以聯合政府的方式取得上臺執政的機會。
其中最受國際關注的，便是摩爾多瓦共產黨於2001年2月2日在國會選舉中獲得眾多選民的支持，在國會101席中取得71席的絕對多數，令其有權單獨組成政府，更尤甚者，推舉出自家的共黨總統沃羅寧；2005年沃羅寧二度蟬連總統職位，並由摩共繼續組成政府。自2001年起至2009年已連續執政八年，從執政前摩爾多瓦的政治背景、摩共得以重新回朝的原因探究，到其執政後國內外政治的重要議題，皆是本文專章著墨的重點。
本文認為：第一，社會民主主義在後蘇20年中，積極從事理論與實踐的改革，在老左派與新右派之間已經走出新的「第三條路」；第二，研究摩共得以重新上臺的因素，除了本身對於政治制度的探索與改革之外，轉型時期的經濟危機與府會之爭，以及共產遺緒效應皆為主因；第三，摩共執政八年在經濟調息與外交政策的表現上成績斐然，但逐年下降的民主化評比卻突顯出共黨一貫僵化的政治思維，外加第二任期的經濟表現停滯，導致摩爾多瓦共產黨最終還是淪為最大在野黨。
Both Social democracy and communism are derived from Karl Marx’s Socialism. However, they had come to a parting of the ways after the success of the proletarian revolution in Russia. Social democracy continued to develop under the parliamentary system in Western Europe, while communism thrived in Eastern European countries, which were controlled by USSR after WWII. Coming into the 21st century, however, the two reconciled and have once again merged and redefined themselves as “the Third Way”, which adapts itself to certain modern political values, and it had been growing steadily in the first two decades following the dissolution of Soviet Union. In Eastern Europe, successors of communist party have adapted themselves to this “Third Way”, which helped them come into power one after another by forming coalition governments.
Among them, it was the Party of Communist of the Republic of Moldova (PCRM), which attracted international attention. The PCRM has won an absolute majority, gaining 71 out of a total of 101 seats, in the 2001 Moldovan Parliamentary election, enabled it to form the government, as well as, electing its very own communist President Vladimir Voronin. In 2005, the PCRM has once again won the election, and made President Vladimir Voronin re-elected to a consecutive term. The PCRM was in government between 2001 and 2009 for 8 years, and this research will look into a wide range of issues including the political background of PCRM, accounts of its regaining of political power, and important decisions of domestic and foreign policies made by the PCRM government.
The first part of this research argues that social democracy had been actively reforming both in theory and practice in the two decades after the dissolution of USSR and it has successfully created a “Third Way” as opposed to the Old Left and the New Right. The second part argues that PCRM’s return to office can be attributed to its self-reformation, economic crisis, confrontations between the President and the Parliament in the period of transition, as well as, the communist legacy. In conclusion, it is argued that, although, PCRM government has made great achievements in foreign policies and in restructuring economy, Moldova’s score on democracy has worsened during its time in government, reflecting the ossified political ideology of communist party. It is this ossified political ideology alongside with the economic stagnation in its second term that led to the defeat of PCRM in the 2009 election and sent it back to opposition majority in the Parliament ultimately.
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二． 英文部分
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7. Ekiert Grzegorz and Hanson Stephen E. (eds.), Capitalism and Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe : Assessing the Legacy of Communist Rule (New York : Cambridge University Press, 2003)
8. Grzymała-Busse Anna Maria, Redeeming the Communist Past : the Regeneration of Communist Parties in East Central Europe.(New York : Cambridge University Press, 2002)
9. Hamilton Daniel and Mangott Gerhard, The New Eastern Europe : Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova. (Washington, D.C. : Center for Transatlantic Relations, American Consortium on EU Studies, Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, c2007)
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14. King Charles, The Moldovans: Romania, Russia, and the Politics of Culture (Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press, 1999)
15. Kitschelt Herbert, “Constraints and Opportunities in the Strategic Conduct of Post-Communist Successor Parties: Regime Legacies as Causal Argument” in Andras Bozoki and John T. Ishiyama eds., The Communist Successor Parties of Central and Eastern Europe (Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 2002)
16. Kitschelt Herbert, Mansfeldova Zdenka, Markowski Randoslaw and Toka Gabor, Post-Communist Party Systems: Competition, Representation, and Inter-Party Cooperation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999)
17. Lewis Ann (ed.), The EU & Moldova : on a Fault-Line of Europe. (London : Federal Trust for Education and Research, c2004)
18. Meyer Thomas with Hinchman Lewis P., The Theory of Social Democracy (Cambridge, U.K. ; Malden, Mass. : Polity, 2007)
19. Padgett Stephen, Paterson William E., A History of Social Democracy in Postwar Europe (New York : Longman, 1991)
20. Slomp Hans, European Politics into the Twenty-First Century: Integration and Division (Westport: Praeger. 2000).
21. Sassoon Donald, One Hundred Years of Socialism : the West European Left in the Twentieth Century (New York : I.B. Tauris Publishers, 1996)
22. Shub David and Shaplen Joseph (ed.), Social Democracy Versus Communism (Westport, Conn. : Hyperion Press, 1979)
23. Timus Cristina, The Constitutional Ordinance of Republic of Moldova.1990-2007 : the Political Situation of Moldova after the Independence Proclamation till 2007(VDM Verlag, 2009)
24. Wightman Gordon (ed.), Party Formation in East--Central Europe : Post-communist Politics in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland and Bulgaria (Brookfield, Vt. : Edward Elgar, c1995)
25. White Stephen, Batt Judy, and Lewis Paul G., Developments in Central and East European Politics 4. (Durham [N.C.] : Duke University Press, 2007)
（二） 英文期刊
1. Dziewanowski M. K., “The Foundation of the Communist Party of Poland”, American Slavic and East European Review, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 106-122.
2. Gerald Easter, “Preference for Presidentialism: Postcommunist Regime Change in Russia”, World Politics, vol. 49, no. 2, January, PP. 184-211.
3. Ishiyama John T., “Communist Parties in Transition: Structures, Leaders, and Processes of Democratization in Eastern Europe”, Comparative Politics 27, 1995, PP. 147-66.
4. Levistsky Stephen and Way Lucan, “The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism”, Journal of Democracy. vol. 13, no.2, P.53.
5. Mahr Alison and Nagle John (eds.), “Resurrection of the successor parties and democratization in East-Central Europe”, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, vol. 28, no.4, pp. 398~399.
6. March Luke and Mudde Cas, “What’s Left of the Radical Lefts? The European Radical Left after 1989: Decline and Mutation”, Comparative European Polictics, vol.3, no.1(2005), pp23-49.
7. Maurice Duverger, “A New Political System Model: Semi-Presidential Government”, European Journal of Political Research, vol. 8, no. 2, June, PP. 165-187.
8. McFaul Michael, “Explaining Party Formation and Nonformation in Russia: Actors, Institutions and Chance”, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 37, no. 10, pp. 1159-1187.
9. “Moldova: Regional Tensions over Transdniesria”, ICG Europe Report, no. 157, pp.23~24。
10. Ecaterina McDonagh, “Is Democracy Promotion Effective in Moldova? The Impact of European Institutions on Development of Civil and Political Rights in Moldova”, Democratization, vol.15, no.1, pp. 148.
11. Roper Steven, “From Semi-Presidentialism to Parliamentarism: Regime Change and Presidential Power in Moldova”, Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 60, no. 1, pp.117-118.
12. Protsyk Oleh, “Intra-Executive Competition between President and Prime Mimister: Patterns of Institutional Conflict and Cooperation under Semi-Presidentialism”, Political Studies, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 219-244.
13. Skilling Harold Gordon, “The Formation of A Communist Party in Czechoslovakia”, American Slavic and East Europe Review, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 346-358.
14. Solonari Vladimir, “Narrative, Identity, State: History Teaching in Moldova”, East European Politics and Societies, vol. 16, no.2, pp.414-415.
15. Way Lucan A., “Pluralism by Default in Moldova”, Journal of Democracy, vol. 13 no. 4 ,2002, pp 127-141.
（三） 英文網路資源
1. “2003 electoral year”, ADEPT, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/monitoring/politics/comments/20030109/ > (9 January, 2003)
2. “5+2 Format Negotiations in Chisinau”, Moldova Azi, <http://old.azi.md/news?ID=36538> (27 October, 2005)
3. Alla Sevortova, “Country Report Moldova”, Center for Applied Policy Research, <http://www.cap.uni-muenchen.de/download/2003/2003_Skvartova.pdf >
4. Andrew Osborn, “Russia Faces Loss of Another Ally after Moldovan Election”, The Independent News, <http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/russia-faces-loss-of-another-ally-after-moldovan-election-527528.html> (7 March, 2005)
5. “Amnesty International Report 2003 - Moldova”, UNHCR, <http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/type,ANNUALREPORT,AMNESTY,MDA,3edb47da18,0.html> ( 28 May, 2003)
6. “AMN Ready to Create A Post-election Coalition With PL PLDM”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/20092/electoral-news/20090706/#c11>
7. “Background and outcome of elections”, Parliamentary Democracy - Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), <http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2215_01.htm >
8. “Barometer of Public Opinion: Press-release”, Institute for Public Policy, <http://www.ipp.md/libview.php?l=en&idc=156&id=454 > (February-March 2009), p. 3.
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10. Chivers C. J., “A Russian ‘Wine Blockade’ Against Georgia and Moldova”, The New York Times, <http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/06/world/europe/06russia.html?ex=1301976000&en=873f1b6924a13245&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss> (April 6, 2006)
11. Civic Coalition For Free And Fair Elections – Coalition 2009 Promo-Lex Association, “Final Report Monitoring Early Parliamentary Elections 29 July 2009”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/files/elections/parliamentary2009/final-report-promo-lex-elections-july-2009-en.pdf>
12. “Cooperation Has A Long Tradition”, European LEFT, <http://www.european-left.org/english/about_the_el/history/ >
13. “Communists for Restoring Collective Ownership in Agriculture”, Moldova Azi, <http://old.azi.md/news?ID=17478 >(12 November, 2001)
14. “CIS Observers Say Moldovan Election Was Rigged”, RFE/RL, <http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1143356.html>
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18. “Country Report Moldova(2009)”, Freedom House, <http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/nit/2009/NIT-Moldova-final.pdf>, PP. 368-369.
19. “Crisis Watch – IDIS Moldova”, moldova.org, <http://upload.moldova.org/documents/election-and-politics/crisis-watch-6.pdf >
20. “CEC Provides the Opposition with Access to Reports on Ballot Counting”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/2009/electoral-news/20090408/ >
21. “Constitutional Court Has Validated the 5 April Elections”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/2009/electoral-news/20090422/>
22. “CEC Forbids Several TV Spots of PCRM”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/20092/electoral-news/20090710/#c16>
23. Douglas Jones, “The Communist Party of Grant Britain and the National Question in Wales, 1929-1991”, Cadair, <http://cadair.aber.ac.uk/dspace/bitstream/handle/2160/6117/The%20CPGB%20and%20the%20National%20Question%20in%20Wales,%201920-1991%20%5BSecond%20Draft%5D.pdf?sequence=1 >
24. Dmitry Babich, “Moldova’s West-Looking Communist”, Russia in Global Affairs, < http://eng.globalaffairs.ru/engsmi/861.html>
25. Drought in Moldova (2007)”, The World Bank, <http://www.worldbank.org.md/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/ECAEXT/MOLDOVAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21452985~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:302251,00.html>
26. Elections in the Public of Moldova（摩爾多瓦選舉）：http://www.alegeri.md/en/
27. “European Union’s New GSP Scheme – Final regulation modifies some earlier proposals”, ITCB, <http://www.itcb.org/Documents/ITCB-MI26.pdf>
28. “Election of President of the Republic of Moldova from April 4, 2005”, e-Democracy.md, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/presidential/2005/>
29. “Electoral Contestants in the 2009 Parliamentary Elections”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/2009/opponents/>
30. “European Observer: First the Communists Had 35%”, moldova azi, <http://www.azi.md/en/story/2166>
31. “Elections of President of the Republic of Moldova from May 20 and Jane 3, 2009”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/presidential/2009/>
32. “Elections in July 2009”, Inter-Parliamentary Union, <http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2215_09_jul.htm>
33. “Elections of President of The Republic of Moldova From November 10 to December 7, 2009”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/presidential/20092/>
34. “Farmaco Manager Warning Government”, Moldova Azi, <http://old.azi.md/news?ID=17478 > (24 January, 2002)
35. “Former Dacia Hotel Owners Demanding Huge Compensation from Moldovan Government”, Moldova Azi, <http://old.azi.md/news?ID=31785 > (17 November, 2004)
36. “Final Report Electoral Process Monitoring in the Transnistrian Region of Moldova / Parliamentary Elections 2009”, Promo-Lex, <http://www.promolex.md/upload/publications/en/doc_1244717743.pdf>
37. Gel’man Vladimir, “The Dictatorship of Law in Russia: Neither Dictatorship, Nor Rule of Law”, The George Washington University, <http://www.gwu.edu/~ieresgwu/assets/docs/ponars/pm_0146.pdf> (October 2000)
38. “Global Comparativeness Report, 2008-2009”, World Economic Forum, <http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2008-09.pdf >
39. “Interview with Dumitru Diacov”, Moldova azi, <http://www.azi.md/en/interview/3/1>
40. “Interview with Vlad Filat”, Moldova azi, <http://www.azi.md/en/interview/4/1>
41. “Kozak Puts Responsibility for Memorandum Signature Failure on Moldova”, Moldova Azi, < http://old.azi.md/news?ID=26812> (25 November, 2003)
42. “Liberal Party(PL)”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/2009/opponents/pl/>
43. Mazo Eugene, “Post-Communist Paradox: How the Rise of Parliamentarism Coincided with the Demise of Pluralism in Moldova”, CDDRL Working Paper, <http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/20698/Post_Communist_Paradox.pdf>, p3.
44. March Luke, “The Moldovan Communists: from Leninism to Democracy?,” Central and Eastern European Online Library, <http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/issuedetails.aspx?issueid=34c5adaf-5d1f-483a-8045-ddbcead40634&articleId=7bdf01a9-4f1c-4992-9ba0-60e86a4290b1> (09/2005)
45. Miscellaneous, “European Neighbourhood Policy Country Report: Moldova”, Central and Eastern European Online Library, <http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/issuedetails.aspx?issueid=c4700734-ca2c-4968-939d-d2c9a48b2886&articleId=db7cfda3-7b6f-4d5b-ad1c-f0394767ac34 > (June, 2004).
46. Morozov Evgeny, “Moldova’s Twitter Revolution”, Foreign Policy, <http://neteffect.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2009/04/07/moldovas_twitter_revolution>
47. “Map of Freedom in the World, 2002-2004 Editions”, Freedom House, <http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=363&year=2002>
48. “Marian Lupu Says Cooperation between PDM and PCRM Possible”, allmoldova, <http://www.allmoldova.com/en/moldova-news/1249047121.html> (April 27, 2010)
49. “Moldovan Government Drops Controversial Decisions”, Radio Free Europe/ Radio Liberty Newsline <http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1142622.html> (25 February, 2002)
50. “Moldova’s Communist Gaining Political Support Against Militant Opposition”, Jamestown Foundation Monitor, vol.8, issue 79 <http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=24104&tx_ttnews[backPid]=216> (23 April, 2002)
51. “Moldovan President Says Country ‘Infected with Nationalist Virus’”, Radio Free Europe/ Radio Liberty Newsline <http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1142622.html> ( 25 February, 2002)
52. “Moldova an European Cuba”, BBC news, <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1291538.stm> ( 22 April, 2001)
53. “Moldova Ready for Russia Belarus Union”, BBC news, <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1281492.stm> ( 17 April, 2001)
54. “Moldova-Supporting Operation Iraqi Freedom”, United State Central Command, <http://www.centcom.mil/en/moldova/>
55. “Moldovan Opposition Deputies Sign Pledge to Boycott Presidential Poll”, RFE/RL, <http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1143356.html>
56. “Moldova’s Orange Evolution Interview with Iurie Rosca”, Demokatizatisiya, <http://www.jamestown.org/programs/edm/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=30207&tx_ttnews[backPid]=176&no_cache=1> (21 September, 2005), p. 538, p.542.
57. “Moldova Agrees Russian Gas Deal”, BBC News, <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4620844.stm> (January 1, 2006)
58. “Moldova’s Trade Deficit Close to US$2.5bn”, moldova.org, <http://economie.moldova.org/news/moldovas-trade-deficit-close-to-us25bn-163824-eng.html> (November 10, 2008)
59. “‘Moldova Naostra (Our Moldova) ’Alliance, (AMN)”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/2009/opponents/amn/>
60. “M. Lupu: Joining the Democratic Party Is Not A Communist Project”, moldova org, <http://politicom.moldova.org/news/m-lupu-joining-the-democratic-party-is-not-a-communist-project-201943-eng.html>
61. Occasional Paper by the Directorate-Gerneral for Economic and Financial Affairs, “European Neighbourhood Policy: Economic Review of ENP Countries, no. 25”, European Commission, <http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/publications/publication7544_en.pdf>
62. “OSCE Mission Head Welcomes Law on Status for Transnistria”, Moldova Azi, <http://old.azi.md/news?ID=35222> (25 July, 2005)
63. “Opposition was too slow, Constitutional Court Chairman says”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/2009/electoral-news/20090423/#c2>
64. Policy Association for Open Society （公眾社會政策協會）： http://www.pasos.org
65. Policy Documentation Center （政策文獻中心）：http://pdc.ceu.hu/countries/Moldova.html
66. “Parliament Passes Law on Main Principles of Status for Transnistria”, Moldova Azi, <http://old.azi.md/news?ID=35209> (22 July, 2005)
67. “Paper Presented at the International Conference “Participation in the Stability Pact as An Accelerator of the Social and Economic Reforms in the Region””, Policy Documentation Center, <http://pdc.ceu.hu/archive/00002599/01/stability_pact_ipp.pdf> (December, 2001)
68. “President Says Moldova shall Mobilize All Efforts to Implement EU-RM Action”, moldova azi, <http://old.azi.md/news?ID=34016>
69. “Platform of the Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova for 2005 Parliamentary Elections”, e-democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/2005/opponents/pcrm/program/>
70. “Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova (PCRM)”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/2009/opponents/pcrm/>
71. “PL Assaults PLDM”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/2009/electoral-news/20090317/b>
72. “PLDM, PL Reconfirm Readiness to Make A Post-electoral Coalition”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/2009/electoral-news/20090401/#c15>
73. “PL Provides Evidences on Election Fraud”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/2009/electoral-news/20090407/#c4>
74. “Persons Eligible to Vote Expected to Polling Places on July 29”, moldova azi, <http://www.azi.md/en/story/4761>
75. “PL, PLDM and AMN Set Up A Political Council for Dialogue and Cooperation”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/20092/electoral-news/20090622/#c2>
76. Rosa Luxemburg, “On the Spartacus Programme”, Luxemburg Internet Archive, <http://www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/1918/12/30.htm>
77. “Russia Imports First Moldova Bulk Wine in Two Years”, Earth Times, < http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/news/246703,russia-imports-first-moldova-bulk-wine-in-two-years.html> (December 17, 2008)
78. “Republic of Moldova: Selected Issues Paper”, International Monetary Fund, <http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2010/cr10232.pdf > (July 27, 2010), pp. 9-10.
79. “Results of the April 5, 2009 Parliamentary Elections”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/2009/results/>
80. “Republic of Moldova, Parliamentary Elections, 5 April 2009 Statements of Preliminary Findings and Conclusions”, OSCE, <http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/moldova/36823>, p. 1.
81. “Riots and Vandalism Actions on the President and Parliament Headquarters”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/2009/electoral-news/20090407/#c4>
82. “Russian Foreign Ministry Is ‘Deeply Concerned’”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/2009/electoral-news/20090408/#c12 >
83. “Republic of Moldova, Parliamentary Elections, 5 April 2009 OSCE/ODIHR Election Observation Mission Final Report”, OSCE, <http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/moldova/37568>, pp. 1-3.
84. “Republic of Moldova, Parliamentary Elections, 29 July 2009 OSCE/ODIHR Election Observation Mission Final Report”, OSCE, <http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/moldova/38323>, pp. 1-3.
85. Socor Vladimir , “Moldova’s Voronin Reelected President with Broad Democratic Support”, Eurasia Daily Monitor, Vol.2, Issue.66, <http://www.jamestown.org/programs/edm/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=30207&tx_ttnews[backPid]=176&no_cache=1> (5 April, 2005)
86. Socor Vladimir, “Moldova’s Political Sea Change”, Eurasia Daily Monitor, Vol.2, Issue.70, <http://www.jamestown.org/programs/edm/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=30241&tx_ttnews[backPid]=176&no_cache=1> (11 April, 2005)
87. Senyuva Ozgehan, “Parliamentary Elections in Moldova, April and July 2009”, Electoral Studies, <http://www.ces.metu.edu.tr/docs/ozgehan_article.pdf>, p. 2.
88. “Severe Drought Drastically Reduces Crop Production in Moldova”, FAO Newsroom, <http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2007/1000667/index.html>
89. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe（歐安會）：http://www.osce.org/
90. “Teleradio-Moldova Journalists Call on President Voronin to Immediately Stop Persecution of Protesters”, Moldova Azi,<http://old.azi.md/news?ID=18153> (12 March, 2002)
91. “The Moldova Court of Accounts Demands ‘Union Fenosa’ Out of Moldova”, Moldova Azi, < http://old.azi.md/comment?ID=21552 >(11 November, 2002)
92. UN in Moldova（聯合國-摩爾多瓦）：http://www.un.md/country_prof/
93. “U.S. Representatives Criticizes Kozak Memorandum ”, Moldova Azi, <http://old.azi.md/news?ID=27876> (16 February, 2004)
94. “UN Helps Moldova from Recover 2007 Drought”, UNDP, <http://europeandcis.undp.org/poverty/show/5FA036E5-F203-1EE9-B83D3C39323CE910>
95. “Voronin Says That Kozak Memorandum was Moldova’s Strategic Error”, Moldova Azi, < http://old.azi.md/news?ID=33817> (13 April, 2005)
96. “Vladimir Voronin Calls for Recount of Ballots in April 5 Vote”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/2009/electoral-news/20090410/#c5>
97. “What Does Spartacus Leagues Want?” , Marxists Internet Archive, <http://www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/1918/12/14.pdf>(December 14, 1918)
98. “WB Predicts Problems for Moldova’s Pension System”, Moldova. org, <http://social.moldova.org/news/wb-predicts-problems-for-moldovas-pension-system-204876-eng.html> (December 11, 2009)
99. “Zimmerwald Conference 1915: Revolutionaries Against the Imperialist War”, International Communist Current, <http://en.internationalism.org/wr/290_zimmerwald.html> (December 5, 2005)
三． 俄文部分
（一） 俄文
1. Фурман Дмитрий, " Удивительная Молдова", Rossiia v global`noi` politike, No.005 Vol.5, 2007, cc 186-196.
2. Владимир Брутер, " Политические процессы в Молдове в 1988 - 2003 гг", Международный институт гуманитарно-олистических иследований, <http://www.igpi.ru/bibl/igpi_publ/moldova-brooter.html>
（二） 俄文網路資源
1. Аргументы и Факты（論點與事實）： http://gazeta.aif.ru/
2. База Данных Фом（社會意見基金會）：http://bd.fom.ru/
3. ВЦИОМ: Всероссийский Центр Изучения Общественного Мнения（全俄羅斯社會意見調查中心）： http://wciom.ru/
4. “В Ходе Последнех Проверок в Москве Пестициды обнаружены в 60% Молдавских и 44% Грузинских Вин”, REGNUM, < http://www.regnum.ru/news/622196.html> (April 12, 2006)
5. “Делегация Европарламета Призывает Повысить Уровень Жизни", Экономическое Обозрение, <http://logos.press.md/Weekly/Main.asp?IssueNum=434&IssueDate=21.09.2001&YearNum=34&Theme=8&Topic=5521> (21 September, 2001)
6. Левада-Центр（拉達中心）：http://www.levada.ru/
7. Ленин В. И., “Что Делать? Наболевшие Вопросы Нашего Двидения,”Marxists Internet Archive, <http://www.marxists.org/russkij/lenin/1902/ogl6.htm>
8. Ленин В. И., “Апрельские Тезисы,”ХРОНОС, <http://www.hrono.ru/libris/lib_l/lenin_apr.html>
9. Ленин В. И., “Протест российских социал-демократов,” Ленин - революционер, мыслитель, человек, <http://leninism.su/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=671:ptotest-ross-sd&catid=42:tom-4&Itemid=53 >
10. Партия Соммунистов Республики Молдова（摩爾多瓦共產黨人黨官網俄文版）：http://www.pcrm.md/main/index.php
11. “Социально-экономическое положение Республики Молдова- 2010 году”, Национальное Бюро Статистики, <http://www.statistica.md/pageview.php?l=ru&idc=263&id=2209>
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
俄羅斯研究所
97263012
99
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097263012
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 林永芳zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 蕭力榮zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 蕭力榮zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2010en_US
dc.date.accessioned 7-Oct-2011 14:29:44 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 7-Oct-2011 14:29:44 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 7-Oct-2011 14:29:44 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0097263012en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/51519-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 俄羅斯研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 97263012zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 99zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 歐洲社會民主主義與共產主義皆源自馬克思的社會主義，俄羅斯無產階級革命成功後使得兩者在實際作為中開始分化。隨後社會民主主義在西歐議會制度中得以持續發展，而第二次世界大戰後東歐則被蘇聯納入共產主義陣營之中。然而，歷經近百年的實踐後兩者終究殊途同歸，其同歸的方式是由社會民主主義更新發展成為更符合現代政治價值的「第三條路」，尤其蘇東劇變後的20年間，東西歐的左派政治皆已趨於穩定，特別是東歐各國的共產黨繼承政黨在社會民主化後，更能相繼以聯合政府的方式取得上臺執政的機會。
其中最受國際關注的，便是摩爾多瓦共產黨於2001年2月2日在國會選舉中獲得眾多選民的支持，在國會101席中取得71席的絕對多數，令其有權單獨組成政府，更尤甚者，推舉出自家的共黨總統沃羅寧；2005年沃羅寧二度蟬連總統職位，並由摩共繼續組成政府。自2001年起至2009年已連續執政八年，從執政前摩爾多瓦的政治背景、摩共得以重新回朝的原因探究，到其執政後國內外政治的重要議題，皆是本文專章著墨的重點。
本文認為：第一，社會民主主義在後蘇20年中，積極從事理論與實踐的改革，在老左派與新右派之間已經走出新的「第三條路」；第二，研究摩共得以重新上臺的因素，除了本身對於政治制度的探索與改革之外，轉型時期的經濟危機與府會之爭，以及共產遺緒效應皆為主因；第三，摩共執政八年在經濟調息與外交政策的表現上成績斐然，但逐年下降的民主化評比卻突顯出共黨一貫僵化的政治思維，外加第二任期的經濟表現停滯，導致摩爾多瓦共產黨最終還是淪為最大在野黨。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Both Social democracy and communism are derived from Karl Marx’s Socialism. However, they had come to a parting of the ways after the success of the proletarian revolution in Russia. Social democracy continued to develop under the parliamentary system in Western Europe, while communism thrived in Eastern European countries, which were controlled by USSR after WWII. Coming into the 21st century, however, the two reconciled and have once again merged and redefined themselves as “the Third Way”, which adapts itself to certain modern political values, and it had been growing steadily in the first two decades following the dissolution of Soviet Union. In Eastern Europe, successors of communist party have adapted themselves to this “Third Way”, which helped them come into power one after another by forming coalition governments.
Among them, it was the Party of Communist of the Republic of Moldova (PCRM), which attracted international attention. The PCRM has won an absolute majority, gaining 71 out of a total of 101 seats, in the 2001 Moldovan Parliamentary election, enabled it to form the government, as well as, electing its very own communist President Vladimir Voronin. In 2005, the PCRM has once again won the election, and made President Vladimir Voronin re-elected to a consecutive term. The PCRM was in government between 2001 and 2009 for 8 years, and this research will look into a wide range of issues including the political background of PCRM, accounts of its regaining of political power, and important decisions of domestic and foreign policies made by the PCRM government.
The first part of this research argues that social democracy had been actively reforming both in theory and practice in the two decades after the dissolution of USSR and it has successfully created a “Third Way” as opposed to the Old Left and the New Right. The second part argues that PCRM’s return to office can be attributed to its self-reformation, economic crisis, confrontations between the President and the Parliament in the period of transition, as well as, the communist legacy. In conclusion, it is argued that, although, PCRM government has made great achievements in foreign policies and in restructuring economy, Moldova’s score on democracy has worsened during its time in government, reflecting the ossified political ideology of communist party. It is this ossified political ideology alongside with the economic stagnation in its second term that led to the defeat of PCRM in the 2009 election and sent it back to opposition majority in the Parliament ultimately.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論…1
第一節 研究背景、動機與目的…1
第二節 研究途徑、方法、範圍與限制…7
第三節 文獻回顧…12
第四節 研究架構與章節安排…22
第二章 社會民主主義發展與更新…27
第一節 社會民主主義和共產主義之淵源…28
第二節 社會民主主義之更新：第三條路…48
第三節 摩爾多瓦共產黨之「革新社會主義」…62
第四節 小結…68
第三章 摩爾多瓦共產黨執政第一任期…70
第一節 摩爾多瓦共產黨分裂與重建…71
第二節 摩爾多瓦2001年國會與總統大選…81
第三節 施政表現…93
第四節 平衡外交…101
第五節 小結…117
第四章 摩爾多瓦共產黨執政第二任期…119
第一節 摩爾多瓦2005年國會與總統大選…120
第二節 施政表現…130
第三節 摩爾多瓦推特革命…144
第四節 小結…157
第五章 結論…159
附錄：
附錄一 哥薩克備忘錄俄文版…164
參考文獻…180
圖表目錄：
圖 1.1 研究架構圖…23
圖2-1.1 社會民主主義與共產主義之關係…29
圖2-2.1 左派政治在政治光譜中的移動…57
圖3-2.1 摩爾多瓦2001年獲得議會席次之政黨得票結果…91
圖4-1.1 摩爾多瓦2005年獲得國會席次之政黨得票結果…124
圖4-2.1 摩爾多瓦國內生產總額（GDP）指標…134
圖4-2.2 2008~2009年公共服務效率…140
圖4-2.3 摩爾多瓦公部門中貪腐問題…149
表2-2.1 西歐與東歐社會民主主義之比較…60
表3-2.1 摩爾多瓦獨立後之總統及黨籍…88
表3-2.2 2000年總統大選…89
表3-2.3 2001年國會大選選舉人數資料…89
表3-2.4 2001年國會大選競選各黨派得票與席次分配…90
表3-3.1 自由之家的轉型國家評比與平均分數：摩爾多瓦，2001~2005年…99
表3-3.2 自由之家民主分數指標…100
表3-4.1 摩共執政前摩爾多瓦參與歐洲相關組織及協定之進程…112
表3-4.2 歐盟社區援助計畫金援摩爾多瓦之項目及金額統計…114
表4-1.1 2005年國會大選選舉人數資料…122
表4-1.2 2005年國會大選競選各黨派得票與席次分配…123
表4-2.1 自由之家的轉型國家評比與平均分數：摩爾多瓦，2005~2009年…133
表4-2.1 2005~2010年摩爾多瓦GDP與工農總產量…136
表4-2.2 2005~2009年摩爾多瓦政府支出項目（佔GDP 及政府總支出比例）…139
表4-2.3 退休金供款收入與支出（佔GDP之百分比）…142
表4-2.4 2005~2009年人均所得與退休金…142
表4-3.1 摩爾多瓦2009年4國會大選月及7月國會提前大選結果…154
表4-4.1 橙色進化與推特革命之比較…158		zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097263012en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 社會民主主義zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 摩爾多瓦共產黨zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 沃羅寧zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 德左分離問題zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 推特革命zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Social Democracyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Party of Communist of the Republic of Moldovaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Vladimir Voroninen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Separatism of Transnistriaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Twitter Revolutionen_US
dc.title (題名) 摩爾多瓦共產黨執政之研究（2001~2009年）zh_TW
dc.title (題名) A Study of the PCRM Government, 2001-2009en_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 22. 楊連弟，「摩爾多瓦：紅色政權重新崛起」，當代世界，2001年4月，頁17~18。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 23. 鄭海照，「第三條路的歷史性」，南京林業大學學報（人文社會科學版）第9卷第1期，2009年3月，頁52~56。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 24. 趙嗚文，「步履維艱的摩爾多瓦」，瞭望新聞周刊，2002年第19期，頁60~61。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 25. 樊樂，「摩爾多瓦共產黨第二任期執政概況和選情分析」。當代世界，2008年9月，頁41~43。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 26. 龍舒甲，「摩爾多瓦獨立後的發展情勢」，問題與研究，第33卷第1期（1994），頁48~62。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) （四） 中文網路資源zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1. 王金雪編輯，「摩爾多瓦湧動革命潮 政府舉起反俄旗」，人民網，<http://world.people.com.cn/BIG5/14549/3222479.html>（2005年3月6日）。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2. 「布爾什維克黨-清除經濟派的機會主義」，互動百科，<http://www.hudong.com/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E4%BB%80%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%8B%E5%85%9A >。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 3. 史志欽，「義大利共產黨的演變軌跡」，馬克思主義研究網，<http://myy.cass.cn/file/2006010517504.html>（2006年1月5日）。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 4. 「西元1903年7月30日布爾什維克和孟什維克兩派對立」，大公網，<http://www.takungpao.com/history/history-today/2010-07-30/345577.html>。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 5. 列寧，「共產國際第一次代表大會文獻」，河南共青團，<http://www.hnyouth.org.cn/columns/wx/ln191901.htm>。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 6. 「米勒蘭（Alexandre Millerand, 1859-1943）」，馬克思主義研究網，<http://myy.cass.cn/file/2006011823133.html>（2006年1月8日）。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 7. 「米勒蘭入閣事件」，馬克思主義研究網，<http://myy.cass.cn/file/2006012023957.html>（2006年1月29日）。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 8. 朱庭光，「瓦揚 E. M.」，中國大百科全書，<http://203.68.243.199/cpedia/Content.asp?ID=55490>。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 9. 李增偉，「冷門迭出，波蘭大選結果揭曉」，人民網，<http://www.people.com.cn/GB/guoji/22/84/20010927/570775.html> (2001年9月27日)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 10. 林懷藝，「普列漢諾夫對列寧組織原則的態度嬗變」，政治學論文網，<http://politics.csscipaper.com/socialism/scisocialism/4664.html>。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 11. 林德山，「當代社會黨的現代化理論」，學習時報，<http://big5.china.cn/chinese/zhuanti/xxsb/1098535.htm >。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 12. 「俄國軍事戰略大收縮」，聯合早報網，<http://www.zaobao.com/special/newspapers/2001/10/xmsb251001.html>（2001年10月25日）。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 13. 高楠編輯，「摩爾多瓦總統沃羅寧贏得連任絕非偶然」，人民網，<http://world.people.com.cn/GB/1030/3295546.html#>（2005年4月5日）zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 14. 奚兆永，「民主社會主義的形成和演變—十二評民主社會主義“正統論”、“救國論”」，中國經濟史論壇，<http://economy.guoxue.com/article.php/12178/4>（2007年4月29日）。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 15. 殷叙彝，「法國社會黨對社會民主理論革新的項獻」，中國選舉與治理，<http://www.chinaelections.org/NewsInfo.asp?NewsID=109028>（2007年5月22日）。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 16. 曹鬆豪，「冷戰結束以來法國共產黨的變革探索」，人民網，<http://theory.people.com.cn/BIG5/49157/49163/4729829.html>（2006年8月22日）。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 17. 「蓋得」，中國百科網，<http://www.chinabaike.com/article/316/327/2007/2007022466268.html>。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 18. 「德國社會民主黨1903年德累斯頓代表大會 關於黨的策略問題的決議」，中國社會科學網，<http://www.cass.net.cn/zhuanti/y_party/ya/ya_d/ya_d_008.htm>。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 19. 「摩共轉變策略卻脫俄入歐 獨聯體政治地圖再改寫」，中安在線新聞中心，<http://news.big5.anhuinews.com/system/2005/03/08/001152844.shtm>（2005年3月8日）。zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 二． 英文部分zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) （一） 英文專書zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1. Brar Harpal, Social Democracy : the Enemy Within (London : H. Brar, 1995)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2. Birch Simon, Elections and Democratization in Ukraine (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 3. Cook Linda J., Orenstein Mitchell A. and Rueschemeyer Marilyn, Left Parties and Social Policy in Postcommunist Europe. (Boulder, Colo. : Westview Press, 1999)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 4. Crowther William, Moldova`s Transition from Semi-Presidentialism : Parliamentary Intentions Presidential Outcome (Taipei, Taiwan : Institute of Political Science, Academia Sinica, 2008)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 5. Dyer Donald L. with a foreword by Bernard Comrie (ed.), Studies in Moldovan : the History, Culture, Language and Contemporary Politics of the People of Moldova. (New York : Distributed by Columbia University Press, 1996)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 6. Dawisha Karen and Parrot Bruce (ed.), Democratic Changes and Authoritarian Reactions in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova.( New York : Cambridge University Press, 1997)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 7. Ekiert Grzegorz and Hanson Stephen E. (eds.), Capitalism and Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe : Assessing the Legacy of Communist Rule (New York : Cambridge University Press, 2003)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 8. Grzymała-Busse Anna Maria, Redeeming the Communist Past : the Regeneration of Communist Parties in East Central Europe.(New York : Cambridge University Press, 2002)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 9. Hamilton Daniel and Mangott Gerhard, The New Eastern Europe : Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova. (Washington, D.C. : Center for Transatlantic Relations, American Consortium on EU Studies, Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, c2007)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 10. Heintz Monica (ed.), Weak state, Uncertain Citizenship, Moldova. (New York : P. Lang, c2008)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 11. Hegarty Thomas, Moldova. (London : Routledge, 2003)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 12. Hensel Stuart and Gudim Anatol, “Moldova’s Economic Transition: Slow and Contradictory”, in AnnLewis (ed.), The EU and Moldova: on a Fault-line of Europe. (London: The Federal Trust, 2004)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 13. Kulik Anatoly and Pshizova Susanna (ed.), Political Parties in Post-Soviet space : Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, and the Baltics. (Westport, Conn. : Praeger, 2005)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 14. King Charles, The Moldovans: Romania, Russia, and the Politics of Culture (Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press, 1999)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 15. Kitschelt Herbert, “Constraints and Opportunities in the Strategic Conduct of Post-Communist Successor Parties: Regime Legacies as Causal Argument” in Andras Bozoki and John T. Ishiyama eds., The Communist Successor Parties of Central and Eastern Europe (Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 2002)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 16. Kitschelt Herbert, Mansfeldova Zdenka, Markowski Randoslaw and Toka Gabor, Post-Communist Party Systems: Competition, Representation, and Inter-Party Cooperation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 17. Lewis Ann (ed.), The EU & Moldova : on a Fault-Line of Europe. (London : Federal Trust for Education and Research, c2004)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 18. Meyer Thomas with Hinchman Lewis P., The Theory of Social Democracy (Cambridge, U.K. ; Malden, Mass. : Polity, 2007)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 19. Padgett Stephen, Paterson William E., A History of Social Democracy in Postwar Europe (New York : Longman, 1991)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 20. Slomp Hans, European Politics into the Twenty-First Century: Integration and Division (Westport: Praeger. 2000).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 21. Sassoon Donald, One Hundred Years of Socialism : the West European Left in the Twentieth Century (New York : I.B. Tauris Publishers, 1996)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 22. Shub David and Shaplen Joseph (ed.), Social Democracy Versus Communism (Westport, Conn. : Hyperion Press, 1979)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 23. Timus Cristina, The Constitutional Ordinance of Republic of Moldova.1990-2007 : the Political Situation of Moldova after the Independence Proclamation till 2007(VDM Verlag, 2009)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 24. Wightman Gordon (ed.), Party Formation in East--Central Europe : Post-communist Politics in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland and Bulgaria (Brookfield, Vt. : Edward Elgar, c1995)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 25. White Stephen, Batt Judy, and Lewis Paul G., Developments in Central and East European Politics 4. (Durham [N.C.] : Duke University Press, 2007)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) （二） 英文期刊zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1. Dziewanowski M. K., “The Foundation of the Communist Party of Poland”, American Slavic and East European Review, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 106-122.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2. Gerald Easter, “Preference for Presidentialism: Postcommunist Regime Change in Russia”, World Politics, vol. 49, no. 2, January, PP. 184-211.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 3. Ishiyama John T., “Communist Parties in Transition: Structures, Leaders, and Processes of Democratization in Eastern Europe”, Comparative Politics 27, 1995, PP. 147-66.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 4. Levistsky Stephen and Way Lucan, “The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism”, Journal of Democracy. vol. 13, no.2, P.53.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 5. Mahr Alison and Nagle John (eds.), “Resurrection of the successor parties and democratization in East-Central Europe”, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, vol. 28, no.4, pp. 398~399.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 6. March Luke and Mudde Cas, “What’s Left of the Radical Lefts? The European Radical Left after 1989: Decline and Mutation”, Comparative European Polictics, vol.3, no.1(2005), pp23-49.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 7. Maurice Duverger, “A New Political System Model: Semi-Presidential Government”, European Journal of Political Research, vol. 8, no. 2, June, PP. 165-187.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 8. McFaul Michael, “Explaining Party Formation and Nonformation in Russia: Actors, Institutions and Chance”, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 37, no. 10, pp. 1159-1187.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 9. “Moldova: Regional Tensions over Transdniesria”, ICG Europe Report, no. 157, pp.23~24。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 10. Ecaterina McDonagh, “Is Democracy Promotion Effective in Moldova? The Impact of European Institutions on Development of Civil and Political Rights in Moldova”, Democratization, vol.15, no.1, pp. 148.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 11. Roper Steven, “From Semi-Presidentialism to Parliamentarism: Regime Change and Presidential Power in Moldova”, Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 60, no. 1, pp.117-118.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 12. Protsyk Oleh, “Intra-Executive Competition between President and Prime Mimister: Patterns of Institutional Conflict and Cooperation under Semi-Presidentialism”, Political Studies, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 219-244.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 13. Skilling Harold Gordon, “The Formation of A Communist Party in Czechoslovakia”, American Slavic and East Europe Review, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 346-358.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 14. Solonari Vladimir, “Narrative, Identity, State: History Teaching in Moldova”, East European Politics and Societies, vol. 16, no.2, pp.414-415.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 15. Way Lucan A., “Pluralism by Default in Moldova”, Journal of Democracy, vol. 13 no. 4 ,2002, pp 127-141.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) （三） 英文網路資源zh_TW
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