學術產出-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

Citation Infomation

  • No doi shows Citation Infomation
題名 大學生的自我認同 -以「未定者」為主角的音樂創作
College students’ ego identity: moratorium people play the leading role in musical creation.
作者 廖乃慧
Nai Hui Liao
貢獻者 張卿卿
Chingching Chang
廖乃慧
Nai Hui Liao
關鍵詞 自我認同
認同狀態
音樂創作
音樂行銷
日期 2011
上傳時間 30-Oct-2012 11:16:46 (UTC+8)
摘要 《我們從哪裡來?我們是誰?我們往哪裡去?》(Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?)這是高更的作品,也是各宗教、學術、藝術等領域歷久不衰的討論議題。約略是在大學的年紀,大部分的人們都會經歷一段混亂的思考時期,在探索中逐漸確立自己的模樣,而每個人面對這種壓迫反應不一,其中有一群人,他們始終無法了解自己的樣貌,一直處在猶疑不定的狀態,該如何是好呢?

抱持著對上述議題的關心,作者嘗試結合自身「研究者」、「音樂創作者」與「傳播者」三個身分來做一件事,即根植於心理學理論的音樂創作與行銷:
在「研究」方面,作者以Erikson(1950, 1959, 1980)的心理社會發展理論為基石,聚焦在青少年晚期的「自我認同」任務與危機,接著回顧Marcia(1966)提出四種認同狀態(identity statues)-「定向型」、「未定型」、「早閉型」、「迷失型」,作為創作的角色藍本,並整理Waterman(1982, 1993, 1999)等學者提出之認同狀態轉移(identity movement)路徑,以發展的觀點來看自我認同;此外,作者也探討音樂與自我認同、情緒管理之關係,做為音樂創作的素材。
進入「創作」階段,作者選定Marcia(1966)四種認同狀態中的「未定型」個體做為主角,稱之為「未定者」-已經歷探索但遲遲無法產生承諾的人。作者希望透過音樂創作能為聽眾的自我認同,注入新的思考觀點,也替「未定者」表達感受。最後,作者完成的企鵝貓(作者的藝名)創作專輯《下了一場蘋果雨》,包含六首歌曲及繪本式歌詞本,共發行350張,在女巫店及政大創意實驗室舉辦兩場創作演唱會。

專輯完成之後,作者為自己的作品進行「行銷」企畫並執行,作者在政治大學校內實行為期約半年的行銷活動,目標為建立企鵝貓的知名度,並販售專輯100張。作者先透過「次級資料分析」、「深度訪談」、以及「問卷調查」三種研究方法進行市場調查,接著進行SWOT分析,然後擬訂策略、執行、評估。在五個月內,facebook粉絲數達429人,累計有效瀏覽總人次共21,064,兩支MV共有54次轉貼;企鵝貓youtube頻道觀看總數為2,625次;共賣出專輯約300張。

最後,在「研究者」、「音樂創作者」與「傳播者」三者的對話之中,作者再次反思本研究及創作的成果。三者雖因關注焦點不同而互相限制,卻也能相互印證、加成,「研究」使得欲傳達的概念有所本,「音樂創作」能化抽象概念為具體,「行銷」則擴大作品的意義。
參考文獻 林哲立、邱曉君、顏菲麗譯(2007)。《人類行為與社會環境》。台北:雙葉。
(原書 Ashford, J. B., Lecroy, C. W. & Lortie, K. L. (2001). Human behavior in the social environment: A multidimensional perspective (2nd ed.). Australia ; Belmont, Calif. : Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning)
郭靜晃(2006)。《青少年心理學》。台北:洪葉。
郭靜晃、吳幸玲譯(1993)。《發展心理學》。台北:揚智。(原書 Barbara M.N & Philip R. N. (1991). Development through life: A psychosocial approach (5th ed.). Tampa: Thomson)
張春興(2006)。《張氏心理學辭典》。台北:東華。
葉光輝譯(2005)。《性格心理學:理論與研究》。台北:雙葉。(原書 Lawrence A. P, Daniel C., & Oliver P.J. (2004). Personality: Theory and reasearch (9th ed.). New York: Wiley.)
羅惠筠、陳秀珍譯(1994)。《現代心理學:生活適應與人生成長》。台北:美
亞。(原書 Morris C.G. (1990). Contemporary psychology and effective behavior (7th ed.). U.S.: Addison-Wesley.)
Adams, G. R., & Fitch, S. A. (1982). Ego stage and identity status development: A Cross-sequential analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 74–583.
Archer S. L., & Waterman A. S. (1983). Identity in Early Adolescence: A Developmental Perspective. The Journal of Early Adolescence FALL, 3 (3), 203-214
Archer, S. L. (1989). Gender differences in identity development: Issues of process,
domain and timing. Journal of Adolescence, 12, 117–138.
Arnett, J. (1995). Adolescents’ uses of media for self-socialization. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 24(5), 519–533.
Bleich, S., Zillmann, D., & Weaver, J. (1991). Enjoyment and consumption of defiant rock music as a function of adolescent rebelliousness. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 35, 351-366.
Campbell, P. S., Connell, C., Beegle, A. (2007). Adolescents’ expressed meanings of music in and out of school. Journal of Research in Music Education, 55(3), 220–236.
Craig, D. G. (2007). An exploratory study of the concept of meaningfulness in music. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 51(4), 336–352.
DeNora.T. (2001).Aesthetic agency and musical practice: New directions in the sociology of music and emotion. In Juslin P. N. & Sloboda J. A. (Eds.). Music and Emotion: Theory and Research. (pp. 161–180). UK: Oxford University Press.
DeNora.T. (2006). Music and self-identity. In Bennett, A., Shank, B., Toynbee, J. (Eds.), The popular music studies reader (pp. 141–147). London; New York: Routledge.
Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society. New York: Norton.
Erikson, E. H. (1959). Young man Luther. New York: Faber.
Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton.
Erikson, E. H. (1980). Identity and the life cycle. New York: Norton.
Frith, S. (1987). Towards an aesthetic of popular music. In Leppert, R., McClary, S.,
(Eds.), Music and society: The politics of composition, performance and reception (pp. 133–150). UK: Cambridge University Press.
Hargreaves, D. J., & North, A. C. (1999). The functions of music in everyday life:
Redefining the social in music psychology. Psychology of Music, 27, 71–83.
Hargreaves, D. J., Miell, D. & Macdonald, R. A. R. (2002) Musical Identities., Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kistler, M., Rodgers, K. B., Power T., Austin, E.W. Hill, L. G, (2010). Adolescents and music media: Toward an involvement-mediational model of consumption and self-concept. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 20(3), 616–630.
Kivy, P. (1990). Music alone: Philosophical reflections on the purely musical experience. Cornell University Press.
Kroger, J. (1988). A longitudinal study of ego identity status interview domains. Journal of Adolescence, 11, 49–64.
Krumhansl, C. (2007). An exploratory study of musical emotions and psychophysiology. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 16(1), 3–13.
Langer, S. K. (1951). Philosophy in a new key: A study in the symbolism of reason,
rite and art. New York : New American Library.
Larson, R., Kubey, R., & Colletti, J. (1989). Changing channels: Early adolescent
media choices and shifting investments in family and friend. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 18(6), 583–599.
Larson, R. (1995). Secrets in the bedroom: Adolescents’ private use of media. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 24(5), 535–550.
Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 118–133.
Marcia, J. E. (1976). Identity six years after: A follow-up study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 5, 145–160.
Marcia, J. E. (1980). Identity in adolescence. In J. Adelson (Ed.), Handbook of Adolescent psychology (pp. 159–187). New York: Wiley.
Marcia, J. E. (1987). The identity status approach to the study of ego identity development . In Honess, T. & Yardley, K. (Eds.), Self and identity: Perspectives across the lifespan (pp. 161–171). New York: RKP.
Marcia, J. E., Waterman, A. S., Matteson, D. R., Archer, S. L., & Orlofsky, J. L.
(1993). Ego identity: A handbook for psychosocial research. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Meeus, W., Iedema, J., Helsen, M., & Vollebergh, W. (1999). Patterns of adolescent identity development: Review of literature and longitudinal analysis. Developmental Review, 19, 419–461.
Meilman, P. W. (1979). Cross-sectional age changes in ego identity status during
adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 15, 230–231.
North, A. C., Hargreaves, D. J., & O’Neill, S. A. (2000). The importance of music to adolescents. Journal of Educational Psychology , 70, 255–272.
Sloboda, J.A. (1992). Empirical studies of emotional response to music. In M.R. Jones & S. Holleran (Eds.), Cognitive Bases of Musical Communication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Stephen, J., Fraser, E., & Marcia, J. E. (1992). Moratorium–achievement (Mama) cycles inlifespan identity development: Value orientations and reasoning system correlates. Journalof Adolescence, 15, 283–300.
Tan, S. L, Pfordresher, P., & Harre, R. (2010). Psychology of Music: From Sound to Significance. New York: Psychology Press.
Waterman, A. S., Geary, P. S., & Waterman, C. K. (1974). Longitudinal study of changes in ego identity status from the freshman to the senior year at college. Developmental Psychology, 10, 387–392.
Waterman, A. S., & Goldman, J. A. (1976). A longitudinal study of ego identity development at a liberal arts college. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 5, 361–369.
Waterman, A. S. (1982). Identity development from adolescence to adulthood: An extension of theory and a review of research. Developmental Psychology, 18, 341–358.
Waterman, A. S. (1985). Identity in the context of adolescent psychology. New directions in child development: Identity in adolescences, 30, 5–24.
Waterman, A. S. (1993). Developmental perspectives on identity formation: From adolescence to adulthood. In J. E. Marcia, A. S. Waterman, D. R. Matteson, S. L. Archer, & J. L. Orlofsky (Eds.), Ego identity: A handbook for psychosocial research (pp. 42–68). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Waterman, A. S. (1999). Issues of identity formation revisited: United Status and The Netherlands. Developmental Review, 19, 462–479.
Well, A., & Hakanen, E. (1991). The emotional use of popular music by adolescents.Journalism Quarterly, 68(3), 445–454.
Zillmann, D. (1988a). Mood Management: Using entertainment to full advantage. In
Donohew, L., Sypher, H.E., Higgens, E.T. (Eds.), Communication, social cognition, and affect (pp. 71–147). New Jersey: Erlbaum.
Zillmann, D. (1988b). Mood Management through communication choices. American Behavioral Scientist, 31(3), 40–327.
Zillmann, D., & Gan, S. (1997). Musical taste in adolescence. In Hargreaves D. J. & North, A.C.(Eds.), The social psychology of music (pp. 161–187). New York: Oxford University Press.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
廣告研究所
98452006
100
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098452006
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 張卿卿zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Chingching Changen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 廖乃慧zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Nai Hui Liaoen_US
dc.creator (作者) 廖乃慧zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Nai Hui Liaoen_US
dc.date (日期) 2011en_US
dc.date.accessioned 30-Oct-2012 11:16:46 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 30-Oct-2012 11:16:46 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 30-Oct-2012 11:16:46 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0098452006en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/54515-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 廣告研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 98452006zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 100zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 《我們從哪裡來?我們是誰?我們往哪裡去?》(Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?)這是高更的作品,也是各宗教、學術、藝術等領域歷久不衰的討論議題。約略是在大學的年紀,大部分的人們都會經歷一段混亂的思考時期,在探索中逐漸確立自己的模樣,而每個人面對這種壓迫反應不一,其中有一群人,他們始終無法了解自己的樣貌,一直處在猶疑不定的狀態,該如何是好呢?

抱持著對上述議題的關心,作者嘗試結合自身「研究者」、「音樂創作者」與「傳播者」三個身分來做一件事,即根植於心理學理論的音樂創作與行銷:
在「研究」方面,作者以Erikson(1950, 1959, 1980)的心理社會發展理論為基石,聚焦在青少年晚期的「自我認同」任務與危機,接著回顧Marcia(1966)提出四種認同狀態(identity statues)-「定向型」、「未定型」、「早閉型」、「迷失型」,作為創作的角色藍本,並整理Waterman(1982, 1993, 1999)等學者提出之認同狀態轉移(identity movement)路徑,以發展的觀點來看自我認同;此外,作者也探討音樂與自我認同、情緒管理之關係,做為音樂創作的素材。
進入「創作」階段,作者選定Marcia(1966)四種認同狀態中的「未定型」個體做為主角,稱之為「未定者」-已經歷探索但遲遲無法產生承諾的人。作者希望透過音樂創作能為聽眾的自我認同,注入新的思考觀點,也替「未定者」表達感受。最後,作者完成的企鵝貓(作者的藝名)創作專輯《下了一場蘋果雨》,包含六首歌曲及繪本式歌詞本,共發行350張,在女巫店及政大創意實驗室舉辦兩場創作演唱會。

專輯完成之後,作者為自己的作品進行「行銷」企畫並執行,作者在政治大學校內實行為期約半年的行銷活動,目標為建立企鵝貓的知名度,並販售專輯100張。作者先透過「次級資料分析」、「深度訪談」、以及「問卷調查」三種研究方法進行市場調查,接著進行SWOT分析,然後擬訂策略、執行、評估。在五個月內,facebook粉絲數達429人,累計有效瀏覽總人次共21,064,兩支MV共有54次轉貼;企鵝貓youtube頻道觀看總數為2,625次;共賣出專輯約300張。

最後,在「研究者」、「音樂創作者」與「傳播者」三者的對話之中,作者再次反思本研究及創作的成果。三者雖因關注焦點不同而互相限制,卻也能相互印證、加成,「研究」使得欲傳達的概念有所本,「音樂創作」能化抽象概念為具體,「行銷」則擴大作品的意義。
zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論……………………………………………………………………………1
第二章 文獻探討
第一節 自我認同………………………………………………………………4
第二節 認同狀態………………………………………………………………11
第三節 音樂與青少年發展……………………………………………17
第四節 小結………………………………………………………………………22
第三章 音樂創作計畫與成果
第一節 創作者與創作時程………………………………………………23
第二節 專輯內容設計…………………………………………………………24
第三節 創作成果…………………………………………………………………31
第四章 行銷計畫與執行
第一節 市場調查…………………………………………………………………32
第二節 SWOT分析………………………………………………………………44
第三節 行銷策略與執行……………………………………………………46
第四節 效果評估…………………………………………………………………55
第五章 結語.……………………………………………………………………………57
參考文獻………………………………………………………………………………………61
附錄
附錄一 專輯歌詞本設計………………………………………………………65
附錄二 深度訪談大綱……………………………………………………………71
附錄三 深度訪談記錄……………………………………………………………72
附錄四 量化調查問卷……………………………………………………………89
附錄五 企鵝貓海報設計………………………………………………………91
zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098452006en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 自我認同zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 認同狀態zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 音樂創作zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 音樂行銷zh_TW
dc.title (題名) 大學生的自我認同 -以「未定者」為主角的音樂創作zh_TW
dc.title (題名) College students’ ego identity: moratorium people play the leading role in musical creation.en_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 林哲立、邱曉君、顏菲麗譯(2007)。《人類行為與社會環境》。台北:雙葉。
(原書 Ashford, J. B., Lecroy, C. W. & Lortie, K. L. (2001). Human behavior in the social environment: A multidimensional perspective (2nd ed.). Australia ; Belmont, Calif. : Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning)
郭靜晃(2006)。《青少年心理學》。台北:洪葉。
郭靜晃、吳幸玲譯(1993)。《發展心理學》。台北:揚智。(原書 Barbara M.N & Philip R. N. (1991). Development through life: A psychosocial approach (5th ed.). Tampa: Thomson)
張春興(2006)。《張氏心理學辭典》。台北:東華。
葉光輝譯(2005)。《性格心理學:理論與研究》。台北:雙葉。(原書 Lawrence A. P, Daniel C., & Oliver P.J. (2004). Personality: Theory and reasearch (9th ed.). New York: Wiley.)
羅惠筠、陳秀珍譯(1994)。《現代心理學:生活適應與人生成長》。台北:美
亞。(原書 Morris C.G. (1990). Contemporary psychology and effective behavior (7th ed.). U.S.: Addison-Wesley.)
Adams, G. R., & Fitch, S. A. (1982). Ego stage and identity status development: A Cross-sequential analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 74–583.
Archer S. L., & Waterman A. S. (1983). Identity in Early Adolescence: A Developmental Perspective. The Journal of Early Adolescence FALL, 3 (3), 203-214
Archer, S. L. (1989). Gender differences in identity development: Issues of process,
domain and timing. Journal of Adolescence, 12, 117–138.
Arnett, J. (1995). Adolescents’ uses of media for self-socialization. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 24(5), 519–533.
Bleich, S., Zillmann, D., & Weaver, J. (1991). Enjoyment and consumption of defiant rock music as a function of adolescent rebelliousness. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 35, 351-366.
Campbell, P. S., Connell, C., Beegle, A. (2007). Adolescents’ expressed meanings of music in and out of school. Journal of Research in Music Education, 55(3), 220–236.
Craig, D. G. (2007). An exploratory study of the concept of meaningfulness in music. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 51(4), 336–352.
DeNora.T. (2001).Aesthetic agency and musical practice: New directions in the sociology of music and emotion. In Juslin P. N. & Sloboda J. A. (Eds.). Music and Emotion: Theory and Research. (pp. 161–180). UK: Oxford University Press.
DeNora.T. (2006). Music and self-identity. In Bennett, A., Shank, B., Toynbee, J. (Eds.), The popular music studies reader (pp. 141–147). London; New York: Routledge.
Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society. New York: Norton.
Erikson, E. H. (1959). Young man Luther. New York: Faber.
Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton.
Erikson, E. H. (1980). Identity and the life cycle. New York: Norton.
Frith, S. (1987). Towards an aesthetic of popular music. In Leppert, R., McClary, S.,
(Eds.), Music and society: The politics of composition, performance and reception (pp. 133–150). UK: Cambridge University Press.
Hargreaves, D. J., & North, A. C. (1999). The functions of music in everyday life:
Redefining the social in music psychology. Psychology of Music, 27, 71–83.
Hargreaves, D. J., Miell, D. & Macdonald, R. A. R. (2002) Musical Identities., Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kistler, M., Rodgers, K. B., Power T., Austin, E.W. Hill, L. G, (2010). Adolescents and music media: Toward an involvement-mediational model of consumption and self-concept. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 20(3), 616–630.
Kivy, P. (1990). Music alone: Philosophical reflections on the purely musical experience. Cornell University Press.
Kroger, J. (1988). A longitudinal study of ego identity status interview domains. Journal of Adolescence, 11, 49–64.
Krumhansl, C. (2007). An exploratory study of musical emotions and psychophysiology. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 16(1), 3–13.
Langer, S. K. (1951). Philosophy in a new key: A study in the symbolism of reason,
rite and art. New York : New American Library.
Larson, R., Kubey, R., & Colletti, J. (1989). Changing channels: Early adolescent
media choices and shifting investments in family and friend. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 18(6), 583–599.
Larson, R. (1995). Secrets in the bedroom: Adolescents’ private use of media. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 24(5), 535–550.
Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 118–133.
Marcia, J. E. (1976). Identity six years after: A follow-up study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 5, 145–160.
Marcia, J. E. (1980). Identity in adolescence. In J. Adelson (Ed.), Handbook of Adolescent psychology (pp. 159–187). New York: Wiley.
Marcia, J. E. (1987). The identity status approach to the study of ego identity development . In Honess, T. & Yardley, K. (Eds.), Self and identity: Perspectives across the lifespan (pp. 161–171). New York: RKP.
Marcia, J. E., Waterman, A. S., Matteson, D. R., Archer, S. L., & Orlofsky, J. L.
(1993). Ego identity: A handbook for psychosocial research. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Meeus, W., Iedema, J., Helsen, M., & Vollebergh, W. (1999). Patterns of adolescent identity development: Review of literature and longitudinal analysis. Developmental Review, 19, 419–461.
Meilman, P. W. (1979). Cross-sectional age changes in ego identity status during
adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 15, 230–231.
North, A. C., Hargreaves, D. J., & O’Neill, S. A. (2000). The importance of music to adolescents. Journal of Educational Psychology , 70, 255–272.
Sloboda, J.A. (1992). Empirical studies of emotional response to music. In M.R. Jones & S. Holleran (Eds.), Cognitive Bases of Musical Communication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Stephen, J., Fraser, E., & Marcia, J. E. (1992). Moratorium–achievement (Mama) cycles inlifespan identity development: Value orientations and reasoning system correlates. Journalof Adolescence, 15, 283–300.
Tan, S. L, Pfordresher, P., & Harre, R. (2010). Psychology of Music: From Sound to Significance. New York: Psychology Press.
Waterman, A. S., Geary, P. S., & Waterman, C. K. (1974). Longitudinal study of changes in ego identity status from the freshman to the senior year at college. Developmental Psychology, 10, 387–392.
Waterman, A. S., & Goldman, J. A. (1976). A longitudinal study of ego identity development at a liberal arts college. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 5, 361–369.
Waterman, A. S. (1982). Identity development from adolescence to adulthood: An extension of theory and a review of research. Developmental Psychology, 18, 341–358.
Waterman, A. S. (1985). Identity in the context of adolescent psychology. New directions in child development: Identity in adolescences, 30, 5–24.
Waterman, A. S. (1993). Developmental perspectives on identity formation: From adolescence to adulthood. In J. E. Marcia, A. S. Waterman, D. R. Matteson, S. L. Archer, & J. L. Orlofsky (Eds.), Ego identity: A handbook for psychosocial research (pp. 42–68). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Waterman, A. S. (1999). Issues of identity formation revisited: United Status and The Netherlands. Developmental Review, 19, 462–479.
Well, A., & Hakanen, E. (1991). The emotional use of popular music by adolescents.Journalism Quarterly, 68(3), 445–454.
Zillmann, D. (1988a). Mood Management: Using entertainment to full advantage. In
Donohew, L., Sypher, H.E., Higgens, E.T. (Eds.), Communication, social cognition, and affect (pp. 71–147). New Jersey: Erlbaum.
Zillmann, D. (1988b). Mood Management through communication choices. American Behavioral Scientist, 31(3), 40–327.
Zillmann, D., & Gan, S. (1997). Musical taste in adolescence. In Hargreaves D. J. & North, A.C.(Eds.), The social psychology of music (pp. 161–187). New York: Oxford University Press.
zh_TW