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題名 產業結構對小孩照顧時間的影響
The influence of industrial structure on childcare time
作者 蔡淑清
Tsai, Shu Ching
貢獻者 李浩仲<br>翁永和
Li, Hao Chung<br>Weng, Yung Ho
蔡淑清
Tsai, Shu Ching
關鍵詞 產業結構差異
勞力密集程度
照顧小孩時間
industrial structure
labor-intensive level
childcare time
日期 2011
上傳時間 30-Oct-2012 11:09:39 (UTC+8)
摘要 美國於過去30至40年來，女性勞動參與率大幅增加，然而女性照顧小孩的時間卻仍呈現增長的趨勢；若以男性來看，也可發現照顧小孩的時間呈現穩定成長。為了探討此現象，我們進而搜集父母照顧小孩的相關資料，發現父母照顧小孩時間與教育程度的報酬率有關，故想研究父母照顧小孩時間與一個地區產業結構之相關性。在本文中，我們針對一個地區的勞力密集程度與父母教育小孩時間進行分析，而著重於體力的探討是因為本文假設從事體力密集的工作者較不具區域遷徙性，進而討論此特性對於父母照顧小孩的時間影響為何。
本研究的貢獻，在於以美國的州別為單位，利用不同職業所使用的勞力程度與其在各州分佈的比例，形成州與州之間產業結構的差異，並深入分析此差異對於父母照顧小孩時間的影響。由實證結果可發現，勞力密集程度與父母照顧小孩時間呈現負相關，且對於不同性別小孩的照顧時間並無顯著差異，表示父母對於不同性別小孩的重視程度相當。此外，教育程度不同的父母親，照顧小孩時間的差異性不大，表示產業結構的差異為全面性的影響，不因父母教育程度的不同而有所改變。最後，父母減少照顧小孩的時間主要來自於教育及接送時間，且對於0至11歲的小孩影響最大，表示勞力密集程度越高，使得父母對於小孩的人力資本投資自幼較不那麼重視。
In the United States, women’s labor force participation rapidly rises over the past several decades; however, the amount of time women spent with children increases as well. On the other hand, man’s time with children has the same trend as women. For finding potential explanations of parents’ childcare time increased, we collect related literatures on this issue. It reveals that increasing time may be a response to a return on parents’ education. Here, we claim the strong correlation between the childcare time and industrial structure. We take physical factors to define industrial structure in that we assume labor-intensive workers are less mobile across regions. We discuss this assumption would impact on the parents’ childcare time.
We estimate difference in industrial structure between states in America and discuss this effect on parents’ childcare time. By several empirical results, we summarize that (a) there is a negative relationship between labor-intensive levels and childcare time, (b) the sex of children and parents’ education degree would not affect empirical results, (c) decreasing childcare time of parents comes from educational time and travel time, and (d) the drop in childcare time was particularly pronounced among those children ranges from 0 to 11. This conclusion implies that parents neglect human capital development of children.
參考文獻 Aguiar, Mark and Erik Hurst (2007), Measuring Trends in Leisure: The Allocation of Time Over Five Decades, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 122(3): 969-1006.
Autor, David H., and David Dorn (2011), The Growth of Low Skill Service Jobs and the Polarization of the U.S. Labor Market, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper, No. 15150.
Bianchi, Suzanne M. (2011), Family Change and Time Allocation in American Families, the ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 638(1):21-44.
Bianchi, Suzanne M. (2000), Maternal Employment and Time With Children: Dramatic Change or Surprising Continuity? Demography, Vol. 37(4): 401–414.
Bianchi, Suzanne M. and John P. Robinson (1997), What Did You Do Today? Children`s Use of Time, Family Composition, and the Acquisition of Social Capital, Journal of Marriage and the Family, Vol. 59(2): 332-344.
Bound, John, Brad Hershbein, and Bridget Terry Long (2009), Playing the Admissions Game: Student Reactions to Increasing College Competition, Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, Vol. 23(4): 119-46.

Bryant, W. Keith and Cathleen D. Zick (1996), Are We Investing Less in the Next Generation? Historical Trends in Time Spent Caring for Children, Journal of Family and Economic, Vol. 17(3-4): 365-92.
Bureau of Labor Statistics and U.S. Census Bureau. The American Time Use Survey. 2003-2010.
Cooksey, Elizabeth C. and Michelle M. Fondell (1996), Spending Time With His Kids: Effects of Family Structure on Fathers` and Children`s Live, Journal of Marriage and the Family, Vol. 58(3): 693-707.
Ellison, Glenn and Edward L. Glaeser (1997), Geographic Concentration in U.S. Manufacturing Industries: A Dartboard Approach, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 105(4): 889-927.
Glaeser, Edward L., and Joshua D. Gottlieb (2009), The Wealth of Cities: Agglomeration Economies and Spatial Equilibrium in the United States, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 47(4): 983-1028.
Gauthier, Ann H., Timothy M. Smeeding, and Frank F. Furstenberg. Jr. (2004), Are Parents Investing Less Time in Children? Trends in Selected Industrialized Countries. Population and Development Review, Vol. 30(4): 647-671.
Guryan, Jonathan, Erik Hurst, and Melissa Schettini Kearney (2008), Parental Education and Parental Time with Children, Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, Vol. 22(3), 23-46.

Hofferth, Sandra L. (2008), Changes in American Children’s Time-1997 to 2003, Electron Int J Time Use Res., Vol. 6(1): 26-47.
Kimmel, Jean and Rachel Connelly (2007), Mothers’ Time Choices: Caregiving, Leisure, Home Production, and Paid Work, Journal of Human Resources, Vol. XLII, No. 3, 643-681.
Levey, Hilary Leigh (2009), Playing To Win: Raising Children in a Competitive Culture, Princeton University, No. 3364540.
Mahoney, Joseph L., Angel L. Harris, and Jacquelynne S. Eccles (2006), Organized Activity Participation, Positive Youth Development, and the Over-Scheduling Hypothesis, Social Policy Report, Vol. 20(4).
Ramey, Garey and Valerie Ramey (2009), The Rug Rat Race, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper, No. 15284.
Sayer, Liana C., Suzanne M. Bianchi, and John P. Robinson (2004), Are Parents Investing Less in Childcare? Trends in Mothers’ and Fathers’ Time with Children, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 110: 1-43.

Sayer, Liana C., Anne H. Gauthier, and Frank F. Furstenberg. Jr. (2004), Educational Differences in Parents’ Time with Children: Cross-National Variations, Journal of Marriage and Family, Vol. 66(5): 1152-1169.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
經濟學系
99258028
100
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0992580281
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 李浩仲<br>翁永和zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Li, Hao Chung<br>Weng, Yung Hoen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 蔡淑清zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Tsai, Shu Chingen_US
dc.creator (作者) 蔡淑清zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Tsai, Shu Chingen_US
dc.date (日期) 2011en_US
dc.date.accessioned 30-Oct-2012 11:09:39 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 30-Oct-2012 11:09:39 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 30-Oct-2012 11:09:39 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0992580281en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/54482-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 經濟學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 99258028zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 100zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 美國於過去30至40年來，女性勞動參與率大幅增加，然而女性照顧小孩的時間卻仍呈現增長的趨勢；若以男性來看，也可發現照顧小孩的時間呈現穩定成長。為了探討此現象，我們進而搜集父母照顧小孩的相關資料，發現父母照顧小孩時間與教育程度的報酬率有關，故想研究父母照顧小孩時間與一個地區產業結構之相關性。在本文中，我們針對一個地區的勞力密集程度與父母教育小孩時間進行分析，而著重於體力的探討是因為本文假設從事體力密集的工作者較不具區域遷徙性，進而討論此特性對於父母照顧小孩的時間影響為何。
本研究的貢獻，在於以美國的州別為單位，利用不同職業所使用的勞力程度與其在各州分佈的比例，形成州與州之間產業結構的差異，並深入分析此差異對於父母照顧小孩時間的影響。由實證結果可發現，勞力密集程度與父母照顧小孩時間呈現負相關，且對於不同性別小孩的照顧時間並無顯著差異，表示父母對於不同性別小孩的重視程度相當。此外，教育程度不同的父母親，照顧小孩時間的差異性不大，表示產業結構的差異為全面性的影響，不因父母教育程度的不同而有所改變。最後，父母減少照顧小孩的時間主要來自於教育及接送時間，且對於0至11歲的小孩影響最大，表示勞力密集程度越高，使得父母對於小孩的人力資本投資自幼較不那麼重視。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) In the United States, women’s labor force participation rapidly rises over the past several decades; however, the amount of time women spent with children increases as well. On the other hand, man’s time with children has the same trend as women. For finding potential explanations of parents’ childcare time increased, we collect related literatures on this issue. It reveals that increasing time may be a response to a return on parents’ education. Here, we claim the strong correlation between the childcare time and industrial structure. We take physical factors to define industrial structure in that we assume labor-intensive workers are less mobile across regions. We discuss this assumption would impact on the parents’ childcare time.
We estimate difference in industrial structure between states in America and discuss this effect on parents’ childcare time. By several empirical results, we summarize that (a) there is a negative relationship between labor-intensive levels and childcare time, (b) the sex of children and parents’ education degree would not affect empirical results, (c) decreasing childcare time of parents comes from educational time and travel time, and (d) the drop in childcare time was particularly pronounced among those children ranges from 0 to 11. This conclusion implies that parents neglect human capital development of children.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論………………………………………………......1
第一節研究背景及動機………………………………....1
第二節 相關文獻探討………………………………......3
第三節 研究流程………………………………………………...8
第二章 資料描述……………………………………………..9
第一節 資料來源及樣本選擇…………………………..9
第二節 樣本趨勢及敘述統計………………………….16
第三章 模型建立………………………………………….....24
第一節 變數的定義………………………………….....24
第二節 實證模型建立………………………………….31
第四章 實證結果分析……………………………………….33
第五章 結論及建議……………………………………….....44
第一節 研究結論……………………………………….44
第二節 未來方向及建議……………………………….46
參考文獻……………………………………………………...47
附錄…………………………………………………………...50		zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0992580281en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 產業結構差異zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 勞力密集程度zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 照顧小孩時間zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) industrial structureen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) labor-intensive levelen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) childcare timeen_US
dc.title (題名) 產業結構對小孩照顧時間的影響zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The influence of industrial structure on childcare timeen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Aguiar, Mark and Erik Hurst (2007), Measuring Trends in Leisure: The Allocation of Time Over Five Decades, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 122(3): 969-1006.
Autor, David H., and David Dorn (2011), The Growth of Low Skill Service Jobs and the Polarization of the U.S. Labor Market, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper, No. 15150.
Bianchi, Suzanne M. (2011), Family Change and Time Allocation in American Families, the ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 638(1):21-44.
Bianchi, Suzanne M. (2000), Maternal Employment and Time With Children: Dramatic Change or Surprising Continuity? Demography, Vol. 37(4): 401–414.
Bianchi, Suzanne M. and John P. Robinson (1997), What Did You Do Today? Children`s Use of Time, Family Composition, and the Acquisition of Social Capital, Journal of Marriage and the Family, Vol. 59(2): 332-344.
Bound, John, Brad Hershbein, and Bridget Terry Long (2009), Playing the Admissions Game: Student Reactions to Increasing College Competition, Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, Vol. 23(4): 119-46.

Bryant, W. Keith and Cathleen D. Zick (1996), Are We Investing Less in the Next Generation? Historical Trends in Time Spent Caring for Children, Journal of Family and Economic, Vol. 17(3-4): 365-92.
Bureau of Labor Statistics and U.S. Census Bureau. The American Time Use Survey. 2003-2010.
Cooksey, Elizabeth C. and Michelle M. Fondell (1996), Spending Time With His Kids: Effects of Family Structure on Fathers` and Children`s Live, Journal of Marriage and the Family, Vol. 58(3): 693-707.
Ellison, Glenn and Edward L. Glaeser (1997), Geographic Concentration in U.S. Manufacturing Industries: A Dartboard Approach, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 105(4): 889-927.
Glaeser, Edward L., and Joshua D. Gottlieb (2009), The Wealth of Cities: Agglomeration Economies and Spatial Equilibrium in the United States, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 47(4): 983-1028.
Gauthier, Ann H., Timothy M. Smeeding, and Frank F. Furstenberg. Jr. (2004), Are Parents Investing Less Time in Children? Trends in Selected Industrialized Countries. Population and Development Review, Vol. 30(4): 647-671.
Guryan, Jonathan, Erik Hurst, and Melissa Schettini Kearney (2008), Parental Education and Parental Time with Children, Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, Vol. 22(3), 23-46.

Hofferth, Sandra L. (2008), Changes in American Children’s Time-1997 to 2003, Electron Int J Time Use Res., Vol. 6(1): 26-47.
Kimmel, Jean and Rachel Connelly (2007), Mothers’ Time Choices: Caregiving, Leisure, Home Production, and Paid Work, Journal of Human Resources, Vol. XLII, No. 3, 643-681.
Levey, Hilary Leigh (2009), Playing To Win: Raising Children in a Competitive Culture, Princeton University, No. 3364540.
Mahoney, Joseph L., Angel L. Harris, and Jacquelynne S. Eccles (2006), Organized Activity Participation, Positive Youth Development, and the Over-Scheduling Hypothesis, Social Policy Report, Vol. 20(4).
Ramey, Garey and Valerie Ramey (2009), The Rug Rat Race, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper, No. 15284.
Sayer, Liana C., Suzanne M. Bianchi, and John P. Robinson (2004), Are Parents Investing Less in Childcare? Trends in Mothers’ and Fathers’ Time with Children, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 110: 1-43.

Sayer, Liana C., Anne H. Gauthier, and Frank F. Furstenberg. Jr. (2004), Educational Differences in Parents’ Time with Children: Cross-National Variations, Journal of Marriage and Family, Vol. 66(5): 1152-1169.		zh_TW