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題名 漢語親子對話中的問答現象
Questions and Responses in Mandarin Parent-child Conversation作者 林以舷
Lin, Yi Xian貢獻者 黃瓊之
Huang, Chiung Chih
林以舷
Lin, Yi Xian關鍵詞 問句
回應
語言習得
語用發展
母子互動
questions
responses
language acquisition
pragmatic development
mother-child interaction日期 2011 上傳時間 30-十月-2012 11:16:26 (UTC+8) 摘要 本研究旨在探討漢語母子對話中孩童問句的語言形式和語用功能，以及其問句和母親回應之間的關係。研究語料來自於一對以漢語為母語的母子在日常生活的對話，孩童的年紀約為二至三歲。研究將孩童問句的語用功能分為四類：詢問訊息(informational)、請求行為(directive)、對話修補(conversational)以及針對自我(self-directed)。母親針對孩童問句所作的回應分為三類：直接回應(answers)、非直接回應(non-answer responses)與無回應(no answers)。研究發現漢語孩童大量依賴疑問詞問句和語助詞問句，而隨著年紀增長，孩童的問句語言形式也更趨多元。研究也發現孩童多使用問句來詢問訊息，而孩童使用問句執行對話修補功能的比例也隨著年紀增長而有所增加，另外，執行此項功能的問句的語言形式也隨年紀增長而越加豐富。最後，研究發現孩童問句多伴隨母親的回應，而母親的回應有時會重複孩童問句或以問句形式出現鼓勵孩童參與對話。
The study aims to investigate forms and functions the child’s questions and their relations to the mother’s responses in Mandarin mother-child conversations. The data examined are from one mother-child dyad. The child is around two and three years old. The pragmatic functions of the child’s questions are categorized into four types: informational, directive, conversational and self-directed. The mother’s responses to the child’s questions are categorized into three types: answers, non-answer responses and no answers. The results show that the child mostly uses wh-questions and sentence-final particle questions. As the child grows older, the question forms he uses become more various. In addition, the child uses questions mainly to ask for factual knowledge. The child’s questions which repair the breakdown of the conversation are significant as the child grows older. The result suggests that the child gradually becomes a skillful conversationalist. Last, the data reveals that the child’s questions are mostly followed by the mother’s responses, and the mother’s responses may be related to the pragmatic functions of the child’s questions. The mother’s responses also exhibit some characteristics in child-directed speech in order to encourage the child’s participation in verbal interactions.參考文獻 Austin, J. L. (1962). How to do things with words. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Chang, Chung-yin. (1997). A Discourse Analysis of Questions in Mandarin Conversation. M.A. Thesis. Taipei: National Taiwan University.Dore, J. (1977). Oh them sheriff: A pragmatic analysis of children’s responses to questions. In Ervin-Tripp S. & Mitchell-Kernan C. (eds.) Child Discourse. New York: Academic Press.Einbond, J. (1997). The development of children’s responses to questions: a comparison of English and French. M.A. Thesis. Harvard Graduate School of Education. Elliot, A. J. (1981). Child language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Ervin-Tripp, S. (1978). Some features of early child-adult dialogues. Language in Society, 7 (3), 357-373. Faughn, S. B. (2009). The influence of children’s age and gender on mothers’questions and children’s responses. M.A. Thesis. California State University, Sacramento. Freed, A. F. (1994). The form and function of questions in informal dyadic conversation. Journal of Pragmatics, 21, 621-644.Hayashi, M. (2010). An overview of the question-response system in Japanese. Journal of Pragmatics, 42 (10), 2685-2702. Ho, S. W. Gloric. (2000). The pragmatic functions of children’s questions. M. A. Thesis. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong.Holzman, M. (1972). The use of interrogative forms in the verbal interaction of three mothers and their children. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 1 (4), 311-336.Huang, Rui-heng Ray. (2008). Deriving VP-neg questions in Modern Chinese: A unified analysis of A-not-A syntax. Taiwan Journal of Linguistics 6.1: 1-54.Hsu, Joseph H. (1996). A study of the Stages of Development and Acquisition of Mandarin Chinese by Children in Taiwan. Taipei: The Crane Publishing Co.James, S. L. & Seebach M. A. (1982). The pragmatic function of children’s questions. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 25, 2-11.Kaye, K & Charney, R. (1981). Conversational asymmetry between mothers and children. Journal of Child Language, 8, 39-45.Kearsley, G. (1976). Questions and question-asking in verbal discourse: A cross-disciplinary review. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 5 (4), 355-375.Li, C. & Thompson, S. A. (1981). Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar. Los Angeles: University of California Press.Lu, W. Y. (2005). Sentence-final particles as attitude markers in Mandarin Chinese. Ph. D. These. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.Nino, A. & Snow, C. E. (1996). Pragmatic Development: Essays in Developmental Science. USA: Westview Press, Inc. Olsen-Fulero, L & Jill Conforti. (1983). Child responsiveness to mother questions of varying type and presentation. Journal of Child Language, 10 (3), 495-520.Owen, R. E. (1984). Language development: An introduction. Columbus: Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company.Paavola, L. & Kunnari, S. & Moilanen, I. & Lehtihalmes, M. (2005). The functions of maternal verbal responses to prelinguistic infants as predictors of early communicative and linguistic development. First Language, 25 (2), 173-195.Przetacznik-Gierowska, M & Ligęza, M. (1990). Cognitive and interpersonal functions of children`s questions. In Conti-Ramsden G. & Snow C. E., (ed.) Children’s Language, 7. England: Psychology Press. Schegloff, E. A., Sacks, H. & Jefferson, G. (1974). A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation. Language, 50, 696-735.Shatz, M. (1979). How to do things by asking: Form-function pairings in mothers’questions and their relation to children’s responses. Child Development, 50, 1093-1099.Sinclair A. & R. van Gessel. (1990). The form and function of questions in children’s conversations. Journal of Pragmatics, 14, 923-944.Snow, C. (1972). Mothers’ speech to children learning language. Child Development, 43, 549-565.Snow, C. (1986). Conversations with Children. In Fletcher P. & Garman M. (eds.), Langauge acquisition: Studies in first language development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Stivers, Tanya & Enfield N. J. (2010). Question-response sequences across ten languages. Journal of Pragmatics, 42, 2615-2626.Tamis-LeMonda, C. S. & Bornstein, M. H. & Baumwell, L. (2001). Maternal responsiveness and children’s achievement of language milestones. Child Development, 72 (3), 748-767.Tizard, B. & Hughes, M. & Carmichaei, H. & Pinkerton, G. (1983). Children’s questions and adults’ answers. Journal of Child Psychology Psychiatry, 24 (2), 269-281.Tyack, D. & Ingram, D. (1977). Children’s production and comprehension of questions. Journal of Child Language, 5, 221-236.Vaidyanathan, R. (1988). Development of forms and functions of interrogatives in children: A longitudinal study in Tamil. Journal of Child Language, 15 (3), 533-549.Wootten, J., Merkin, S., Hood, L. & Bloom, L. (1979). Wh-questions: Linguistic evidence to explain the sequence of acquisition. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, San Francisco.Yuen, C. P. Kevin. (1994). Response to question-words of Cantonese-speaking preschool children. M. A. Thesis. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
97555001
100資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097555001 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 黃瓊之 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Huang, Chiung Chih en_US dc.contributor.author (作者) 林以舷 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) Lin, Yi Xian en_US dc.creator (作者) 林以舷 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Lin, Yi Xian en_US dc.date (日期) 2011 en_US dc.date.accessioned 30-十月-2012 11:16:26 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 30-十月-2012 11:16:26 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 30-十月-2012 11:16:26 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0097555001 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/54510 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 97555001 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 100 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究旨在探討漢語母子對話中孩童問句的語言形式和語用功能，以及其問句和母親回應之間的關係。研究語料來自於一對以漢語為母語的母子在日常生活的對話，孩童的年紀約為二至三歲。研究將孩童問句的語用功能分為四類：詢問訊息(informational)、請求行為(directive)、對話修補(conversational)以及針對自我(self-directed)。母親針對孩童問句所作的回應分為三類：直接回應(answers)、非直接回應(non-answer responses)與無回應(no answers)。研究發現漢語孩童大量依賴疑問詞問句和語助詞問句，而隨著年紀增長，孩童的問句語言形式也更趨多元。研究也發現孩童多使用問句來詢問訊息，而孩童使用問句執行對話修補功能的比例也隨著年紀增長而有所增加，另外，執行此項功能的問句的語言形式也隨年紀增長而越加豐富。最後，研究發現孩童問句多伴隨母親的回應，而母親的回應有時會重複孩童問句或以問句形式出現鼓勵孩童參與對話。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) The study aims to investigate forms and functions the child’s questions and their relations to the mother’s responses in Mandarin mother-child conversations. The data examined are from one mother-child dyad. The child is around two and three years old. The pragmatic functions of the child’s questions are categorized into four types: informational, directive, conversational and self-directed. The mother’s responses to the child’s questions are categorized into three types: answers, non-answer responses and no answers. The results show that the child mostly uses wh-questions and sentence-final particle questions. As the child grows older, the question forms he uses become more various. In addition, the child uses questions mainly to ask for factual knowledge. The child’s questions which repair the breakdown of the conversation are significant as the child grows older. The result suggests that the child gradually becomes a skillful conversationalist. Last, the data reveals that the child’s questions are mostly followed by the mother’s responses, and the mother’s responses may be related to the pragmatic functions of the child’s questions. The mother’s responses also exhibit some characteristics in child-directed speech in order to encourage the child’s participation in verbal interactions. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents Chapter 1 Introduction ……………………………………………… 1 1.1 Background and motivation………………………………… 1 1.2 Purpose of the study ………………………………………4 1.3 Organization ………………………………………………… 4Chapter 2 Literature Review………………………………………… 5 2.1 Studies of questions in pragmatics …………………5 2.1.1 Pragmatic perspective ………………………………… 5 2.1.2 Conversational perspective …………………………… 7 2.2 Child language acquisition of questions …………9 2.2.1 Development of children’s questions …………… 9 2.2.2 Pragmatic functions of children’s questions ……11 2.2.3 Mothers’ responses to children’s questions …15 2.3 Questions in Chinese …………………………………… 16 2.3.1 Categorization of question forms in Mandarin Chinese ……………………………………………………………………… 16 2.3.2 The studies of child language acquisition of questions in Chinese ……………………………………………………19Chapter 3 Methodology ………………………………………………… 22 3.1 Subjects and data …………………………………………22 3.2 Analytical framework ……………………………………… 22 3.2.1 Question types in Mandarin Chinese ………………23 3.2.2 Pragmatic functions of questions …………………29 3.2.3 Types of responses to questions ………………………33 3.3 Coding system ……………………………………………… 35Chapter 4 Results ……………………………………………………… 37 4.1 The child’s questions ……………………………………37 4.1.1 The linguistic forms of the child`s questions…37 4.1.2 The pragmatic functions of the child`s questions ………………………………………………………………………………… 42 4.1.3 Form-function mapping of the child`s questions…51 4.2 The mother’s responses to the child`s questions…………………………………………………………………… 60Chapter 5 Discussion and Conclusion …………………………… 74 5.1 The child’s development of questions ……………74 5.2 The child as a conversationalist …………………… 77 5.3 The mother’s responsiveness in mother-child interactions…………………………………………………………………78 5.4 Limitation and suggestion for future research …79Appendix ………………………………………………………………………81References ……………………………………………………………………85 zh_TW dc.language.iso en_US - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097555001 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 問句 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 回應 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語言習得 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語用發展 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 母子互動 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) questions en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) responses en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) language acquisition en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) pragmatic development en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) mother-child interaction en_US dc.title (題名) 漢語親子對話中的問答現象 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Questions and Responses in Mandarin Parent-child Conversation en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Austin, J. L. (1962). How to do things with words. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Chang, Chung-yin. (1997). A Discourse Analysis of Questions in Mandarin Conversation. M.A. Thesis. Taipei: National Taiwan University.Dore, J. (1977). Oh them sheriff: A pragmatic analysis of children’s responses to questions. In Ervin-Tripp S. & Mitchell-Kernan C. (eds.) Child Discourse. New York: Academic Press.Einbond, J. (1997). The development of children’s responses to questions: a comparison of English and French. M.A. Thesis. Harvard Graduate School of Education. Elliot, A. J. (1981). Child language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Ervin-Tripp, S. (1978). Some features of early child-adult dialogues. Language in Society, 7 (3), 357-373. Faughn, S. B. (2009). The influence of children’s age and gender on mothers’questions and children’s responses. M.A. Thesis. California State University, Sacramento. Freed, A. F. (1994). The form and function of questions in informal dyadic conversation. Journal of Pragmatics, 21, 621-644.Hayashi, M. (2010). An overview of the question-response system in Japanese. Journal of Pragmatics, 42 (10), 2685-2702. Ho, S. W. Gloric. (2000). The pragmatic functions of children’s questions. M. A. Thesis. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong.Holzman, M. (1972). The use of interrogative forms in the verbal interaction of three mothers and their children. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 1 (4), 311-336.Huang, Rui-heng Ray. (2008). Deriving VP-neg questions in Modern Chinese: A unified analysis of A-not-A syntax. Taiwan Journal of Linguistics 6.1: 1-54.Hsu, Joseph H. (1996). A study of the Stages of Development and Acquisition of Mandarin Chinese by Children in Taiwan. Taipei: The Crane Publishing Co.James, S. L. & Seebach M. A. (1982). The pragmatic function of children’s questions. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 25, 2-11.Kaye, K & Charney, R. (1981). Conversational asymmetry between mothers and children. Journal of Child Language, 8, 39-45.Kearsley, G. (1976). Questions and question-asking in verbal discourse: A cross-disciplinary review. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 5 (4), 355-375.Li, C. & Thompson, S. A. (1981). Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar. Los Angeles: University of California Press.Lu, W. Y. (2005). Sentence-final particles as attitude markers in Mandarin Chinese. Ph. D. These. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.Nino, A. & Snow, C. E. (1996). Pragmatic Development: Essays in Developmental Science. USA: Westview Press, Inc. Olsen-Fulero, L & Jill Conforti. (1983). Child responsiveness to mother questions of varying type and presentation. Journal of Child Language, 10 (3), 495-520.Owen, R. E. (1984). Language development: An introduction. Columbus: Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company.Paavola, L. & Kunnari, S. & Moilanen, I. & Lehtihalmes, M. (2005). The functions of maternal verbal responses to prelinguistic infants as predictors of early communicative and linguistic development. First Language, 25 (2), 173-195.Przetacznik-Gierowska, M & Ligęza, M. (1990). Cognitive and interpersonal functions of children`s questions. In Conti-Ramsden G. & Snow C. E., (ed.) Children’s Language, 7. England: Psychology Press. Schegloff, E. A., Sacks, H. & Jefferson, G. (1974). A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation. Language, 50, 696-735.Shatz, M. (1979). How to do things by asking: Form-function pairings in mothers’questions and their relation to children’s responses. Child Development, 50, 1093-1099.Sinclair A. & R. van Gessel. (1990). The form and function of questions in children’s conversations. Journal of Pragmatics, 14, 923-944.Snow, C. (1972). Mothers’ speech to children learning language. Child Development, 43, 549-565.Snow, C. (1986). Conversations with Children. In Fletcher P. & Garman M. (eds.), Langauge acquisition: Studies in first language development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Stivers, Tanya & Enfield N. J. (2010). Question-response sequences across ten languages. Journal of Pragmatics, 42, 2615-2626.Tamis-LeMonda, C. S. & Bornstein, M. H. & Baumwell, L. (2001). Maternal responsiveness and children’s achievement of language milestones. Child Development, 72 (3), 748-767.Tizard, B. & Hughes, M. & Carmichaei, H. & Pinkerton, G. (1983). Children’s questions and adults’ answers. Journal of Child Psychology Psychiatry, 24 (2), 269-281.Tyack, D. & Ingram, D. (1977). Children’s production and comprehension of questions. Journal of Child Language, 5, 221-236.Vaidyanathan, R. (1988). Development of forms and functions of interrogatives in children: A longitudinal study in Tamil. Journal of Child Language, 15 (3), 533-549.Wootten, J., Merkin, S., Hood, L. & Bloom, L. (1979). Wh-questions: Linguistic evidence to explain the sequence of acquisition. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, San Francisco.Yuen, C. P. Kevin. (1994). Response to question-words of Cantonese-speaking preschool children. M. A. Thesis. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong. zh_TW
