1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. Publications
  3. College of Science
  4. Theses
  5. Item

Publications-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

NCCU Library

Citation Infomation

Related Publications in TAIR

題名 錯誤可能性與預期衝突對於錯誤偵測系統之影響-以回饋負波為例
Error likelihood and conflict in error monitoring system: a study of feedback negativity
作者 張瀠方
Chang, Yin Fang
貢獻者 顏乃欣
張瀠方
Chang, Yin Fang
關鍵詞 回饋相關負波
增強學習理論
錯誤可能性理論
錯誤偵測系統
風險
懊悔
Feedback Negativity
Reinforcement Learning Theory
Error-likelihood Theory
Error Monitoring System
Risk
Regret
日期 2011
上傳時間 30-Oct-2012 11:27:21 (UTC+8)
摘要 現今解釋錯誤偵測系統及前扣帶皮質（ACC）的關係之理論主要為增強學習理論。增強學習理論認為個體會在行為後對於行為結果產生預期，並將該預期與實際結果進行比較，若實際結果較預期結果差則會活化ACC進而觀察到較大的FN（Feedback Negativity）振幅。近年來有學者提出奠基於增強學習理論的錯誤可能性理論，錯誤可能性理論則認為當個體在學習到行為與結果之間的關聯後，當接收到可能犯錯的訊息時便會活化ACC而引起較大的FN。本研究主要的目的為探討增強學習理論及錯誤可能性理論的適用性，其次為探討風險之因素是否能反映於FN上。由於兩理論對於風險情境中是否會觀察到FN有不同的預測，錯誤可能性理論預測會在高風險的情況下觀察到較大的FN；而增強學習理論則預測由於風險畫面並非回饋畫面，故風險不會影響FN。實驗一藉由探討風險與FN間之關係企圖提供兩理論初步之區分並提供風險研究的實驗證據，實驗一結果顯示FN確實會反映風險之因素。也點出增強學習理論用以解釋錯誤偵測系統之不完備之處。而實驗二則利用操弄回饋結果好壞及高低錯誤可能性以檢驗錯誤可能性對於錯誤偵測系統之必要性，實驗二結果顯示錯誤可能性為事件評估之因素之一。除此之外，實驗二亦提供FN反映懊悔之支持性證據。
參考文獻 Bell, D. E. (1982). Regret in decision making under uncertainty. Operations research, 961-981.
Bellebaum, C., Kobza, S., Thiele, S., & Daum, I. (2011). Processing of expected and unexpected monetary performance outcomes in healthy older subjects. Behavioral Neuroscience, 125(2), 241.
Bellebaum, C., Polezzi, D., & Daum, I. (2010). It is less than you expected: The feedback-related negativity reflects violations of reward magnitude expectations. Neuropsychologia, 48(11), 3343-3350.
Botvinick, M. M., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). Conflict monitoring and cognitive control. Psychological review, 108(3), 624.
Breiter, H. C., Aharon, I., Kahneman, D., Dale, A., & Shizgal, P. (2001). Functional imaging of neural responses to expectancy and experience of monetary gains and losses. Neuron, 30(2), 619-639.
Brown, J. W., & Braver, T. S. (2005). Learned predictions of error likelihood in the anterior cingulate cortex. Science, 307(5712), 1118-1121.
Brown, J. W., & Braver, T. S. (2007). Risk prediction and aversion by anterior cingulate cortex. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 7(4), 266-277.
Chang, Y. F., & Yen, N. S. (2008). The feedback-related negativity is sensitive to the delayed outcome. Paper presented at the 15th annual meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A.
Chang, Y. F., Yen, N. S., Lin, K. Y., Chen, C. Y., & Kao, C. H. (2010). The FRN is associated with the expectation. Paper presented at the 17th annual meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, Montreal.
Chung, H. K. (2011). Risk factor in somatic marker hypothesis. Unpublished master`s thesis, Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Cloninger, C. R. (1987). A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants: A proposal. Archives of general psychiatry, 44(6), 573.
de Bruijn, E. R. A., Hulstijn, W., Verkes, R. J., Ruigt, G. S. F., & Sabbe, B. G. C. (2004). Drug-induced stimulation and suppression of action monitoring in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology, 177(1), 151-160.
Dehaene, S., Posner, M. I., & Tucker, D. M. (1994). Localization of a neural system for error detection and compensation. Psychological Science, 5(5), 303-305.
Galvan, A., Hare, T., Voss, H., Glover, G., & Casey, B. (2007). Risk‐taking and the adolescent brain: who is at risk? Developmental science, 10(2), 8-14.
Gehring, W. J., Goss, B., Coles, M. G. H., Meyer, D. E., & Donchin, E. (1993). A neural system for error detection and compensation. Psychological Science, 4(6), 385.
Gehring, W. J., & Willoughby, A. R. (2002). The medial frontal cortex and the rapid processing of monetary gains and losses. Science, 295(5563), 2279-2282.
Gemba, H., Sasaki, K., & Brooks, V. (1986). Error` potentials in limbic cortex (anterior cingulate area 24) of monkeys during motor learning. Neuroscience letters, 70(2), 223-227.
Gerra, G., Zaimovic, A., Timpano, M., Zambelli, U., Delsignore, R., & Brambilla, F. (2000). Neuroendocrine correlates of temperamental traits in humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 25(5), 479-496.
Gibson, J., Krigolson, O., & Holroyd, C. (2006). Sensitivity of the feedback error-related negativity to reward probability. Psychophysiology, 43, 41-42.
Goyer, J. P., Woldorff, M. G., & Huettel, S. A. (2008). Rapid Electrophysiological Brain Responses are Influenced by Both Valence and Magnitude of Monetary Rewards. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20(11), 2058-2069.
Hajcak, G., Moser, J. S., Holroyd, C. B., & Simons, R. F. (2007). It`s worse than you thought: The feedback negativity and violations of reward prediction in gambling tasks. Psychophysiology, 44(6), 905-912.
Hansenne, M., Pinto, E., Pitchot, W., Reggers, J., Scantamburlo, G., Moor, M., & Ansseau, M. (2002). Further evidence on the relationship between dopamine and novelty seeking: a neuroendocrine study. Personality and individual differences, 33(6), 967-977.
Heldmann, M., Russeler, J., & Munte, T. (2008). Internal and external information in error processing. BMC Neuroscience, 9(1), 33.
Hikosaka, O. (2010). The habenula: from stress evasion to value based decision making. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11(7), 503-513.
Hirsh, J. B., & Inzlicht, M. (2008). The devil you know. Psychological Science, 19(10), 962.
Hohnsbein, J., Falkenstein, M., & Hoormann, J. (1989). Error processing in visual and auditory choice reaction tasks. Journal of Psychophysiology, 3, 32.
Holroyd, & Krigolson. (2007). Reward prediction error signals associated with a modified time estimation task. Psychophysiology, 44(6), 913-917.
Holroyd, C. B., & Coles, M. G. H. (2002). The neural basis of human error processing : Reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativity. Psychological Review, 109(4), 679-709.
Holroyd, C. B., & Krigolson, O. E. (2007). Reward prediction error signals associated with a modified time estimation task. Psychophysiology, 44(6), 913-917.
Holroyd, C. B., Larsen, J. T., & Cohen, J. D. (2004). Context dependence of the event-related brain potential associated with reward and punishment. Psychophysiology, 41(2), 245-253.
Holroyd, C. B., Nieuwenhuis, S., Yeung, N., Nystrom, L., Mars, R. B., Coles, M. G. H., & Cohen, J. D. (2004). Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex shows fMRI response to internal and external error signals. Nature Neuroscience, 7(5), 497-498.
Kennerley, S. W., Walton, M. E., Behrens, T. E. J., Buckley, M. J., & Rushworth, M. F. S. (2006). Optimal decision making and the anterior cingulate cortex. Nature neuroscience, 9(7), 940-947.
Kéri, S., Decety, J., Roland, P. E., & Gulyás, B. (2004). Feature uncertainty activates anterior cingulate cortex. Human Brain Mapping, 21(1), 26-33.
Kerns, J. G., Cohen, J. D., MacDonald, A. W., Cho, R. Y., Stenger, V. A., & Carter, C. S. (2004). Anterior cingulate conflict monitoring and adjustments in control. Science, 303(5660), 1023-1026.
KreuSSel, L., Hewig, J., Kretschmer, N., Hecht, H., Coles, M. G. H., & Miltner, W. H. (2012). The influence of the magnitude, probability, and valence of potential wins and losses on the amplitude of the feedback negativity. Psychophysiology, 49(2), 207-219.
Liu, X., Powell, D. K., Wang, H., Gold, B. T., Corbly, C. R., & Joseph, J. E. (2007). Functional dissociation in frontal and striatal areas for processing of positive and negative reward information. The Journal of neuroscience, 27(17), 4587-4597.
Münte, T. F., Heldmann, M., Hinrichs, H., Marco-Pallares, J., Krämer, U. M., Sturm, V., & Heinze, H. J. (2007). Nucleus accumbens is involved in human action monitoring: evidence from invasive electrophysiological recordings. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 1(11), 1-6.
Miltner, W. H., Braun, C. H., & Coles, M. G. (1997). Event-related brain potentials following incorrect feedback in a time-estimation task: Evidence for a `Generic` neural system for error-detection. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9(6), 788-798.
Moser, J. S., & Simons, R. F. (2009). The neural consequences of flip flopping: The feedback related negativity and salience of reward prediction. Psychophysiology, 46, 313-320.
Nieuwenhuis, S., Yeung, N., Holroyd, C. B., Schurger, A., & Cohen, J. D. (2004). Sensitivity of electrophysiological activity from medial frontal cortex to utilitarian and performance feedback. Cerebral Cortex, 14(7), 741-747.
Niki, H., & Watanabe, M. (1979). Prefrontal and cingulate unit activity during timing behavior in the monkey. Brain research, 171(2), 213-224.
O`Doherty, J., Dayan, P., Schultz, J., Deichmann, R., Friston, K., & Dolan, R. J. (2004). Dissociable roles of ventral and dorsal striatum in instrumental conditioning. Science, 304(5669), 452-454.
Oldfield, R. (1971). The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia, 9(1), 97-113.
Pfabigan, D. M., Alexopoulos, J., Bauer, H., & Sailer, U. (2011). Manipulation of feedback expectancy and valence induces negative and positive reward prediction error signals manifest in event‐related brain potentials. Psychophysiology, 48(5), 656-664.
Potts, G. F., Martin, L. E., Burton, P., & Montague, P. R. (2006). When things are better or worse than expected: The medial frontal cortex and the allocation of processing resources. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18(7), 1112-1119.
Salas, R., Baldwin, P., de Biasi, M., & Montague, P. R. (2010). BOLD Responses to Negative Reward Prediction Errors in Human Habenula. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 4(36).
San Martín, R., Manes, F., Hurtado, E., Isla, P., & Ibañez, A. (2010). Size and probability of rewards modulate the feedback error-related negativity associated with wins but not losses in a monetarily rewarded gambling task. NeuroImage, 51(3), 1194-1204.
Santesso, D. L., & Segalowitz, S. J. (2009). The error‐related negativity is related to risk taking and empathy in young men. Psychophysiology, 46(1), 143-152.
Scheffers, M. K., Coles, M. G. H., Bernstein, P., Gehring, W. J., & Donchin, E. (1996). Event‐related brain potentials and error‐related processing: An analysis of incorrect responses to go and no‐go stimuli. Psychophysiology, 33(1), 42-53.
Schultz, W., Dayan, P., & Montague, P. R. (1997). A neural substrate of prediction and reward. Science, 275(5306), 1593-1599.
Schultz, W., Tremblay, L., & Hollerman, J. R. (2000). Reward processing in primate orbitofrontal cortex and basal ganglia. Cerebral Cortex, 10(3), 272-283.
Sutton, R. S., & Barto, A. G. (1998). Reinforcement learning: An introduction (Vol. 1): Cambridge Univ Press.
Weber, E. U., Shafir, S., & Blais, A.R. (2004). Predicting risk sensitivity in humans and lower animals: risk as variance or coefficient of variation. Psychological Review, 111, 430-445.
Yen, N. S.*, Lai, Y. R., Chang, Y. F., Yeh, T. H., & Chen, K. H. (2007b, Sep.). The effect of expectancy on feedback-related negativity. Poster presented at the 5th Annual Meeting of Society for Neuroeconomics, Boston, U.S.A.
Yeung, N., Holroyd, C., & Cohen, J. (2005). ERP correlates of feedback and reward processing in the presence and absence of response choice. Cerebral Cortex, 15(5), 535-544.
Yu R, Zhou W, Zhou X. (2011). Rapid Processing of Both Reward Probability and Reward Uncertainty in the Human Anterior Cingulate Cortex. PLoS ONE 6(12): e29633.
Zani, A., & Proverbio, A. M. (2003). The cognitive electrophysiology of mind and brain: Academic Press.
Zhou, Z., Yu, R., & Zhou, X. (2010). To do or not to do? Action enlarges the FRN and P300 effects in outcome evaluation. Neuropsychologia, 48(12), 3606-3613.
Zirnheld, P. J., Carroll, C. A., Kieffaber, P. D., O`donnell, B. F., Shekhar, A., & Hetrick, W. P. (2004). Haloperidol impairs learning and error-related negativity in humans. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16(6), 1098-1112.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
心理學研究所
97752004
100
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097752004
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 顏乃欣zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 張瀠方zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chang, Yin Fangen_US
dc.creator (作者) 張瀠方zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chang, Yin Fangen_US
dc.date (日期) 2011en_US
dc.date.accessioned 30-Oct-2012 11:27:21 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 30-Oct-2012 11:27:21 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 30-Oct-2012 11:27:21 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0097752004en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/54639-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 心理學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 97752004zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 100zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 現今解釋錯誤偵測系統及前扣帶皮質（ACC）的關係之理論主要為增強學習理論。增強學習理論認為個體會在行為後對於行為結果產生預期，並將該預期與實際結果進行比較，若實際結果較預期結果差則會活化ACC進而觀察到較大的FN（Feedback Negativity）振幅。近年來有學者提出奠基於增強學習理論的錯誤可能性理論，錯誤可能性理論則認為當個體在學習到行為與結果之間的關聯後，當接收到可能犯錯的訊息時便會活化ACC而引起較大的FN。本研究主要的目的為探討增強學習理論及錯誤可能性理論的適用性，其次為探討風險之因素是否能反映於FN上。由於兩理論對於風險情境中是否會觀察到FN有不同的預測，錯誤可能性理論預測會在高風險的情況下觀察到較大的FN；而增強學習理論則預測由於風險畫面並非回饋畫面，故風險不會影響FN。實驗一藉由探討風險與FN間之關係企圖提供兩理論初步之區分並提供風險研究的實驗證據，實驗一結果顯示FN確實會反映風險之因素。也點出增強學習理論用以解釋錯誤偵測系統之不完備之處。而實驗二則利用操弄回饋結果好壞及高低錯誤可能性以檢驗錯誤可能性對於錯誤偵測系統之必要性，實驗二結果顯示錯誤可能性為事件評估之因素之一。除此之外，實驗二亦提供FN反映懊悔之支持性證據。zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章、 緒論 1
第二章、 文獻探討 3
第一節、 事件關連電位（Event-Related Potential, ERP） 3
第二節、 回饋關連負波（Feedback Negativity, FN）及其本質 4
第三節、 FN的生理相關機制及相關理論 10
第四節、 風險因素及FN 15
第三章、 研究議題 18
第四章、 實驗一 20
第一節、 參與者 20
第二節、 實驗設計、作業及流程 20
第三節、 實驗程序 22
第四節、 神經生理訊號記錄(Neurophysiological Recording) 22
第五節、 資料分析流程 23
第六節、 實驗結果 23
第七節、 討論 26
第五章、 實驗二 29
第一節、 參與者 29
第二節、 實驗設計、作業及流程 29
第三節、 實驗程序 31
第四節、 神經生理訊號紀錄(Neurophysiological Recording） 31
第五節、 資料分析流程 31
第六節、 實驗結果 31
第七節、 討論 33
第六章、 綜合討論 35
第一節、 風險 35
第二節、 ACC與懊悔 36
第三節、 錯誤可能性及錯誤偵測系統 36
第四節、 總結 37
參考文獻 38
附表說明 46
附表 47
附圖說明 51
附圖 52		zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097752004en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 回饋相關負波zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 增強學習理論zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 錯誤可能性理論zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 錯誤偵測系統zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 風險zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 懊悔zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Feedback Negativityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Reinforcement Learning Theoryen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Error-likelihood Theoryen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Error Monitoring Systemen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Risken_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Regreten_US
dc.title (題名) 錯誤可能性與預期衝突對於錯誤偵測系統之影響-以回饋負波為例zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Error likelihood and conflict in error monitoring system: a study of feedback negativityen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bell, D. E. (1982). Regret in decision making under uncertainty. Operations research, 961-981.
Bellebaum, C., Kobza, S., Thiele, S., & Daum, I. (2011). Processing of expected and unexpected monetary performance outcomes in healthy older subjects. Behavioral Neuroscience, 125(2), 241.
Bellebaum, C., Polezzi, D., & Daum, I. (2010). It is less than you expected: The feedback-related negativity reflects violations of reward magnitude expectations. Neuropsychologia, 48(11), 3343-3350.
Botvinick, M. M., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). Conflict monitoring and cognitive control. Psychological review, 108(3), 624.
Breiter, H. C., Aharon, I., Kahneman, D., Dale, A., & Shizgal, P. (2001). Functional imaging of neural responses to expectancy and experience of monetary gains and losses. Neuron, 30(2), 619-639.
Brown, J. W., & Braver, T. S. (2005). Learned predictions of error likelihood in the anterior cingulate cortex. Science, 307(5712), 1118-1121.
Brown, J. W., & Braver, T. S. (2007). Risk prediction and aversion by anterior cingulate cortex. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 7(4), 266-277.
Chang, Y. F., & Yen, N. S. (2008). The feedback-related negativity is sensitive to the delayed outcome. Paper presented at the 15th annual meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A.
Chang, Y. F., Yen, N. S., Lin, K. Y., Chen, C. Y., & Kao, C. H. (2010). The FRN is associated with the expectation. Paper presented at the 17th annual meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, Montreal.
Chung, H. K. (2011). Risk factor in somatic marker hypothesis. Unpublished master`s thesis, Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Cloninger, C. R. (1987). A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants: A proposal. Archives of general psychiatry, 44(6), 573.
de Bruijn, E. R. A., Hulstijn, W., Verkes, R. J., Ruigt, G. S. F., & Sabbe, B. G. C. (2004). Drug-induced stimulation and suppression of action monitoring in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology, 177(1), 151-160.
Dehaene, S., Posner, M. I., & Tucker, D. M. (1994). Localization of a neural system for error detection and compensation. Psychological Science, 5(5), 303-305.
Galvan, A., Hare, T., Voss, H., Glover, G., & Casey, B. (2007). Risk‐taking and the adolescent brain: who is at risk? Developmental science, 10(2), 8-14.
Gehring, W. J., Goss, B., Coles, M. G. H., Meyer, D. E., & Donchin, E. (1993). A neural system for error detection and compensation. Psychological Science, 4(6), 385.
Gehring, W. J., & Willoughby, A. R. (2002). The medial frontal cortex and the rapid processing of monetary gains and losses. Science, 295(5563), 2279-2282.
Gemba, H., Sasaki, K., & Brooks, V. (1986). Error` potentials in limbic cortex (anterior cingulate area 24) of monkeys during motor learning. Neuroscience letters, 70(2), 223-227.
Gerra, G., Zaimovic, A., Timpano, M., Zambelli, U., Delsignore, R., & Brambilla, F. (2000). Neuroendocrine correlates of temperamental traits in humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 25(5), 479-496.
Gibson, J., Krigolson, O., & Holroyd, C. (2006). Sensitivity of the feedback error-related negativity to reward probability. Psychophysiology, 43, 41-42.
Goyer, J. P., Woldorff, M. G., & Huettel, S. A. (2008). Rapid Electrophysiological Brain Responses are Influenced by Both Valence and Magnitude of Monetary Rewards. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20(11), 2058-2069.
Hajcak, G., Moser, J. S., Holroyd, C. B., & Simons, R. F. (2007). It`s worse than you thought: The feedback negativity and violations of reward prediction in gambling tasks. Psychophysiology, 44(6), 905-912.
Hansenne, M., Pinto, E., Pitchot, W., Reggers, J., Scantamburlo, G., Moor, M., & Ansseau, M. (2002). Further evidence on the relationship between dopamine and novelty seeking: a neuroendocrine study. Personality and individual differences, 33(6), 967-977.
Heldmann, M., Russeler, J., & Munte, T. (2008). Internal and external information in error processing. BMC Neuroscience, 9(1), 33.
Hikosaka, O. (2010). The habenula: from stress evasion to value based decision making. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11(7), 503-513.
Hirsh, J. B., & Inzlicht, M. (2008). The devil you know. Psychological Science, 19(10), 962.
Hohnsbein, J., Falkenstein, M., & Hoormann, J. (1989). Error processing in visual and auditory choice reaction tasks. Journal of Psychophysiology, 3, 32.
Holroyd, & Krigolson. (2007). Reward prediction error signals associated with a modified time estimation task. Psychophysiology, 44(6), 913-917.
Holroyd, C. B., & Coles, M. G. H. (2002). The neural basis of human error processing : Reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativity. Psychological Review, 109(4), 679-709.
Holroyd, C. B., & Krigolson, O. E. (2007). Reward prediction error signals associated with a modified time estimation task. Psychophysiology, 44(6), 913-917.
Holroyd, C. B., Larsen, J. T., & Cohen, J. D. (2004). Context dependence of the event-related brain potential associated with reward and punishment. Psychophysiology, 41(2), 245-253.
Holroyd, C. B., Nieuwenhuis, S., Yeung, N., Nystrom, L., Mars, R. B., Coles, M. G. H., & Cohen, J. D. (2004). Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex shows fMRI response to internal and external error signals. Nature Neuroscience, 7(5), 497-498.
Kennerley, S. W., Walton, M. E., Behrens, T. E. J., Buckley, M. J., & Rushworth, M. F. S. (2006). Optimal decision making and the anterior cingulate cortex. Nature neuroscience, 9(7), 940-947.
Kéri, S., Decety, J., Roland, P. E., & Gulyás, B. (2004). Feature uncertainty activates anterior cingulate cortex. Human Brain Mapping, 21(1), 26-33.
Kerns, J. G., Cohen, J. D., MacDonald, A. W., Cho, R. Y., Stenger, V. A., & Carter, C. S. (2004). Anterior cingulate conflict monitoring and adjustments in control. Science, 303(5660), 1023-1026.
KreuSSel, L., Hewig, J., Kretschmer, N., Hecht, H., Coles, M. G. H., & Miltner, W. H. (2012). The influence of the magnitude, probability, and valence of potential wins and losses on the amplitude of the feedback negativity. Psychophysiology, 49(2), 207-219.
Liu, X., Powell, D. K., Wang, H., Gold, B. T., Corbly, C. R., & Joseph, J. E. (2007). Functional dissociation in frontal and striatal areas for processing of positive and negative reward information. The Journal of neuroscience, 27(17), 4587-4597.
Münte, T. F., Heldmann, M., Hinrichs, H., Marco-Pallares, J., Krämer, U. M., Sturm, V., & Heinze, H. J. (2007). Nucleus accumbens is involved in human action monitoring: evidence from invasive electrophysiological recordings. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 1(11), 1-6.
Miltner, W. H., Braun, C. H., & Coles, M. G. (1997). Event-related brain potentials following incorrect feedback in a time-estimation task: Evidence for a `Generic` neural system for error-detection. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9(6), 788-798.
Moser, J. S., & Simons, R. F. (2009). The neural consequences of flip flopping: The feedback related negativity and salience of reward prediction. Psychophysiology, 46, 313-320.
Nieuwenhuis, S., Yeung, N., Holroyd, C. B., Schurger, A., & Cohen, J. D. (2004). Sensitivity of electrophysiological activity from medial frontal cortex to utilitarian and performance feedback. Cerebral Cortex, 14(7), 741-747.
Niki, H., & Watanabe, M. (1979). Prefrontal and cingulate unit activity during timing behavior in the monkey. Brain research, 171(2), 213-224.
O`Doherty, J., Dayan, P., Schultz, J., Deichmann, R., Friston, K., & Dolan, R. J. (2004). Dissociable roles of ventral and dorsal striatum in instrumental conditioning. Science, 304(5669), 452-454.
Oldfield, R. (1971). The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia, 9(1), 97-113.
Pfabigan, D. M., Alexopoulos, J., Bauer, H., & Sailer, U. (2011). Manipulation of feedback expectancy and valence induces negative and positive reward prediction error signals manifest in event‐related brain potentials. Psychophysiology, 48(5), 656-664.
Potts, G. F., Martin, L. E., Burton, P., & Montague, P. R. (2006). When things are better or worse than expected: The medial frontal cortex and the allocation of processing resources. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18(7), 1112-1119.
Salas, R., Baldwin, P., de Biasi, M., & Montague, P. R. (2010). BOLD Responses to Negative Reward Prediction Errors in Human Habenula. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 4(36).
San Martín, R., Manes, F., Hurtado, E., Isla, P., & Ibañez, A. (2010). Size and probability of rewards modulate the feedback error-related negativity associated with wins but not losses in a monetarily rewarded gambling task. NeuroImage, 51(3), 1194-1204.
Santesso, D. L., & Segalowitz, S. J. (2009). The error‐related negativity is related to risk taking and empathy in young men. Psychophysiology, 46(1), 143-152.
Scheffers, M. K., Coles, M. G. H., Bernstein, P., Gehring, W. J., & Donchin, E. (1996). Event‐related brain potentials and error‐related processing: An analysis of incorrect responses to go and no‐go stimuli. Psychophysiology, 33(1), 42-53.
Schultz, W., Dayan, P., & Montague, P. R. (1997). A neural substrate of prediction and reward. Science, 275(5306), 1593-1599.
Schultz, W., Tremblay, L., & Hollerman, J. R. (2000). Reward processing in primate orbitofrontal cortex and basal ganglia. Cerebral Cortex, 10(3), 272-283.
Sutton, R. S., & Barto, A. G. (1998). Reinforcement learning: An introduction (Vol. 1): Cambridge Univ Press.
Weber, E. U., Shafir, S., & Blais, A.R. (2004). Predicting risk sensitivity in humans and lower animals: risk as variance or coefficient of variation. Psychological Review, 111, 430-445.
Yen, N. S.*, Lai, Y. R., Chang, Y. F., Yeh, T. H., & Chen, K. H. (2007b, Sep.). The effect of expectancy on feedback-related negativity. Poster presented at the 5th Annual Meeting of Society for Neuroeconomics, Boston, U.S.A.
Yeung, N., Holroyd, C., & Cohen, J. (2005). ERP correlates of feedback and reward processing in the presence and absence of response choice. Cerebral Cortex, 15(5), 535-544.
Yu R, Zhou W, Zhou X. (2011). Rapid Processing of Both Reward Probability and Reward Uncertainty in the Human Anterior Cingulate Cortex. PLoS ONE 6(12): e29633.
Zani, A., & Proverbio, A. M. (2003). The cognitive electrophysiology of mind and brain: Academic Press.
Zhou, Z., Yu, R., & Zhou, X. (2010). To do or not to do? Action enlarges the FRN and P300 effects in outcome evaluation. Neuropsychologia, 48(12), 3606-3613.
Zirnheld, P. J., Carroll, C. A., Kieffaber, P. D., O`donnell, B. F., Shekhar, A., & Hetrick, W. P. (2004). Haloperidol impairs learning and error-related negativity in humans. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16(6), 1098-1112.		zh_TW