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題名 海陸腔客語母音的聲學研究
An acoustic study of Hai-lu Hakka vowels
作者 李晉瑋
Li, Chin Wei
貢獻者 萬依萍
Wan, I Ping
李晉瑋
Li, Chin Wei
關鍵詞 海陸腔客語
聲學空間圖
母音音質
聲學語音學
共振峰頻率
Hai-lu Hakka
vowel space
vowel quality
acoustic phonetics
formant frequency
日期 2011
上傳時間 30-十月-2012 11:16:28 (UTC+8)
摘要 本論文為以共振峰頻率資料來研究海陸腔客語母音音質之聲學研究。
語言學的文獻中，以共振峰頻率資料來研究世界上各種語言的母音的音質已經有相當豐富的文獻，在過去五十年來，前人在客語的語音及音韻系統上已經有豐富的研究成果。但以聲學資料來對海陸客語做描述的文獻相當缺乏。
本研究的受試者為居住在新竹縣新埔鎮，六位以海陸腔客家話為母語的人士，其中有三名男性及三名女性。本研究使用了32個測試字，包含了單元音、雙合元音及三合元音。語音資料是利用KAY CSL 4100 (KAY Electronics)來做分析。本研究測試字包含的音節結構有:CV, CVV, CVVC, CVC, 以及CVVV。測試字在實驗的過程中，被受試者單獨發音，或是放在句子中間。在實驗資料完成分析後，我們以Origin 6.0軟體繪出海陸腔客語母音的聲學空間圖。
根據供振峰研究資料，本研究得到以下有關海陸腔客語母音音質的表現。首先關於單元音，海陸腔客語共有六個單元音: [i], [e], [ɨ], [a], [o], 以及 [u]。其次，海陸腔客語共有十一個雙元音: [ie], [ia], [io], [iu], [eu], [ai], [au], [oi], [ui], [ue], 以及 [ua]。我們比較單元音及雙元音的聲學空間圖(vowel space)後，發現相同的母音在雙母音的環境下，由於受到鄰近母音發音位置的影響，在聲學空間上，比起在單母音的時候，變的更高低，或更前或後。第三，三母音[iai], [iau]和[uai]在聲譜圖上的表現，第一個母音[i]和[u]都比其後的兩個母音，長度來的相對的短一些，表現很像是滑音[j]和[w]。
最後，本研究以共振峰聲學頻率的形式描述及記錄了當代海陸腔客語母音的音質，前人的研究中，以楊時逢(1952)最能說明本研究所提供的聲學資料。希望這些資料能對海陸腔客語母音的研究有所貢獻。
This thesis is an acoustic study that investigates the vowel quality of Hai-lu Hakka vowels with formant frequency data.
The acoustic method has been widely applied to the study of vowel quality of languages worldwide. In the past 50 years, Hakka researchers have yielded rich results in phonological system and phonetic description of Hakka, but there are relatively fewer research focus on the acoustic properties and characteristics of vowel phones in Hai-lu Hakka.
The subjects of this study included three male and three female native Hai-lu Hakka speakers. Testing items used in this study were 32 syllables that involve monophthongs, diphthongs, and triphthongs. The speech data were analyzed by using KAY CSL 4100 (KAY Electronics). The data discussed in this study were testing items produced in citation form and sentence form, including the following syllable structures: CV, CVC, CVV, CVVC, and CVVV. The vowel qualities of Hai-lu Hakka vowels were measured and analyzed, and the acoustic vowel space of Hai-lu Hakka is plotted by the software Origin 6.0.
Several results concerning the vowel quality of Hai-lu Hakka vowels were reported based on the formant frequency data. Firstly, there are six monophthongs in the vowel system of Hailu Hakka: [i], [e], [ɨ], [a], [o], and [u]. Secondly, there are eleven diphthongs in the vowel system of Hai-lu Hakka : [ie], [ia], [io], [iu], [eu], [ai], [au], [oi], [ui], [ue], and [ua]. By comparing the relative position of the vowel in a diphthong and the corresponding vowel as in a monophthong, we found that the second vowel in a diphthong tend to be higher or lower, more fontal or back, and it is possibly due to the coarticulatory influence of the adjacent phones.the Thirdly, as shown in the spectrogram of the three tripthongs [iai], [iau] and [uai], the duration of [i] in [iai55], [i] in [tʰiau55] and [u] in [kuai55] are relatively shorter than the rest two vowels in the same syllable, as [ai] in [iai55], [au] in [tʰiau55] and [ai] in [kuai55]. In these CVVV syllables, [u] and [i] are similar to glides or so-called semi-vowels, or approximants [j] and [w] as shown in the spectrogram.
Finally, the vowel system in Yang (1957) is more suitable for accounting for the data in this study. Hopefully, the vowel formant data presented in this study will contribute to the study of vowels in Hakka.
參考文獻 Catford, J. C. (2001). A practical introduction to phonetics. (2nd ed.) Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Chang, S.-P. (2002). Acoustic analysis on Mandarin vowels and tones by severely
hearing-impaired and normal hearing students. Unpublished M.A. Thesis,
National Taiwan Normal University.
Chang, Y.-C. (1998). Taiwan Mandarin vowels: an acoustic investigation. Tsing Hua
Journal of Chinese Studies, 28:3, 255-274.
Chen, S.-C. (2000). Phonological system of Hai-lu Hakka. Unpublished M.A. Thesis,
National Hsinchu University of Education.
Cheng, Ming-chung, Yu-ching Huang, and Ying-chiao Tan. (2009). An
acoustic study of the vowels in Sixian Hakka: Systematicity and Variability.
The Third International Conference on Applied Linguistics (ICAL-3). Chiayi:
National Chiayi University.
Childers, D. G., and Ke Wu. 1991. Gender recognition from speech. Part II: Fine analysis.
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 90:1841-1865.
Chung, R.-F. (2004). An introduction to Taiwan Hakka phonology. Taipei: Wu-Nan Book Inc.
Deng, Y. L. 2007. An acoustic study on the Hakka Palatalized Fricative. M.A.thesis.
National Kaohsiung Normal University.
Zee, E. and Lee, WS. (2008). The effect of vowel duration on formant frequencies –
data from Hakka Chinese. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 123, issue 5, p. 3884
Zee, E. and Lee, WS. (2009). Acoustic analysis of the tones and tone sandhi in Hakka
Chinese. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 05/2009;
125(4):2570.
Fon, J. (2004). An old question but a new answer: doing phonetics can be easy.
Proceedings of the Methodology Workshop on Linguistics, National Chengchi
University.
Gu, G.-S. (2005). Phonology of Taiwan Hakka. In Gu, G.-S. (Ed.), Introduction to Taiwan Hakka, 117-161. Taipei: Wu-Nan Book Inc.
Heid, S., Wesenick M.-B, & Chr. Draxler (1995). Phonetic analysis of vowel
segments in the PhonDat database of spoken German. Proceedings of the XIIIth
International Congress of Phonetic Sciences.
Hoole, P. & Hu, F. (2004). Tone-vowel interaction in Standard Chinese. In International Symposium on Tonal Aspects of Languages (TAL-2004), 89-92.
Howie, J. M. (1976). Acoustical studies of Mandarin vowels and tones. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Hsieh, W.-C. (2006). The Acoustic Study on the Phonetic System of Southern Min.
Unpublished M.A. Thesis, National Kaohsiung Normal University.
the International Phonetic Association. (1999). Handbook of the International
Phonetic Association: a guide to use the International Phonetic Alphabet.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kent, R. & C. Read. (1992). The Acoustic analysis of speech. San Diego: Singular
Publishing Group, INC.
Kent, Ray D., and Charles Read. 2002. The Acoustic Analysis of Speech. San Diego: Singular Press.
Ladefoged, P. (1962). Elements of acoustic phonetics. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press.
Ladefoged, P. (1971). Preliminaries to linguistic phonetics. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
Ladefoged, P. (2001). Vowels and consonants: An introduction to the sounds of
languages. Oxford: Blackwell.
Ladefoged, P. (2003). Phonetic data analysis: an introduction to fieldwork and
instrumental techniques. Oxford: Blackwell.
Ladefoged, P. (2006). A course in phonetics. (5th ed.). Boston: Thomson
Wadswordth.
Ladefoged, P. & I. Maddieson. (1996). The sounds of the world’s languages. Oxford:
Blackwell.
Liang, C. W. (2004). The Acoustic Characteristics of Hakka Consonants and Vowels.
M.A. thesis. National Kaohsiung Normal University.
Liu, H. M., Tseng, C.-H. & Tsao, F. M. (1999). The speech acoustic characteristic of
Mandarin phonetic contrasts. Proceedings of the National Science Council (Part
C: Humanities and Social Sciences), 9:4, 726-738.
Liu, J. R. (2007). Tonal Representations and Coarticulation in Ta-pu Hakka. M.A.
thesis. National Taiwan University.
Lo, Z. J. (1990). The Hakka Language in Taiwan. Taipei: Tai-yuen.
Peterson, G.E., and Barney, H.L., (1952). Control methods used in a study of the
vowels. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 24, 175-184.
Thomas, E. R. (2001). An acoustic analysis of vowel variation in new world English.
Duke University Press.
Tsao, J.-F. & Yang, S.-A. (1984). Beijinghua fuheyuanin de shiyan yanjiu [An
experimental study on the diphthongs in Beijing speech]. Zhongguo yuwen
[Chinese language and literature], 6, 427-433.
Tse, K.-P. (1988). Acoustic properties of the coronal affricates and fricatives in
Mandarin Chinese: a spectrographic analysis. Taipei: The Crane Publishing.
Tse, K.-P. (1997). Guoyu kongyun inxiang texing zhi shengpu fenxi [A spectral
analysis of the acoustic characteristics of Mandarin empty vowel], In F. Tsao &
M. Nishimaki. Taiwan xuezhe hanyu yanjiu wenji [Collection of Taiwanese
scholar’s study on Mandarin]. Tianjing Renmin Chubanshe [Tianjing People’s
Publishing].
Wan, I. P. (2004). Testing the psychological status of the phonological categories.
Proceedings of the Methodology Workshop on Linguistics, National Chengchi
University.
Wu, C.-H. (2009). A paradox in Mandarin vowel inventory: acoustic and articulatory
discrepancies. Paper presented at the 2009 Graduate Student Workshop on
Phonology, National Chengchi University.
Yang, S. F. (1957). The Hakka Dialect in Taoyuan, Taiwan
(Taiwan Taoyuan kejia fangyan). Taipei: The Institute of History and
Philology Monographs.
Yang, S. F. (1971). The Hakka Dialect in Meinong, Taiwan
(Taiwan Meinong kejia fangyan). Taipei: The Institute of History and
Philology Monographs.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
98555008
100
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098555008
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 萬依萍zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Wan, I Pingen_US
dc.contributor.author (作者) 李晉瑋zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) Li, Chin Weien_US
dc.creator (作者) 李晉瑋zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Li, Chin Weien_US
dc.date (日期) 2011en_US
dc.date.accessioned 30-十月-2012 11:16:28 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 30-十月-2012 11:16:28 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 30-十月-2012 11:16:28 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0098555008en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/54512-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 98555008zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 100zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本論文為以共振峰頻率資料來研究海陸腔客語母音音質之聲學研究。
語言學的文獻中，以共振峰頻率資料來研究世界上各種語言的母音的音質已經有相當豐富的文獻，在過去五十年來，前人在客語的語音及音韻系統上已經有豐富的研究成果。但以聲學資料來對海陸客語做描述的文獻相當缺乏。
本研究的受試者為居住在新竹縣新埔鎮，六位以海陸腔客家話為母語的人士，其中有三名男性及三名女性。本研究使用了32個測試字，包含了單元音、雙合元音及三合元音。語音資料是利用KAY CSL 4100 (KAY Electronics)來做分析。本研究測試字包含的音節結構有:CV, CVV, CVVC, CVC, 以及CVVV。測試字在實驗的過程中，被受試者單獨發音，或是放在句子中間。在實驗資料完成分析後，我們以Origin 6.0軟體繪出海陸腔客語母音的聲學空間圖。
根據供振峰研究資料，本研究得到以下有關海陸腔客語母音音質的表現。首先關於單元音，海陸腔客語共有六個單元音: [i], [e], [ɨ], [a], [o], 以及 [u]。其次，海陸腔客語共有十一個雙元音: [ie], [ia], [io], [iu], [eu], [ai], [au], [oi], [ui], [ue], 以及 [ua]。我們比較單元音及雙元音的聲學空間圖(vowel space)後，發現相同的母音在雙母音的環境下，由於受到鄰近母音發音位置的影響，在聲學空間上，比起在單母音的時候，變的更高低，或更前或後。第三，三母音[iai], [iau]和[uai]在聲譜圖上的表現，第一個母音[i]和[u]都比其後的兩個母音，長度來的相對的短一些，表現很像是滑音[j]和[w]。
最後，本研究以共振峰聲學頻率的形式描述及記錄了當代海陸腔客語母音的音質，前人的研究中，以楊時逢(1952)最能說明本研究所提供的聲學資料。希望這些資料能對海陸腔客語母音的研究有所貢獻。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This thesis is an acoustic study that investigates the vowel quality of Hai-lu Hakka vowels with formant frequency data.
The acoustic method has been widely applied to the study of vowel quality of languages worldwide. In the past 50 years, Hakka researchers have yielded rich results in phonological system and phonetic description of Hakka, but there are relatively fewer research focus on the acoustic properties and characteristics of vowel phones in Hai-lu Hakka.
The subjects of this study included three male and three female native Hai-lu Hakka speakers. Testing items used in this study were 32 syllables that involve monophthongs, diphthongs, and triphthongs. The speech data were analyzed by using KAY CSL 4100 (KAY Electronics). The data discussed in this study were testing items produced in citation form and sentence form, including the following syllable structures: CV, CVC, CVV, CVVC, and CVVV. The vowel qualities of Hai-lu Hakka vowels were measured and analyzed, and the acoustic vowel space of Hai-lu Hakka is plotted by the software Origin 6.0.
Several results concerning the vowel quality of Hai-lu Hakka vowels were reported based on the formant frequency data. Firstly, there are six monophthongs in the vowel system of Hailu Hakka: [i], [e], [ɨ], [a], [o], and [u]. Secondly, there are eleven diphthongs in the vowel system of Hai-lu Hakka : [ie], [ia], [io], [iu], [eu], [ai], [au], [oi], [ui], [ue], and [ua]. By comparing the relative position of the vowel in a diphthong and the corresponding vowel as in a monophthong, we found that the second vowel in a diphthong tend to be higher or lower, more fontal or back, and it is possibly due to the coarticulatory influence of the adjacent phones.the Thirdly, as shown in the spectrogram of the three tripthongs [iai], [iau] and [uai], the duration of [i] in [iai55], [i] in [tʰiau55] and [u] in [kuai55] are relatively shorter than the rest two vowels in the same syllable, as [ai] in [iai55], [au] in [tʰiau55] and [ai] in [kuai55]. In these CVVV syllables, [u] and [i] are similar to glides or so-called semi-vowels, or approximants [j] and [w] as shown in the spectrogram.
Finally, the vowel system in Yang (1957) is more suitable for accounting for the data in this study. Hopefully, the vowel formant data presented in this study will contribute to the study of vowels in Hakka.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgements iv
Table of Contents v
List of Tables ix
List of Figures x
Chinese Abstract xi
English Abstract xii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Hakka Language 2
1.2 Hakka Studies 3
1.3 Purpose of the thesis 5
1.4 Research Questions 6
CHAPTER II. LITERATURE REVIEW 10
2.0 Introduction to vowel transcription 10
2.1 Hakka Phonological System 13
2.1.1 Hakka Syllable Structure 13
2.1.2 Hakka Consonants 14
2.1.3 Hakka Vowels 14
2.1.4 Hakka Tone System 15
2.2 Literature on the Studies of Hai-lu Hakka Vowels 16
2.2.1 The vowel system of Yang (1957) 16
2.2.1.1 Underlying Vowels 16
2.2.1.2 Surface Vowels 16
2.2.1.2.1 High Vowels /i/, /ɨ/, and /u/ 17
2.2.1.2.2 Mid Vowels /e/ and /o/ 18
2.2.1.2.3 Low Vowel /a/ 19
2.2.1.3 Rhyme Structure 19
2.2.2 The Vowel System of Lo (1990) 22
2.2.2.1 Underlying Vowels 22
2.2.2.2 Surface Vowels 22
2.2.2.3 Rhyme structure 23
2.2.3 The vowel system of Chen (2000) 25
2.2.3.1 Underlying vowels 25
2.1.3.2 Surface Vowels 25
2.2.3.3 Rhyme structure 26
2.3 Discussion on the Three Studies 27
2.3.1 Hai-lu Hakka Underlying Vowels 28
2.3.2 Hai-lu Hakka Surface Vowels 28
2.3.3 Hai-lu Hakka Rhyme Structure 29
2.4 Acoustic Theory and Application on Vowels 30
2.4.1 Introduction for acoustic characteristics of vowels 31
2.4.2 Acoustic studies on vowels of world’s languages 33
2.5 Acoustic Studies of Hakka 34
2.5.1 Acoustic Studies of Hakka Spoken in Taiwan 34
2.5.2 Acoustic Studies of Hakka Spoken in Mainland China 37
2.6 Summary 38
CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY 39
3.1 Subjects 39
3.2 Materials 39
3.2.1 Design of testing words 40
3.2.2 Equipments 41
3.2.2.1 Stimuli 41
3.2.2.2 Recording apparatus 41
3.2.2.3 Acoustic analysis apparatus 42
3.2.2.4 Statistic software and vowel space plotting software 42
3.3 Procedures 42
3.3.1 Recording 43
3.3.2 Acoustic measurements 44
3.3.2.1 Acoustic measurement of CV 45
3.3.2.2 Acoustic Measurement of CVV 47
3.3.2.3 Acoustic measurement of CVVV 49
3.3.2.4 Acoustic measurement of CVC 52
3.3.2.5 Acoustic measurement of CVVC 54
CHAPTER IV. FINDINDS AND DISCUSSIONS 57
4.1 Overview of the data 57
4.2 Acoustic analysis of monophthongs 58
4.2.1 Formant frequencies of monophthongs 59
4.2.2 Spectrogram of monophthongs 62
4.3 Acoustic analysis of diphthongs 64
4.3.1 Formant frequencies of diphthongs 64
4.3.2 Spectrogram of diphthongs 74
4.4 Acoustic analysis of tripthongs 77
4.4.1 Formant frequencies of triphthongs 77
4.4.2 Spectrogram of triphthongs 78
4.5 Summary 79
CHAPTER V. CONCLUDING REMARKS 81
5.1 Summary of the preliminary findings 81
5.2 Future research 82
APPENDIX I 84
APPENDIX II 85
APPENDIX III 86
REFERNCES 87		zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098555008en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 海陸腔客語zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 聲學空間圖zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 母音音質zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 聲學語音學zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 共振峰頻率zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Hai-lu Hakkaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) vowel spaceen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) vowel qualityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) acoustic phoneticsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) formant frequencyen_US
dc.title (題名) 海陸腔客語母音的聲學研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) An acoustic study of Hai-lu Hakka vowelsen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Catford, J. C. (2001). A practical introduction to phonetics. (2nd ed.) Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Chang, S.-P. (2002). Acoustic analysis on Mandarin vowels and tones by severely
hearing-impaired and normal hearing students. Unpublished M.A. Thesis,
National Taiwan Normal University.
Chang, Y.-C. (1998). Taiwan Mandarin vowels: an acoustic investigation. Tsing Hua
Journal of Chinese Studies, 28:3, 255-274.
Chen, S.-C. (2000). Phonological system of Hai-lu Hakka. Unpublished M.A. Thesis,
National Hsinchu University of Education.
Cheng, Ming-chung, Yu-ching Huang, and Ying-chiao Tan. (2009). An
acoustic study of the vowels in Sixian Hakka: Systematicity and Variability.
The Third International Conference on Applied Linguistics (ICAL-3). Chiayi:
National Chiayi University.
Childers, D. G., and Ke Wu. 1991. Gender recognition from speech. Part II: Fine analysis.
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 90:1841-1865.
Chung, R.-F. (2004). An introduction to Taiwan Hakka phonology. Taipei: Wu-Nan Book Inc.
Deng, Y. L. 2007. An acoustic study on the Hakka Palatalized Fricative. M.A.thesis.
National Kaohsiung Normal University.
Zee, E. and Lee, WS. (2008). The effect of vowel duration on formant frequencies –
data from Hakka Chinese. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 123, issue 5, p. 3884
Zee, E. and Lee, WS. (2009). Acoustic analysis of the tones and tone sandhi in Hakka
Chinese. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 05/2009;
125(4):2570.
Fon, J. (2004). An old question but a new answer: doing phonetics can be easy.
Proceedings of the Methodology Workshop on Linguistics, National Chengchi
University.
Gu, G.-S. (2005). Phonology of Taiwan Hakka. In Gu, G.-S. (Ed.), Introduction to Taiwan Hakka, 117-161. Taipei: Wu-Nan Book Inc.
Heid, S., Wesenick M.-B, & Chr. Draxler (1995). Phonetic analysis of vowel
segments in the PhonDat database of spoken German. Proceedings of the XIIIth
International Congress of Phonetic Sciences.
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