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題名 19世紀英國對台灣茶業的印象-從時人敘述觀察
The image of Formosa tea in 19th century Great Britain through the observation of contemporaries narratives
作者 戴妮莎
Denisa Hilbertova
貢獻者 卜道
David Blundell
戴妮莎
Denisa Hilbertova
關鍵詞 Taiwan
Nineteenth century
Formosa tea
British imagery
Missionaries
Treaty Port community
日期 2011
上傳時間 12-Apr-2012 14:21:55 (UTC+8)
摘要 Ilha Formosa, meaning the ‘evergreen resplendent isle’, today known as Taiwan was named by passing European navigators in the sixteenth century. Although it had never been officially a part of the British Empire, the island – like a large portion of the world, was influenced by Great Britain, its activities, and policies. The aim of this thesis is to explore the development of the British concept, or image, of Formosa through the second half of the nineteenth century. During this period, British influence in Formosa picked-up significantly due to British commercial interests. Under British influence in the second half of the nineteenth century, Formosa started to produce and export famous Taiwanese tea on a much larger scale. The popularity of Oolong tea brought Formosa into the sphere of British public interest and the British community in Taiwan grew as a result. As time went on, more missionaries and their wives, officers, and merchants visited and lived in Taiwan. Their interactions with the Chinese and indigenous populations were carried back to Britain through visitors´ journals, letters, photographs, and stories, all of which effected the British public perception of Formosa. The popularization of Taiwanese tea together with other commercial and political interests played an important role in the British public reflection of Formosa, which evolved from the opening of the Taiwan seaports to foreign trade at the end of the 1850s and the beginning of the 1860s until the end of the nineteenth century, when the Japanese began its colonization of Taiwan.
參考文獻 Allen, Herbert J. “Notes of a Journey through Formosa from Tamsui to Taiwanfu,” Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London 21, 1877, pp. 258-266.
Alsford, Niki J.P. The Witnessed Account of British Resident John Dodd at Tamsui, Taipei : SMC Publishing Inc., 2010.
Alsford, Niki. Victorians in Taiwan: The Cause, Course, and Consequence of British Diaspora on the Formosan Treaty Ports, 1858-1895, Master thesis, Department of Asia-Pacific Studies, National Chengchi University, 2011.
Auerbach, Sascha. Race, Law and “The Chinese Puzzle” in Imperial Britain, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
Beazeley, M. "Notes of an overland journey through the southern part of Formosa in 1875, from Takow to the South Cape, with sketch map," Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography n.s. 7, January, 1885: pp. 1-22.
Bell, Duncan. The Idea of Greater Britain: Empire and the Future of the World Order, 1860-1900, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007.
Bell, Duncan (ed.) Victorian Vision of the Global Order: Empire and International Relations in Nineteenth-century Political Thought, Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Bergdolt, Klaus. Der Schwarze Tod in Europa: Die Große Pest und das Ende des Mittelalters. München” C.H. Beck, 1994.
Bowen, H.V. Lincoln, Margarette. Rigby, Nigel. The Worlds of the East India Company, Suffolk : Boydell Press, 2002.
Brown, Shannon R. “The Transfer of Technology to China in the Nineteenth Century: The Role of Direct Foreign Investment,” in The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 39, No. 1, The Tasks of Economic History, Mar., 1979, pp. 181-197.
Campbell, William. “Aboriginal Savages of Formosa,” Ocean Highways: The Geographical Review n.s. 1, 1874, pp. 410-412.
Carrington, George W. Foreigners in Formosa, 1841-1874, San Francisco: Chinese Material Centre Inc., 1978.
Collingwood, Cuthbert. “A Boat Journey Across the Northern End of Formosa, from Tam-suy on the West to Kee-lung on the East: with Notices of Hoo-wei, Manka, and Keelung,” Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society 11, 1867: 167-173.
Corner, Arthur. “A Tour through Formosa, from South to North,” Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society 22, 1878, pp. 53-63.
Chang Hsiu-Jung (ed. at all) The English Factory in Taiwan: 1670-1685, Taipei: National Taiwan University, 1995.
Chu, Samuel. “Liu Ming-ch`uan and Modernization of Taiwan,” in The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 23, No. 1 (Nov., 1963).
Davidson, James W. The Island of Formosa, Past and Present: History, People, Resources, and Commercial Prospects : Tea, Camphor, Sugar, Gold, Coal, Sulphur, Economical Plants, and Other Productions, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.
Dodd, J. “A Glimpse of the Manners and Customs of the Hill Tribes of Formosa,” Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 15, 1885, pp. 69-78.
Eco, Umberto. Foucault`s Pendulum, New York: Harcourt Brace, 1989.
Ede, George. “A Tour through Eastern Formosa,” Presbyterian Messenger, 1 Oct 1890, pp. 6-9.
Eskildsen, Robert. Foreign Adventurers and the Aborigines of Southern Taiwan, 1867-1874, Taipei : Institute of Taiwan History Academia Sinica, 2005.
Fairbank, John King. Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast: The Opening of the Treaty Ports, 1842-1854, Stanford: University of Stanford Press, 1953.
------ (ed.) The Cambridge History of China; Vol. 10 Late Ching, 1800-1911, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978.
Foley, Frederic J. The Great Formosan Impostor, Taipei: Mei Ya Publications, 1968.
Foss, Theodore N. Lach, Donald F. Images of Asia and Asians in European Fiction, 1500-1800, in Lee, Thomas H.C.(ed.) China and Europe: Images and Influences in Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries, Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 1991.
高傳棋。 引領臺北走向世界無台的茶文化（特刊）。臺北與海洋文化。
Gao ChuanQi. Yinling Taibei zouxiang shijie wutaide chawenhua. (special issue). Taibei yu haiyang wenhua, Taipei and Oceanic Culture Publishing. (Chinese)
Gardella, Robert Paul. Harvesting Mountains: Fujian and the China Tea Trade, 1757-1937, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.
Garnot, Le Capitaine. L´Expédition Francaise de Formose, 1885-1885, Librairie Ch. Delagrave : Paris, 1894.
Gordon, Leonard H. D. Confrontation over Taiwan: Nineteenth-century China and the Powers, Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2007.
Gordon, Leonard H. D. “Taiwan and the Limits of British Power, 1868,” in Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 22 (2), 1988.
Greenberg, Michael. British Trade and Opening of China 1800-1842, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951.
Gregory, John S. The West and China since 1500, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
Guillemard, F:H.H. Formosa, Chapter I in The Cruise of the Marchesa to Kamschatka & New Guineaa, with notices of Formosa, Liu-Kiu, and various islands of the Malay Archipelago. London: John Murray. 1886, pp. 1-25.
Hall, Philip B. “Robert Swinhoe (1836-1877), FRS, FZS, FRGS: A Victorian Naturalist in Treaty Port China,” in The Geographical Journal, Vol. 153 (1), Mar., 1987, pp. 37-47.
Hancock, William A. “A Visit to the Savages of Formosa,” Good Words for 1885, pp. 373-379.
Hanes, William T. Sanello, Frank. The Opium Wars: The Addiction of One Empire and the Corruption of Another, London : Robson 2003.
Ho, Samuel P. Economic Development of Taiwan, 1860-1970, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978.
Huang, Chun-chiech. “Some Observations on the Study of the History of Cultural Interactions in East Asia,” in Journal of Cultural Interaction in East Asia, vol. I, March 2010.
Humble, Richard. Marco Polo, New York: G. P. Putnam´s Sons, 1975.
Hyam, Ronald. Britain`s Imperial Century, 1815-1914: a Study of Empire and Expansion, London: Macmillan, 1993.
Kennedy, Paul M. The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery, London: A. Lane, 1976.
Kennedy, Paul M. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict From 1500 to 2000, New York, NY : Random House, 1987.
Kishlansky, Mark A. (ed.) Sources of World History, Volume II, New York: Harper Collins College Publishers, 1995.
Koss, Nicolas. The Best and Fairest Land: Images of China in Medieval Europe, Taipei: Bookman Books, 1999.
Kumar, Krishan. The Making of English National Identity, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Lane, Ruth. Political Science in Theory and Practice: the Politics` Model, New York: M.E. Sharp, 1997.
Langford, Paul. Englishness Identified: Manners and Character, 1650-1850, Oxford: Orford University Press, 2000.
Lee, Thomas H.C.(ed.). China and Europe: Images and Influences in Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries, Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 1991.
Leiper, Susan. Precious Cargo: Scots and the China Trade, Edinburgh: National Museums of Scotland Publishing, 1997.
Long, Simon. Taiwan: China`s Last Frontier, London : Macmillan, 1990.
Lottes, Günther. China in European Political Thought, 1750-1850, in Lee, Thomas H.C.(ed.) China and Europe: Images and Influences in Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries, Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 1991.
Mackay, George Leslie. From far Formosa: the Island, its People and Missions, originally published: New York; Chicago: F. H. Revell Co., 1896; ed. by the Rev. J. A. Macdonald, Taipei: Cheng Wen Pub. Co., 1972.
Mackerras, Colin. Western Images of China, Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1999.
McClintock, Anne. Imperial Leather: Race, Gender, and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest, New York: Routledge, 1995.
Morse, Hosea Ballou. The Chronicles of the East India Company, trading to China, 1635-1834, Taipei: Ch`eng-wen, 1966.
Moxham, Roy. A Brief History of Tea: the Extraordinary Story of the World`s Favorite Drink, London: Robinson, 2009.
Mukherjee, Ramkrishna. The Rise and Fall of the East India Company: a Sociological Appraisal, New York: Monthly Review Press, 1974.
Mungello, D.E. Confucianism in the Enlightenment: Antagonism and Collaboration between the Jesuits and the Philosophers, in Lee, Thomas H.C.(ed.); China and Europe: Images and Influences in Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries, Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 1991.
Papadopoulos, Nicolas, Heslop, Louise A., (ed.) Product-country Images: Impact and Role in International Marketing, New York: International Business Press, 1993.
Pickering, William Alexander. “Among the Savages of Central Formosa 1866-1867,” The Messenger and Missionary Record of the Presbyterian Church of England n.s. 3, 1878, pp. 15-16, 29-31, 69-71, The Gospel in China n.s. 5, May 1878, pp. 29-30.
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Newspapers:
The Pall Mall Gazette, London, England, 1868; Issue 939.
The Belfast News-Letter, Belfast, Ireland, 1882; Issue 20786.
Electronic Sources:
http://academic.reed.edu/formosa/gallery/image_pages/images_index.html
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/111803/China/71766/Late-Qing?anchor=ref590489
http://en.tamsui.gov.tw/
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook.asp
http://www.forumosa.com/taiwan/viewtopic.php?t=55525
http://hbswk.hbs.edu/archive/2868.html
http://taipics.com/tea.php
http://taiwanpedia.culture.tw
http://www.levins.com/pineapple.html,
http://www.victorianweb.org/
Other Sources:
DVD Foreigner in Formosa : John Dodd, Academia Historica, Vol. 4/4, 2008.
Archive of SMC Publishing Inc.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS)
98926023
100
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098926023
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 卜道zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor David Blundellen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 戴妮莎zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Denisa Hilbertovaen_US
dc.creator (作者) 戴妮莎zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Denisa Hilbertovaen_US
dc.date (日期) 2011en_US
dc.date.accessioned 12-Apr-2012 14:21:55 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 12-Apr-2012 14:21:55 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 12-Apr-2012 14:21:55 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0098926023en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/52690-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 98926023zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 100zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Ilha Formosa, meaning the ‘evergreen resplendent isle’, today known as Taiwan was named by passing European navigators in the sixteenth century. Although it had never been officially a part of the British Empire, the island – like a large portion of the world, was influenced by Great Britain, its activities, and policies. The aim of this thesis is to explore the development of the British concept, or image, of Formosa through the second half of the nineteenth century. During this period, British influence in Formosa picked-up significantly due to British commercial interests. Under British influence in the second half of the nineteenth century, Formosa started to produce and export famous Taiwanese tea on a much larger scale. The popularity of Oolong tea brought Formosa into the sphere of British public interest and the British community in Taiwan grew as a result. As time went on, more missionaries and their wives, officers, and merchants visited and lived in Taiwan. Their interactions with the Chinese and indigenous populations were carried back to Britain through visitors´ journals, letters, photographs, and stories, all of which effected the British public perception of Formosa. The popularization of Taiwanese tea together with other commercial and political interests played an important role in the British public reflection of Formosa, which evolved from the opening of the Taiwan seaports to foreign trade at the end of the 1850s and the beginning of the 1860s until the end of the nineteenth century, when the Japanese began its colonization of Taiwan.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Introduction 1
     1.1 Research Background and Motivation 1
     1.2 Definition of Terms 5
     1.3 Research Question 8
     1.4 Research Purpose 8
     2. Literature Review 9
     2.1 Early and Medieval Western Images of China 10
     2.2 China and Europe 1500-1800 – Jesuit Missionaries and the Philosophers 12
     2.3 English Attitudes to Indigenous and Chinese People 17
     3. Research Methodology 20
     3.1 Research Methods 21
     3.2 Research Framework 23
     3.3 Research Limitations 24
     Taiwan Joins International Politics: The Nineteenth Century 26
     English expansion in Asia 30
     Early Contact between England and Taiwan 33
     China before Opium Wars 34
     Opening Up Ports in Taiwan 42
     For All the Tea in China 46
     Treaty Ports in Taiwan 49
     Disputes between British and Taiwanese 56
     British Images of Formosa through the Perception of Tea 59
     Foreign merchants 59
     Tea Export 61
     Success of the tea industry 66
     Advertisements 71
     Tea Posters and Labels 75
     Tea as a social habit 80
     British Stereotypes of Formosa 84
     Conclusion 87
     Bibliography 93		zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098926023en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Taiwanen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Nineteenth centuryen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Formosa teaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) British imageryen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Missionariesen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Treaty Port communityen_US
dc.title (題名) 19世紀英國對台灣茶業的印象-從時人敘述觀察zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The image of Formosa tea in 19th century Great Britain through the observation of contemporaries narrativesen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Allen, Herbert J. “Notes of a Journey through Formosa from Tamsui to Taiwanfu,” Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London 21, 1877, pp. 258-266.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Alsford, Niki J.P. The Witnessed Account of British Resident John Dodd at Tamsui, Taipei : SMC Publishing Inc., 2010.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Alsford, Niki. Victorians in Taiwan: The Cause, Course, and Consequence of British Diaspora on the Formosan Treaty Ports, 1858-1895, Master thesis, Department of Asia-Pacific Studies, National Chengchi University, 2011.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Auerbach, Sascha. Race, Law and “The Chinese Puzzle” in Imperial Britain, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Beazeley, M. "Notes of an overland journey through the southern part of Formosa in 1875, from Takow to the South Cape, with sketch map," Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography n.s. 7, January, 1885: pp. 1-22.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bell, Duncan. The Idea of Greater Britain: Empire and the Future of the World Order, 1860-1900, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bell, Duncan (ed.) Victorian Vision of the Global Order: Empire and International Relations in Nineteenth-century Political Thought, Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bergdolt, Klaus. Der Schwarze Tod in Europa: Die Große Pest und das Ende des Mittelalters. München” C.H. Beck, 1994.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bowen, H.V. Lincoln, Margarette. Rigby, Nigel. The Worlds of the East India Company, Suffolk : Boydell Press, 2002.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brown, Shannon R. “The Transfer of Technology to China in the Nineteenth Century: The Role of Direct Foreign Investment,” in The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 39, No. 1, The Tasks of Economic History, Mar., 1979, pp. 181-197.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Campbell, William. “Aboriginal Savages of Formosa,” Ocean Highways: The Geographical Review n.s. 1, 1874, pp. 410-412.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Carrington, George W. Foreigners in Formosa, 1841-1874, San Francisco: Chinese Material Centre Inc., 1978.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Collingwood, Cuthbert. “A Boat Journey Across the Northern End of Formosa, from Tam-suy on the West to Kee-lung on the East: with Notices of Hoo-wei, Manka, and Keelung,” Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society 11, 1867: 167-173.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Corner, Arthur. “A Tour through Formosa, from South to North,” Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society 22, 1878, pp. 53-63.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chang Hsiu-Jung (ed. at all) The English Factory in Taiwan: 1670-1685, Taipei: National Taiwan University, 1995.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chu, Samuel. “Liu Ming-ch`uan and Modernization of Taiwan,” in The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 23, No. 1 (Nov., 1963).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Davidson, James W. The Island of Formosa, Past and Present: History, People, Resources, and Commercial Prospects : Tea, Camphor, Sugar, Gold, Coal, Sulphur, Economical Plants, and Other Productions, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dodd, J. “A Glimpse of the Manners and Customs of the Hill Tribes of Formosa,” Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 15, 1885, pp. 69-78.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Eco, Umberto. Foucault`s Pendulum, New York: Harcourt Brace, 1989.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ede, George. “A Tour through Eastern Formosa,” Presbyterian Messenger, 1 Oct 1890, pp. 6-9.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Eskildsen, Robert. Foreign Adventurers and the Aborigines of Southern Taiwan, 1867-1874, Taipei : Institute of Taiwan History Academia Sinica, 2005.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fairbank, John King. Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast: The Opening of the Treaty Ports, 1842-1854, Stanford: University of Stanford Press, 1953.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ------ (ed.) The Cambridge History of China; Vol. 10 Late Ching, 1800-1911, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Foley, Frederic J. The Great Formosan Impostor, Taipei: Mei Ya Publications, 1968.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Foss, Theodore N. Lach, Donald F. Images of Asia and Asians in European Fiction, 1500-1800, in Lee, Thomas H.C.(ed.) China and Europe: Images and Influences in Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries, Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 1991.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 高傳棋。 引領臺北走向世界無台的茶文化（特刊）。臺北與海洋文化。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gao ChuanQi. Yinling Taibei zouxiang shijie wutaide chawenhua. (special issue). Taibei yu haiyang wenhua, Taipei and Oceanic Culture Publishing. (Chinese)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gardella, Robert Paul. Harvesting Mountains: Fujian and the China Tea Trade, 1757-1937, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Garnot, Le Capitaine. L´Expédition Francaise de Formose, 1885-1885, Librairie Ch. Delagrave : Paris, 1894.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gordon, Leonard H. D. Confrontation over Taiwan: Nineteenth-century China and the Powers, Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2007.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gordon, Leonard H. D. “Taiwan and the Limits of British Power, 1868,” in Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 22 (2), 1988.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Greenberg, Michael. British Trade and Opening of China 1800-1842, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gregory, John S. The West and China since 1500, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Guillemard, F:H.H. Formosa, Chapter I in The Cruise of the Marchesa to Kamschatka & New Guineaa, with notices of Formosa, Liu-Kiu, and various islands of the Malay Archipelago. London: John Murray. 1886, pp. 1-25.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hall, Philip B. “Robert Swinhoe (1836-1877), FRS, FZS, FRGS: A Victorian Naturalist in Treaty Port China,” in The Geographical Journal, Vol. 153 (1), Mar., 1987, pp. 37-47.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hancock, William A. “A Visit to the Savages of Formosa,” Good Words for 1885, pp. 373-379.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hanes, William T. Sanello, Frank. The Opium Wars: The Addiction of One Empire and the Corruption of Another, London : Robson 2003.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ho, Samuel P. Economic Development of Taiwan, 1860-1970, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huang, Chun-chiech. “Some Observations on the Study of the History of Cultural Interactions in East Asia,” in Journal of Cultural Interaction in East Asia, vol. I, March 2010.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Humble, Richard. Marco Polo, New York: G. P. Putnam´s Sons, 1975.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hyam, Ronald. Britain`s Imperial Century, 1815-1914: a Study of Empire and Expansion, London: Macmillan, 1993.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kennedy, Paul M. The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery, London: A. Lane, 1976.zh_TW
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