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題名 熱泵熱水系統生命週期評估與淨能源分析之整合研究
Integrated Studies on Life Cycle Assessment and Net Energy Analysis of the Heat Pump Water Heater System作者 郭乃頊 貢獻者 許志義
郭乃頊關鍵詞 熱泵系統
生命週期評估
淨能源分析
SimaPro
能源投資報酬
能源回收期
Heat pump water heater
Life-cycle assessment
Net energy analysis
SimaPro
Energy return on investment
Energy payback time日期 2011 上傳時間 30-Oct-2012 10:23:05 (UTC+8) 摘要 根據歐盟2009 年發布之再生能源指令，定義熱泵系統所擷取之大氣熱能、水熱能以及地熱能為再生能源之選項，熱泵技術不受日夜與天候影響，且具安全、有低耗能、低排碳的優點，可應用在空調、暖氣、熱水等設備，備受歐美日本等先進國家重視，也是歐美各國政府極力推廣的項目之一。本研究針對台灣地區家戶住宅所使用小型空氣源熱泵熱水機組，透過環境資源及能源效率的角度，來探討熱泵熱水系統對於台灣住宅部門的適用性。在研究方法上，針對國內熱泵個案廠商進行系統盤查分析，並且估算使用運轉過程中所需之能源投入，以計算熱水系統在製造過程與運轉使用過程中之環境影響。選擇生命週期評估軟體SimaPro 7.3做為評估工具，使用Eco-Indicator 95、EPS 2000兩種衝擊評估模式，來以生命週期評估探討熱泵熱水系統對環境之影響。並輔以淨能源分析法中能源投資報酬率與能源回收期，以及估算熱泵熱水系統生命週期CO2排放量，來衡量熱泵熱水系統之能源效率是否具有其效益。並進一步針對不同的再生能源發電比例與提升熱泵能源效率比例，探討不同方案的敏感度分析。根據本研究分析結果顯示，熱泵熱水系統不管從Eco-indicator 95或EPS 2000衝擊評估模式下，運轉使用階段對環境衝擊較大，主要的衝擊項目為重金屬汙染，是因為熱泵熱水系統運轉所使用的電力消耗所致。使用熱泵熱水系統對環境衝擊程度遠較電熱水系統來得小，雖在Eco-indicator 95之衝擊評估模式下，瓦斯熱水系統較熱泵熱水系統環境衝擊程度較小，但以EPS 2000衝擊評估模式下，熱泵熱水系統對環境是最為友善的熱水系統。以淨效益估算熱泵熱水系統源投資報酬（EROI）值為1.45～5.55，能源回收期約為0.22年至2.16年，表示熱泵熱水系統從生命週期的角度來檢視能源效率是具有效益的。由於目前熱泵熱水系統對環境最大的負擔來源是電力的使用，若未來能提高再生能源發電比例、降低臺灣電能含碳濃度，或者提高熱泵能源生產效率，均能降低熱泵熱水系統對環境的負面影響。
The purpose of this study is to apply life cycle assessment (LCA) and net energy analysis to explore the environmental impacts of the heat pump water heater in Taiwan. In order to achieve this objective, domestic data inventory was gathered from local heat pump industry in Taiwan through questionnaires including input of energy, product output and waste, etc. The SimaPro7.3 program and two impact assessment methods including Eco-Indicator 95, EPS 2000 were utilized to evaluate the environmental impact of the heat pump water heater. Also, we used net energy analysis such as energy return on investment and energy payback time, and estimated the life-cycle CO2 emissions to see whether if the heat pump water heater has its energy efficiency. In addition, the sensitivity analysis was performed by varying renewable energy generation portfolio and the heat pump energy efficiency ratio.Emprical results of two impact assessment methods (Eco-indicator 95 and EPS 2000) show that the main impact on environment of heat pump water heater is from operation phase. When operating the heat pump water heater, it needs to consume electricity which is generated from fossil fuel and caused the environmental impact. Compared with the electric water heater, the environmental impact degree of heat pump water heater is much smaller. In Eco-indicator 95 method, gas water heater has less influence on the environment than heat pump water heater; however, heat pump water heater is the most environment-friendly system in EPS 2000 method. That is because gas is a kind of nonrenewable resource. From the viewpoint of resource stock, gas indeed influence “Depletion of reserves” of environmental impact. By utilizing net energy analysis, the estimated energy return on investment (EROI) of heat pump water heater is 1.45～5.55, and energy payback time is 0.22~2.16 years. It indicates that heat pump water heater has significant benefit from life-cycle perspective. The main impact to environment by heat pump water heater is essentially derived from electricity input. To mitigation this environmental issue, one can reduce environmental impact by increase the proportion of renewable energy generation, and reducing the electricity CO2 emission. Furthermore, improving the energy efficiency of the heat pump would also helpful.參考文獻 丁執宇，1997，ISO 14040 生命週期評估架構之探討與應用，中興大學資源管理研究所碩士論文。王景玟，2005，結合生命週期評估及生態效益之分析研究－以鋼鐵廠製品為例，國立成功大學環境工程學研究所碩士論文。朱圃漢，2011，台灣住宅部門熱泵系統之成本效益分析，國立政治大學經濟學研究所碩士論文。呂穎彬，1998，資料庫應用與比較, 工業技術研究院化學工業研究所。李育明，2010，再生能源發展之生命週期評估，綠能生命週期評估與產業發展效益研討會會議論文。李依霓，2010，熱泵產業設計服務策略之研究，國立交通大學管理學院碩士在職專班管理科學組碩士論文。李雲婷，2009，利用生命週期評估方法評估雨水貯蓄材質對環境之影響，國立臺灣海洋大學河海工程學系研究所碩士論文。宋炎明，2005，熱泵系統應用於溫室內游泳池之節能分析，國立台北科技大學冷凍空調工程學系碩士論文。林益豪，2007，再生能源經濟政策工具之研究，國立政治大學經濟學研究所碩士論文。林育堯、翁黃燦，2009，節約能源產業產品標準、安全及性能檢測技術先期研究及導入委辦計劃。江玄政等，2001，ISO 14000系列─生命週期評估技術與應用手冊，經濟部工業局。黃秉鈞，2007，我國熱泵發展現況與未來趨勢，中華水電冷凍空調，第6 期，88-90 頁。黃瓊儀，2003，人造纖維產品之生命週期評估研究，國立成功大學環境工程學研究所碩士論文。曾詠恩，2005，台灣地區風力發電之潛力分析與生命週期評估，國立臺北大學公共事務學院自然資源與環境管理研究所碩士論文。經濟部能源局，2010，中華民國99 年能源統計手冊，經濟部能源局。綠基會，2006，熱泵熱水系統Q&A 節能技術手冊，財團法人台灣綠色生產力基金會節約能源中心。廖建順、韋宗楒，2009，小型空調機市場發展趨勢簡介，冷凍空調&能源科技，第57 期，44-59 頁。廖卿惠，2010，台灣永續能源發展之潛勢分析，國立台灣大學環境工程學研究所博士論文。鄭維嶽、韋宗楒，2008，北美洲熱泵市場的概況，中華水電冷凍空調，第22 期，56-62 頁。鄭維嶽、廖建順，2008，亞洲和太平洋地區熱泵技術概況，中華冷凍空調，第24 期，54-63 頁。鄭維嶽、林師培，2009，歐洲熱泵的現況和趨勢，中華水電冷凍空調，第26 期，25-35 頁劉家豪，2004，IC 製造業產品生命週期分析，國立成功大學環境工程學研究所碩士論文。劉書宏，2010，建築物地源熱泵系統之生命週期評估，國立臺北大學公共事務學院自然資源與環境管理研究所碩士論文。Angela Arpk, Neil Hutzler,2006. 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Simapro 7 Database Manual, PRé Consultants.Goedkoop M., 1995, The Eco-indicator 95 Final results.Goedkoop M. ,1996 ,The Eco-indicator 95 Manual for Designers.HPC, 2011. IEA Heat Pump Center website, http://www.heatpumpcentre.org/en/aboutheatpumps/howheatpumpsachieveenergysavings/Sidor/default.aspxInternational Standard , 2006, ISO 14040 Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework, ISO 2006.International Standard , 2006, ISO 14044 Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Requirements and guidelines, ISO 2006.Fulvio Ardente, Giorgio Beccali, Maurizio Cellura ,Valerio Lo Brano, 2004. Life cycle assessment of a solar thermal collector: sensitivity analysis, energy and environmental balances. Renewable Energy, 30, P. 109–130Robert H. Crawford, Graham J. Treloar, 2004. Net energy analysis of solar and conventional domestic hot water systems in Melbourne, Australia. Solar Energy ,76 ,P. 159–163Viral P. Shah, David Col Debella, Robert J. Ries, 2008. Life cycle assessment of residential heating and cooling systems in four regions in the United States. Energy and Buildings, 40, P.503–513 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國家發展研究所
98261016
100資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0982610161 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 許志義 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) 郭乃頊 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) 郭乃頊 zh_TW dc.date (日期) 2011 en_US dc.date.accessioned 30-Oct-2012 10:23:05 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 30-Oct-2012 10:23:05 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 30-Oct-2012 10:23:05 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0982610161 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/54238 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國家發展研究所 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 98261016 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 100 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 根據歐盟2009 年發布之再生能源指令，定義熱泵系統所擷取之大氣熱能、水熱能以及地熱能為再生能源之選項，熱泵技術不受日夜與天候影響，且具安全、有低耗能、低排碳的優點，可應用在空調、暖氣、熱水等設備，備受歐美日本等先進國家重視，也是歐美各國政府極力推廣的項目之一。本研究針對台灣地區家戶住宅所使用小型空氣源熱泵熱水機組，透過環境資源及能源效率的角度，來探討熱泵熱水系統對於台灣住宅部門的適用性。在研究方法上，針對國內熱泵個案廠商進行系統盤查分析，並且估算使用運轉過程中所需之能源投入，以計算熱水系統在製造過程與運轉使用過程中之環境影響。選擇生命週期評估軟體SimaPro 7.3做為評估工具，使用Eco-Indicator 95、EPS 2000兩種衝擊評估模式，來以生命週期評估探討熱泵熱水系統對環境之影響。並輔以淨能源分析法中能源投資報酬率與能源回收期，以及估算熱泵熱水系統生命週期CO2排放量，來衡量熱泵熱水系統之能源效率是否具有其效益。並進一步針對不同的再生能源發電比例與提升熱泵能源效率比例，探討不同方案的敏感度分析。根據本研究分析結果顯示，熱泵熱水系統不管從Eco-indicator 95或EPS 2000衝擊評估模式下，運轉使用階段對環境衝擊較大，主要的衝擊項目為重金屬汙染，是因為熱泵熱水系統運轉所使用的電力消耗所致。使用熱泵熱水系統對環境衝擊程度遠較電熱水系統來得小，雖在Eco-indicator 95之衝擊評估模式下，瓦斯熱水系統較熱泵熱水系統環境衝擊程度較小，但以EPS 2000衝擊評估模式下，熱泵熱水系統對環境是最為友善的熱水系統。以淨效益估算熱泵熱水系統源投資報酬（EROI）值為1.45～5.55，能源回收期約為0.22年至2.16年，表示熱泵熱水系統從生命週期的角度來檢視能源效率是具有效益的。由於目前熱泵熱水系統對環境最大的負擔來源是電力的使用，若未來能提高再生能源發電比例、降低臺灣電能含碳濃度，或者提高熱泵能源生產效率，均能降低熱泵熱水系統對環境的負面影響。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) The purpose of this study is to apply life cycle assessment (LCA) and net energy analysis to explore the environmental impacts of the heat pump water heater in Taiwan. In order to achieve this objective, domestic data inventory was gathered from local heat pump industry in Taiwan through questionnaires including input of energy, product output and waste, etc. The SimaPro7.3 program and two impact assessment methods including Eco-Indicator 95, EPS 2000 were utilized to evaluate the environmental impact of the heat pump water heater. Also, we used net energy analysis such as energy return on investment and energy payback time, and estimated the life-cycle CO2 emissions to see whether if the heat pump water heater has its energy efficiency. In addition, the sensitivity analysis was performed by varying renewable energy generation portfolio and the heat pump energy efficiency ratio.Emprical results of two impact assessment methods (Eco-indicator 95 and EPS 2000) show that the main impact on environment of heat pump water heater is from operation phase. When operating the heat pump water heater, it needs to consume electricity which is generated from fossil fuel and caused the environmental impact. Compared with the electric water heater, the environmental impact degree of heat pump water heater is much smaller. In Eco-indicator 95 method, gas water heater has less influence on the environment than heat pump water heater; however, heat pump water heater is the most environment-friendly system in EPS 2000 method. That is because gas is a kind of nonrenewable resource. From the viewpoint of resource stock, gas indeed influence “Depletion of reserves” of environmental impact. By utilizing net energy analysis, the estimated energy return on investment (EROI) of heat pump water heater is 1.45～5.55, and energy payback time is 0.22~2.16 years. It indicates that heat pump water heater has significant benefit from life-cycle perspective. The main impact to environment by heat pump water heater is essentially derived from electricity input. To mitigation this environmental issue, one can reduce environmental impact by increase the proportion of renewable energy generation, and reducing the electricity CO2 emission. Furthermore, improving the energy efficiency of the heat pump would also helpful. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論……………………………………………………………………………1第一節 研究動機與目的………………………………………………………1第二節 研究步驟與流程………………………………………………………3第三節 研究架構……………………………………………………………………5第四節 研究範圍與假設………………………………………………………6第二章 文獻探討……………………………………………………………………8第一節 熱泵熱水系統……………………………………………………………8第二節 各國熱泵系統發展概況…………………………………………13第三節 生命週期評估相關研究…………………………………………17第四節 淨能源分析相關研究………………………………………………21第三章 研究方法與工具………………………………………………………23第一節 生命週期評估架構……………………………………………………23第二節 SimaPro生命週期評估軟體…………………………………27第三節 衝擊評估模式……………………………………………………………29第四節 淨能源分析…………………………………………………………………38第四章 研究結果與討論…………………………………………………………42第一節 統範圍與資料盤查……………………………………………………42第二節 熱泵熱水系統生命週期評估……………………………………44第三節 熱水系統生命週期評估之比較分析………………………54第四節 熱泵熱水系統之淨能源分析與CO2排放………………63第五節 熱泵熱水系統生命週期評估之敏感度分析…………70第五章 結論與建議…………………………………………………………………84第一節 結論………………………………………………………………………………84第二節 建議………………………………………………………………………………88參考文獻………………………………………………………………………………………90附錄………………………………………………………………………………………………93 zh_TW dc.language.iso en_US - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0982610161 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 熱泵系統 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 生命週期評估 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 淨能源分析 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) SimaPro zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 能源投資報酬 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 能源回收期 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Heat pump water heater en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Life-cycle assessment en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Net energy analysis en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) SimaPro en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Energy return on investment en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Energy payback time en_US dc.title (題名) 熱泵熱水系統生命週期評估與淨能源分析之整合研究 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Integrated Studies on Life Cycle Assessment and Net Energy Analysis of the Heat Pump Water Heater System en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 丁執宇，1997，ISO 14040 生命週期評估架構之探討與應用，中興大學資源管理研究所碩士論文。王景玟，2005，結合生命週期評估及生態效益之分析研究－以鋼鐵廠製品為例，國立成功大學環境工程學研究所碩士論文。朱圃漢，2011，台灣住宅部門熱泵系統之成本效益分析，國立政治大學經濟學研究所碩士論文。呂穎彬，1998，資料庫應用與比較, 工業技術研究院化學工業研究所。李育明，2010，再生能源發展之生命週期評估，綠能生命週期評估與產業發展效益研討會會議論文。李依霓，2010，熱泵產業設計服務策略之研究，國立交通大學管理學院碩士在職專班管理科學組碩士論文。李雲婷，2009，利用生命週期評估方法評估雨水貯蓄材質對環境之影響，國立臺灣海洋大學河海工程學系研究所碩士論文。宋炎明，2005，熱泵系統應用於溫室內游泳池之節能分析，國立台北科技大學冷凍空調工程學系碩士論文。林益豪，2007，再生能源經濟政策工具之研究，國立政治大學經濟學研究所碩士論文。林育堯、翁黃燦，2009，節約能源產業產品標準、安全及性能檢測技術先期研究及導入委辦計劃。江玄政等，2001，ISO 14000系列─生命週期評估技術與應用手冊，經濟部工業局。黃秉鈞，2007，我國熱泵發展現況與未來趨勢，中華水電冷凍空調，第6 期，88-90 頁。黃瓊儀，2003，人造纖維產品之生命週期評估研究，國立成功大學環境工程學研究所碩士論文。曾詠恩，2005，台灣地區風力發電之潛力分析與生命週期評估，國立臺北大學公共事務學院自然資源與環境管理研究所碩士論文。經濟部能源局，2010，中華民國99 年能源統計手冊，經濟部能源局。綠基會，2006，熱泵熱水系統Q&A 節能技術手冊，財團法人台灣綠色生產力基金會節約能源中心。廖建順、韋宗楒，2009，小型空調機市場發展趨勢簡介，冷凍空調&能源科技，第57 期，44-59 頁。廖卿惠，2010，台灣永續能源發展之潛勢分析，國立台灣大學環境工程學研究所博士論文。鄭維嶽、韋宗楒，2008，北美洲熱泵市場的概況，中華水電冷凍空調，第22 期，56-62 頁。鄭維嶽、廖建順，2008，亞洲和太平洋地區熱泵技術概況，中華冷凍空調，第24 期，54-63 頁。鄭維嶽、林師培，2009，歐洲熱泵的現況和趨勢，中華水電冷凍空調，第26 期，25-35 頁劉家豪，2004，IC 製造業產品生命週期分析，國立成功大學環境工程學研究所碩士論文。劉書宏，2010，建築物地源熱泵系統之生命週期評估，國立臺北大學公共事務學院自然資源與環境管理研究所碩士論文。Angela Arpk, Neil Hutzler,2006. 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