1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. 學術產出
  3. College of Communication
  4. Theses
  5. Item

學術產出-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

Citation Infomation

  • No doi shows Citation Infomation
題名 野性的媒介創業者：台灣有線電視系統先驅者口述傳記研究
The Savage in Media Entrepreneur: The Oral Biographical Reconstruction of Cable Television Pioneers in Taiwan
作者 張煜麟
Chang, Yu Lin
貢獻者 陳百齡
Chen, Pai Lin
張煜麟
Chang, Yu Lin
關鍵詞 媒介創業
有線電視
口述傳記法
傳播史
報
創業能動性
Media Entrepreneurship
Cable Television
Oral Biographical Method
Communication History
Pao
Entrepreneurial Agency
日期 2011
上傳時間 3-Dec-2012 11:18:30 (UTC+8)
摘要 本研究擬從經濟社會學和創業研究等觀點，對台灣有線電視系統先驅者所進行的媒介創業行動進行考察，嘗試說明早期有線電視系統業者媒介創業行動的行動邏輯，以及揭露其創業行動邏輯的社會根源。
      通過媒介創業行動意涵的討論，並彙整當代創業研究的論述，以及參考場域、資本與慣習等概念，本研究將媒介創業行動的考察，聚焦在媒介創業歷程中文化資本、社會資本與象徵資本等不同類型的創業資本，如何進行交換的問題上。
      關於研究方法與研究對象的選擇，本研究以口述傳記研究法來蒐集有線電視系統先驅者的媒介經驗，並以台灣選擇社區共同天線系統業者，作為研究的個案。通過對於研究個案的訪談與傳記資料的重構，以及口述傳記訪談法的應用，本文嘗試重建早期有線電視系統業者之媒介創業經驗的整體形貌。
      經由對業者之媒介創業經驗的解析，本研究嘗試揭露早期有線電視系統業者所從事之媒介創業的行動邏輯，並推論出：「技術能動性的作用」、「情感互惠的中介」、「『報』的社會常規的應用」、「自尊與歸屬之創業情感的自我期望」等意義結構，是解釋台灣有線電視系統媒介創業行動的關鍵行動邏輯。
      進一步，對於媒介創業行動邏輯的社會根源問題，本研究嘗試扣連台灣在地社會的文化傳統，發現在地社會中所強調「人情主義」、「義氣習性」與「技藝精神」等常民規範性，是驅動媒介創業歷程中「情感互惠」、「回報常規」習性與技術能動性的社會文化根源。
      結語，本研究指出，受到創業冒險、自信與樂觀等情感因素所導引的台灣有線電視系統先驅者，他們實為一群具有「即興展演」的行動能力，並以文化常規中的「情義」邏輯，來進行創業行動的「野性」的媒介創業者。而相異於當代主流創業論述強調工具理性、資源有效運用的行動思維，這群「野性」的媒介創業者，他們勇於突破政策管制的困境，巧於利用技術物之功能的能力，是他們之所以能夠通過技術與市場的高度不確定性，以及媒體管制政策的壓力，成功進行媒介創業行動的能動性根源。
      最終，扣連到傳播生態發展史的論述，本研究發現，這群帶有野性精神的媒介創業者，不僅具有啟動不同資本之交換行動的能動性，他們所具有的創新與創造性行動的力量，更是馴化新傳播的科技特性，使傳播科技得以轉化為日常生活之媒體的關鍵力量。
This study aims to investigates media entrepreneurial phenomenon which caused by the rise of new communication technology by the viewpoints of economic sociology and entrepreneurship. Based on the unfolding of the oral biography from the cable television pioneers in Taiwan, this study illustrates the action logics of social exchange about media entrepreneurial activities in Taiwan.
     
      Discussed on the contemporary communication phenomenon, entrepreneurship theories and economic sociology theory, this study illustrating the meaning of media entrepreneurship in history, figuring out the overview of media entrepreneurship study, describing the view of ‘media workers as media entrepreneurs’, discussing the meaning and types of ‘media entrepreneurs’, identifying three theoretical dimensions in media entrepreneurial processes, and summarizing the framework of analyzing the media entrepreneurial processes by using the concepts from cultural capitals, social capitals, and symbolic capitals.
     
      According to the work of structural analysis of narration, case reconstruction, and concept crystallization, this study finds: ‘the function of technical agency’, ‘the intermediary of entrepreneurial emotion’, ‘the application of Pao from social codes’, and ‘the project of self esteem and belonging ’ are the core meaning structures about the action logics of Taiwan Cable Television pioneers.
     
      About the problems on social origins of the media entrepreneurial process in Taiwan Cable Television pioneers, this study also finds: ‘the ontology of emotion’, ‘the rules of cultural Yi-Chi disposition’, and ‘the spirit of craftsmanship’ are the social origins from local culture in Taiwan.
     
      In conclusion, this study points out that these pioneers afford the improvisation for the potential of communication technology, and they can domesticate the wildness of new media technology. Further, they can perform the innovation and creative power to encounter the technology-market uncertainty, and overcome the regulation from government.
     
      Finally, this study name there pioneers in Taiwan Cable Television as the ‘Savage in media entrepreneur’, they possess the strong entrepreneurial agency, and they can build the new media ecology for future.
參考文獻 王佳煌（2010）。〈文化／創意產業、創意階級／城市論著的批判性檢視〉，《思與言》，48：131-190。
     蘇碩斌譯（2009）。《媒介文化論》，台北：群學。（原書吉見 俊哉 [2009] メディア文化論―メディアを学ぶ人のための１５話。東京：有斐閣。）
     周新富（2005）。《布爾迪厄論學校教育與文化再製》。台北：心理。
     林佑聖、葉欣怡譯（2005）。《社會資本》，台北：弘智文化出版。（原書Lin，N. （2002）. Social capital : a theory of social structure and action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ）
     李澤厚（1999）。《歷史本體論》。中國北京：三聯。
     李幼蒸譯（2006）。《野性的思維》。中國：中國人民大學出版社。
     邱天助（2004）。《布爾迪厄的文化再製理論》。台北：桂冠。
     倪鳴香（2004）。〈童年的蛻變：以生命史觀看幼師角色的形成〉，《教育研究集刊》，50（4）：27。
     倪鳴香譯（2001）。〈傳記學傳記研究法與方法論〉。台北：政治大學2001年「生命口述傳記研究課」課堂參考資料。（原書Marotzki，W. （1999）. Forschungsmethoden und- methodologie der Erziehungswiessenschaftlichen Biographieforschung. in Heinz-Hermann Kruger & W. Marotzki （Eds.），Handbuch erziehungswiessenschaftlichen Biographieforschung. （pp. 109-133）. Opladen: Leske & Budrich.）
     吳介民、李丁讚（2004）〈市民社會與公共領域在台灣的發展〉，收錄於李丁讚等人著，《公共領域在台灣：困境與契機》，台北：桂冠。
     高宣揚（2002）。《布爾迪厄》。台北：生智。
     高承恕（1999）。《頭家娘-台灣中小企業「頭家娘」的經濟活動與社會意義》。台北：聯經。
     陳大齊（1987）。《陳百年先生文集》。台北：臺灣商務印書館。
     劉育忠（2009）。《後結構主義與當代教育學探索 : 回到世界性眞實》。台北：巨流。
     蔡英俊譯（1979）。《生命的悲劇意識》。臺北市 : 長鯨。
     項退結（1986）。《中國民族性研究》。台北：商務。
     鄭陸霖（2000）。〈是誰惹毛了沈睡的貓？台灣有線電視市場場域中的權力競爭〉，張苙雲（編），《台灣產業研究》，頁221-256。台北：遠流。
     賴光臨（1991）。〈檢驗70年代報業的發展〉，《中華民國新聞年鑑80年版》。台北：台北新聞記者公會。
     孫雪岩（2006）。〈《水滸傳》與中國下層俗文化〉。《聊城大學學報》。中國山東：聊城大學歷史文化學院。
     Achtenhagen, L. (2008). Understanding Entrepreneurship in traditional media. Journal of media business studies, 5(1), 123-142.
     Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 50, 179-211.
     Aldrich, H. E., & Fiol, C. M. (1994). Fools rush in? The institutional context of industry creation. Academy of Management, 19(4), 645.
     Apitzsch, U., & Inowlocki, L. (2000). Biographical analysis: a `German` school? In P. Chamberlayne, J. Bornat, & T. Wengraf, (Eds.), The Turn to Biographical Methods in Social Science : Comparative issues and examples. London, UK: Routledge.
     Aranzadi, J. (2006). Liberalism Against Liberalism: Theoretical Analysis of the Works of Ludwig Von Mises and Gary Becker. New York: Routledge.
     Ardichvili, A., Richard, C., & Sourav, R. (2003). A theory of entrepreneurial opportunity identification and development. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(1), 105.
     Baker, T., Miner, A. S., & Eesley, D. T. (2003). Improvising firms: bricolage, account giving and improvisational competencies in the founding process. Research Policy, 32(2), 255-276.
     Barbalet, J. M. (1998). Emotion, social theory, and social structure: A macrosociological approach. Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press.
     Barreto, H. (1989). The entrepreneur in microeconomic theory : disappearance and explanation. New York: Routledge.
     Battilana, J. (2006). Agency and institutions: The enabling role of individuals’social position. Organization, 13(5), 653-676.
     Bauer, M. W., & Gaskell, G. (2000). Qualitative researching with text, image and sound : a practical handbook. London: SAGE.
     Beck, U. (1992). Risk society: Toward a new modernity. (M. Ritter, Trans). London, UK: Sage Publication. (Original work published 1986)
     Beck, U., & Beck-Gernsheim, E. (2002). Individualization : institutionalized individualism and its social and political consequences. London, UK: Thousand Oaks.
     Benjamin, W. (1969). The Storyteller. In Illuminations. New York: Schocken Books.
     Bertaux, D., & Bertaux-Wiame, I. (1981). Life stories in the bakers` trade. Biography and society : the life history approach in the social sciences (pp. 169-189). Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications.
     Bertaux, D., & Kohli, M. (1984). The Life Story Approach: A Continental View. Annual Review of Sociology, 10(1), 215-237.
     Bird, B. (1988). Implementing Entrepreneurial Ideas: The Case for Intention. Academy of Management Review, 13(3), 442-453.
     Bourdieu, P. (1977). Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A social critique of the judgement of taste. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
     Bourdieu, P. (1998). Practical reason : on the theory of action. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
     Bourdieu, P. (1986). The Forms of Capital. In J. G. Richardson (Eds.), Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education. (pp. 241-258). New York : Greenwood Press.
     Bourdieu, P. (1990). The logic of practice. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
     Bourdieu, P., & Wacquant, L. J. D. (1992). An invitation to reflexive sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
     Bruederl, J., & Preisendoerfer, P. (1998). Network Support and the Success of Newly Founded Businesses. Small Business Economics, 10(3), 213-225.
     Burke, P. J. (1991). Identity processes and social stress. American Sociological Review, 56,836-849.
     Burt, R. S.(2000). The network structure of social capital. Research in organizational behavior. 22,345-423.
     Carter, N. M., Gartner, W. B., & Reynolds, P. D. (1996). Exploring start-up event sequences. Journal of Business Venturing, 11(3), 151.
     Cicourel, A. V. (1974). Cognitive sociology : language and meaning in social interaction. New York: Free Press.
     Collins, R. (1981). On the Microfoundations of Macrosociology. American Journal of Sociology, 86(5), 984-1014.
     Collins, R. (1990). Foundations of social theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
     Czitrom, D. J. (1982). Media and the American mind : from Morse to McLuhan. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
     De Carolis, D. M., & Saparito, P. (2006). Social Capital, Cognition, and Entrepreneurial Opportunities: A Theoretical Framework. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(1), 41-56.
     Deuze, M. (2007). Media Work. Cambridge: Polity.
     Dewey, J. (1922). Human nature and conduct; an introduction to social psychology. New York: Holt.
     Dex, S., Willis, J., Paterson, R., & Sheppard, E. (2000). Freelance Workers and Contract Uncertainty: The effects of Contractual Changes in the Television Industry. Work, Employment and Society, 14(2), 283-305.
     De Sousa, R. (1987). The rationality of emotion. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
     Denzin, N. K. (1989). Interpretive biography. Newbury Park: Sage.
     DiMaggio, P. J. (1988). Interest and agency in institutional theory. In L. G. Zucker (Eds.), Institutional Patterns and Organizations: Culture and Environment (pp. 3-21). Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger.
     DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1983). The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields. American Sociological Review, 48(2), 147-160.
     DiMaggio, P. J. (2002). Endogenizing "animal spirits": toward a sociology of collective response to uncertainty and risk. In M. F. Guillén (Eds.), The new economic sociology : developments in an emerging field. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
     Du Gay, P. (1996). Organizing identity: entrepreneurial governance and public management. In S. Hall & P. Du Gay (Eds.), Questions of cultural identity (pp. 151-169). London ; Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage.
     Eckhardt, J. T., & Shane, S. A. (2003). Opportunities and entrepreneurship. Journal of management, 29(3), 333-349.
     Edwards, T. & Jones, O. (2008). Failed institution building: understanding the interplay between agency, social skill and context. Scandinavian journal of management, 42(1), 44-54.
     Ehrmann, T., Haas, F., & Harms, R. (2002). The bases of successful market entry: The liability of size and of newness in E-commerce. International Journal on Media Management, 4(4), 203-211.
     Elias, N. (1993). Mozart : portrait of a genius. Berkeley: University of California Press.
     Elster, J. (1998). Emotion and Economic theory. Journal of Economic Literature,36:47-74.
     Flick, U. (2009). An introduction to qualitative research. London: SAGE.
     Fligstein, N. (1997). Social skill and institutional theory. The American behavioral scientist., 40(4), 397.
     Fischer, W. (1982). Time and chronic illness. A study on social constitution of temporality. Calif., University of Berkeley.
     Fischer-Rosenthal, W. (2000). Biographical work and biographical structuring in present-day societies. In P. Chamberlayne, J. Bornat, & T. Wengraf, (Eds.), The turn to biographical methods in social science : comparative issues and examples. (pp. 109-125).London, UK: Routledge.
     Fiske, J. (1994). Medium/Media. In T. O`Sullivan (Ed.), Key concepts in communication and cultural studies. London; New York: Routledge.
     Feenberg, A. (1999). Questioning technology. London: Routledge.
     Frank, R. H. (1988). Passions within reason: The strategic role of the emotions. New York: Norton.
     Franke, N., & Schreier, M. (2002). Entrepreneurial opportunities with toolkits for user innovation and design. International Journal on Media Management, 4(4), 225-234.
     Garfinkel, H. (1967). Studies in Ethnomethodolgy. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Princeton-Hall.
     Geertz, C. (1963). Peddlers and princes; social change and economic modernization in two Indonesian towns. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
     Gerpott, T. J., & Niegel, C. (2002). Mobile business start-ups in Germany -- An exploration of the start-up scene and of corporate venture capital firms’views on business success drivers and inhibitors. International Journal on Media Management, 4(4), 235-247.
     Giddens, A. (1984). The constitution of society : outline of the theory of structuration. Berkeley: University of California Press.
     Giddens, A. (1991). Modernity and self-identity: Self and society in the late modern age. California: Stanford University Press.
     Gough, J. W. (1970). The rise of the entrepreneur. New York: Schocken Books.
     Granger, B., Stanworth, J., & Stanworth, C. (1995). Self-Employment Career Dynamics: The Case of "Unemployment Push` in UK Book Publishing. Work, Employment & Society, 9(3), 499-516.
     Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 91(3), 481-510.
     Hang, M., & van Weezel, A. V. (2007). Media and Entrepreneurship: What Do We Know and Where Should We Go? Journal of Media Business Studies, 4(1), 51-70.
     Habermas, J (1981) The Theory of Communicative Action(vol: II). London: Beacon Press
     Hargadon, A. B., & Douglas, Y. (2001). When Innovations Meet Institutions: Edison and the Design of the Electric Light. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46(3).
     Hardin, R. (2002). Trust and trustworthiness. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
     Henke, C. R. (2000). The Mechanics of Workplace Order: Toward a Sociology of Repair. Berkeley journal of sociology, 44, 55-81.
     Hinchman, L. P., & Hinchman, S. (1997). Memory, identity, community : the idea of narrative in the human sciences. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
     Hoag, A. & Compaine, B. (2006). Media entrepreneurship in the era of big media: Prospects for new entrants. Paper presented at the 2006 Babson College Entrepreneurship Research Conference, Bloomington, IN.
     Hoag, A., & Seo, S. (2005). Media entrepreneurship: Definition, theory and context. Paper presented at the Paper presented at the NCTA Academic Seminar, The Pennsylvania State University.
     Hoag, A. (2008). Measuring media entrepreneurship. International Journal on Media Management, 10(2), 74-80.
     Hochschild, A. R., (1983). The managed heart : commercialization of human feeling . California: California University Press.
     Hoselitz, B. F. (1951). The Early History of entrepreneurial theory. Explorations in Entrepreneurial History, 3(4), 193.
     Hwang,K.K.(2001). The deep structure of Confucianism: a social psychological approach. Asian philosophy, 11(3)179-204.
     Jack, S., & Anderson, A. (2000). The effects of embeddedness on the entrepreneurial process: University of Aberdeen, Department of Management Studies.
     Jacobs, J. (1965). The death and life of great american cities. London: Penguin Book.
     Jenkins, R. (1992). Pierre Bourdieu. London; New York: Routledge.
     Kao, R. W. Y. (1994). From general management to entrepreneurship: The business (‘B’) School Challenge, Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 11(2), pp4-10.
     Keynes, John M. (1973). The Collected Wrirings of John Mciynurd Keynes, vol. VII. London: Macmillan for the Royal Economic Society.
     Kirzner, I. M. (1973). Competition and entrepreneurship. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
     Kirzner, I. M. (1997). Entrepreneurial discovery and the competitive market process: An Austrian approach. Journal of Economic Literature, 35(1), 60-85.
     Knight, F. H. (1965). Risk, uncertainty and profit. New York: A.M. Kelly.
     Knyphausen-Aufseß, D. Z., Krys, C., & Schweizer, L. (2002). Attacker`s advantages in a homogeneous market: The case of GSM. International Journal on Media Management, 4(4), 212-224.
     Kohli, M.(1981). Biography: account, text, method. In D. Bertaux(Eds.). Biography and society. (pp. 61-76). CA: SAGE.
     Krueger, N. (2003). A case of mistaken (role) identity?: Envisioning entrepreneurial role demands. Paper presented at the 2003 Babson College Entrepreneurship Research Conference, Bloomington, IN.
     Krueger, N. F., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of business venturing., 15(5), 411.
     Lamont, M. (1992). Money, morals, and manners : the culture of the French and American upper-middle class. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
     Lash, S. (2001). Technological forms of life. Theory, Culture and Society, 18(1), 105-120.
     Low, M. B., & MacMillan, I. C. (1988). Entrepreneurship: Past research and future challenges. Journal of Management, 14(2), 139-161.
     Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (1996). Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and Linking it to performance. Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 135-172.
     McClelland, D. C., Atkinson, T.W., Clark, R. A., & Lowell, E. L. (1953). The achievement motive. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
     Mutch, A. (2007). Reflexivity and the institutional entrepreneur: A historical exploration. Organization Studies, 28(7), 1123-1140.
     Nahapiet, J., & Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23(2), 242-266.
     Nye, J. V. (1991). Lucky fools and cautious businessmen: On entrepreneurship and the measurement of entrepreneurial failure. Research in economic history, suppl, 6,131-152.
     Pettigrew, A. M. (1979). On studying organizational cultures. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(4), 570-581.
     Piaget, J. (1971). Genetic epistemology. New York.
     Pixley, J. (2002). Finance organizations, Decisions, and Emotions. British Journal of Sociology, 53(1),41-65.
     Polanyi, M. (1958). Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy. London: Routledge.
     Ray, S., & Cardozo, R. (1996). Sensitivity and creativity in entrepreneurial opportunity recognition: a framework for empirical investigation. Presented at the Sixth Global Entrepreneurship Research Conference, Imperial College, London.
     Rousseau, D. M., Sitkin, S. B., Burt, R. S., & Camerer, C. (1998). Not so different after all: a cross-discipline view of trust. Academy of Management Review, 23(3), 393-404.
     Rosenthal, G. (1993). Reconstruction of life stories: principles of selection in generating stories for narrative biographical interviews. In R. Josselson & A. Lieblich (Eds.), The Narrative study of lives / Advances in narrative and life history, v. 1 (pp. 59-91). Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage.
     Schumpeter, J.A. (1961). The theory of economic development. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. (Original work published 1912)
     Schumpeter, J. A. (1943). Capitalism, socialism, and democracy. New York: Harper.
     Schutz, A., & Natanson, M. (1962). Collected papers. I, The problem of social reality. Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
     Schütze, F. (1983). Biographieforschung und narratives interview. Neue Praxis, 3, 283-293.
     Schütze, F. (1987). Das narrative Interview in Interaktionsfeldstudien: Erzähltheoretische Grundlagen. Hagen: Studienbrief der Fernuniversität.
     Scott, S. (2000). Prior knowledge and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities. Organization Science, 11(4), 448.
     Silverstone, R., & Hirsch, E. (1992). Consuming technologies: Media and information in domestic spaces. London: Routledge.
     Shane, S. A. (1997). Who is Publishing the Entrepreneurship Research? Journal of management, 23(1), 85.
     Shane, S. (2000). Prior knowledge and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities. Organization Science, 11(4), 448.
     Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S. (2000). The Promise of Enterpreneurship as a Field of Research. The Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 217-226.
     Shook, C. L., Priem, R. L., & McGee, J. E. (2003). Venture Creation and the Enterprising Individual: A Review and Synthesis. Journal of management, 29(3), 379-399.
     Skillset(2009). The results of the seventh census of the creative media industries. 2009 EMPLOYMENT CENSUS.
     Stanworth, J., & Stanworth, C. (1997). `Reluctant entrepreneurs` and their clients - The case of self-employed freelances in the British book publishing industry. International small business journal., 16(1), 58.
     Shapero, A., & Sokol, L., (1982). The Social Dimensions of Entrepreneurship. In C. Kent, D. Sexton, & K. H. Vesper (Eds.), The Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship. (pp. 72-90).Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
     Stevenson, H. H., & Jarillo, J. C. (1989). A paradigm of enterpreneurship : entrepreneurial management. Boston, Mass.: Division of Research, Harvard Business School.
     Steyaert, C. (2004). The prosaics of entrepreneurship. In D. Hjorth, &C. Steyaert (Eds.), Narrative and discursive approaches in entrepreneurship a second movements in entrepreneurship book. (pp. 3-21) Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA: E. Elgar.
     Stryker, S. (2004). Integrating emotions into identity theory. Advances in Group Processes,21,1-23.
     Suchman, M. C. (1995). Managing Legitimacy: Strategic and Institutional Approaches. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 571-610.
     Szczepanski, J.(1981). The use of autobiographies in historical social psychology. In D. Bertaux(Eds.),Biography and society. (pp. 225-234). CA: SAGE.
     Szczepanski, J. (1962). Die biographische Methode. In R. Konig (Eds.), Handbuch der empirischen Sozialforschung (Vol. 1.). Stuttgart:: Enke.
     Uzzi, B. (1997). Social Structure and Competition in Interfirm Networks: The Paradox of Embeddedness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(1), 35-67.
     Warren, L. (2004). Negotiating entrepreneurial identity: communities of practice and changing discourses. International journal of entrepreneurship and innovation. 5(1) 25-36.
     Weber, M. (1958). The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism. New York: Scribner.
     Weber, W. (2004). The musician as entrepreneur, 1700-1914 : managers, charlatans, and idealists. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
     Wengraf, T., Chamberlayne, P., & Bornat, J. (2002). A Biographical Turn in the Social Sciences? A British-European View. Cultural Studies Critical Methodologies, 2, 245-269.
     Williams, R. (1976). Keywords : a vocabulary of culture and society. New York: Oxford University Press.
     Williamson, O. E. (1975). Markets and hierarchies, analysis and antitrust implications: A study in the economics of internal organization. New York: Free Press.
     Yli-Renko, H., Autio, E., & Sapienza, H. J. (2001). Social Capital, Knowledge Acquisition, and Knowledge Exploitation in Young Technology-Based Firms. Strategic Management Journal, 22(7), 587-613.
     Yoon, I. J. (1991). The Changing Significance of Ethnic and Class Resources in Immigrant Businesses: The Case of Korean Immigrant Businesses in Chicago. International Migration Review, 25(2), 303-332.
     Zelizer, V. A. R. (2005). The purchase of intimacy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
描述 博士
國立政治大學
新聞研究所
91451501
100
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0914515011
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 陳百齡zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Chen, Pai Linen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 張煜麟zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chang, Yu Linen_US
dc.creator (作者) 張煜麟zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chang, Yu Linen_US
dc.date (日期) 2011en_US
dc.date.accessioned 3-Dec-2012 11:18:30 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 3-Dec-2012 11:18:30 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 3-Dec-2012 11:18:30 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0914515011en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/56295-
dc.description (描述) 博士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 新聞研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 91451501zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 100zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究擬從經濟社會學和創業研究等觀點，對台灣有線電視系統先驅者所進行的媒介創業行動進行考察，嘗試說明早期有線電視系統業者媒介創業行動的行動邏輯，以及揭露其創業行動邏輯的社會根源。
      通過媒介創業行動意涵的討論，並彙整當代創業研究的論述，以及參考場域、資本與慣習等概念，本研究將媒介創業行動的考察，聚焦在媒介創業歷程中文化資本、社會資本與象徵資本等不同類型的創業資本，如何進行交換的問題上。
      關於研究方法與研究對象的選擇，本研究以口述傳記研究法來蒐集有線電視系統先驅者的媒介經驗，並以台灣選擇社區共同天線系統業者，作為研究的個案。通過對於研究個案的訪談與傳記資料的重構，以及口述傳記訪談法的應用，本文嘗試重建早期有線電視系統業者之媒介創業經驗的整體形貌。
      經由對業者之媒介創業經驗的解析，本研究嘗試揭露早期有線電視系統業者所從事之媒介創業的行動邏輯，並推論出：「技術能動性的作用」、「情感互惠的中介」、「『報』的社會常規的應用」、「自尊與歸屬之創業情感的自我期望」等意義結構，是解釋台灣有線電視系統媒介創業行動的關鍵行動邏輯。
      進一步，對於媒介創業行動邏輯的社會根源問題，本研究嘗試扣連台灣在地社會的文化傳統，發現在地社會中所強調「人情主義」、「義氣習性」與「技藝精神」等常民規範性，是驅動媒介創業歷程中「情感互惠」、「回報常規」習性與技術能動性的社會文化根源。
      結語，本研究指出，受到創業冒險、自信與樂觀等情感因素所導引的台灣有線電視系統先驅者，他們實為一群具有「即興展演」的行動能力，並以文化常規中的「情義」邏輯，來進行創業行動的「野性」的媒介創業者。而相異於當代主流創業論述強調工具理性、資源有效運用的行動思維，這群「野性」的媒介創業者，他們勇於突破政策管制的困境，巧於利用技術物之功能的能力，是他們之所以能夠通過技術與市場的高度不確定性，以及媒體管制政策的壓力，成功進行媒介創業行動的能動性根源。
      最終，扣連到傳播生態發展史的論述，本研究發現，這群帶有野性精神的媒介創業者，不僅具有啟動不同資本之交換行動的能動性，他們所具有的創新與創造性行動的力量，更是馴化新傳播的科技特性，使傳播科技得以轉化為日常生活之媒體的關鍵力量。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This study aims to investigates media entrepreneurial phenomenon which caused by the rise of new communication technology by the viewpoints of economic sociology and entrepreneurship. Based on the unfolding of the oral biography from the cable television pioneers in Taiwan, this study illustrates the action logics of social exchange about media entrepreneurial activities in Taiwan.
     
      Discussed on the contemporary communication phenomenon, entrepreneurship theories and economic sociology theory, this study illustrating the meaning of media entrepreneurship in history, figuring out the overview of media entrepreneurship study, describing the view of ‘media workers as media entrepreneurs’, discussing the meaning and types of ‘media entrepreneurs’, identifying three theoretical dimensions in media entrepreneurial processes, and summarizing the framework of analyzing the media entrepreneurial processes by using the concepts from cultural capitals, social capitals, and symbolic capitals.
     
      According to the work of structural analysis of narration, case reconstruction, and concept crystallization, this study finds: ‘the function of technical agency’, ‘the intermediary of entrepreneurial emotion’, ‘the application of Pao from social codes’, and ‘the project of self esteem and belonging ’ are the core meaning structures about the action logics of Taiwan Cable Television pioneers.
     
      About the problems on social origins of the media entrepreneurial process in Taiwan Cable Television pioneers, this study also finds: ‘the ontology of emotion’, ‘the rules of cultural Yi-Chi disposition’, and ‘the spirit of craftsmanship’ are the social origins from local culture in Taiwan.
     
      In conclusion, this study points out that these pioneers afford the improvisation for the potential of communication technology, and they can domesticate the wildness of new media technology. Further, they can perform the innovation and creative power to encounter the technology-market uncertainty, and overcome the regulation from government.
     
      Finally, this study name there pioneers in Taiwan Cable Television as the ‘Savage in media entrepreneur’, they possess the strong entrepreneurial agency, and they can build the new media ecology for future.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論：探究媒介創業的行動邏輯 1
     第一節 研究緣起 1
     第二節 研究對象的界定 5
     第三節 研究問題 8
     第四節 研究取徑：從傳記文本中重構媒介創業經驗 9
     第二章 媒介創業的性質與分析面向 11
     第一節 媒介創業的性質 11
     第二節 媒介創業歷程的相關理論構面 17
     第三節 媒介創業歷程的理論問題 22
     第四節 在地社會中的媒介創業者：台灣有線電視系統的先驅者 26
     第三章 研究方法與個案 31
     第一節 方法論立場的討論 31
     第二節 研究個案的選擇 38
     第四章 媒介創業經驗的口述傳記解析 45
     第一節 個案的傳記資料描述 45
     第二節 個案之創業經驗敘述文本的結構描述 48
     第三節 個案形塑：「技藝、情感與義氣」交融的媒介創業經驗 88
     第四節 小結 96
     第五章 野性的媒介創業行動 98
     第一節 媒介創業的行動邏輯分析 98
     第二節 媒介創業行動邏輯的社會根源 111
     第三節 小結 125
     第六章 結語：華人文化脈絡的媒介創業行動 126
     第一節 研究概述 126
     第二節 研究發現綜述 129
     第三節 研究意涵的延伸 136
     第四節 研究限制 140
     參考書目 142
     附錄一 個案-媒介創業經驗口述文本 151
     附錄二 個案-媒介創業經驗的整體結構描述圖 184		zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0914515011en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 媒介創業zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 有線電視zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 口述傳記法zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 傳播史zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 報zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 創業能動性zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Media Entrepreneurshipen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Cable Televisionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Oral Biographical Methoden_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Communication Historyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Paoen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Entrepreneurial Agencyen_US
dc.title (題名) 野性的媒介創業者：台灣有線電視系統先驅者口述傳記研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Savage in Media Entrepreneur: The Oral Biographical Reconstruction of Cable Television Pioneers in Taiwanen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 王佳煌（2010）。〈文化／創意產業、創意階級／城市論著的批判性檢視〉，《思與言》，48：131-190。
     蘇碩斌譯（2009）。《媒介文化論》，台北：群學。（原書吉見 俊哉 [2009] メディア文化論―メディアを学ぶ人のための１５話。東京：有斐閣。）
     周新富（2005）。《布爾迪厄論學校教育與文化再製》。台北：心理。
     林佑聖、葉欣怡譯（2005）。《社會資本》，台北：弘智文化出版。（原書Lin，N. （2002）. Social capital : a theory of social structure and action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ）
     李澤厚（1999）。《歷史本體論》。中國北京：三聯。
     李幼蒸譯（2006）。《野性的思維》。中國：中國人民大學出版社。
     邱天助（2004）。《布爾迪厄的文化再製理論》。台北：桂冠。
     倪鳴香（2004）。〈童年的蛻變：以生命史觀看幼師角色的形成〉，《教育研究集刊》，50（4）：27。
     倪鳴香譯（2001）。〈傳記學傳記研究法與方法論〉。台北：政治大學2001年「生命口述傳記研究課」課堂參考資料。（原書Marotzki，W. （1999）. Forschungsmethoden und- methodologie der Erziehungswiessenschaftlichen Biographieforschung. in Heinz-Hermann Kruger & W. Marotzki （Eds.），Handbuch erziehungswiessenschaftlichen Biographieforschung. （pp. 109-133）. Opladen: Leske & Budrich.）
     吳介民、李丁讚（2004）〈市民社會與公共領域在台灣的發展〉，收錄於李丁讚等人著，《公共領域在台灣：困境與契機》，台北：桂冠。
     高宣揚（2002）。《布爾迪厄》。台北：生智。
     高承恕（1999）。《頭家娘-台灣中小企業「頭家娘」的經濟活動與社會意義》。台北：聯經。
     陳大齊（1987）。《陳百年先生文集》。台北：臺灣商務印書館。
     劉育忠（2009）。《後結構主義與當代教育學探索 : 回到世界性眞實》。台北：巨流。
     蔡英俊譯（1979）。《生命的悲劇意識》。臺北市 : 長鯨。
     項退結（1986）。《中國民族性研究》。台北：商務。
     鄭陸霖（2000）。〈是誰惹毛了沈睡的貓？台灣有線電視市場場域中的權力競爭〉，張苙雲（編），《台灣產業研究》，頁221-256。台北：遠流。
     賴光臨（1991）。〈檢驗70年代報業的發展〉，《中華民國新聞年鑑80年版》。台北：台北新聞記者公會。
     孫雪岩（2006）。〈《水滸傳》與中國下層俗文化〉。《聊城大學學報》。中國山東：聊城大學歷史文化學院。
     Achtenhagen, L. (2008). Understanding Entrepreneurship in traditional media. Journal of media business studies, 5(1), 123-142.
     Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 50, 179-211.
     Aldrich, H. E., & Fiol, C. M. (1994). Fools rush in? The institutional context of industry creation. Academy of Management, 19(4), 645.
     Apitzsch, U., & Inowlocki, L. (2000). Biographical analysis: a `German` school? In P. Chamberlayne, J. Bornat, & T. Wengraf, (Eds.), The Turn to Biographical Methods in Social Science : Comparative issues and examples. London, UK: Routledge.
     Aranzadi, J. (2006). Liberalism Against Liberalism: Theoretical Analysis of the Works of Ludwig Von Mises and Gary Becker. New York: Routledge.
     Ardichvili, A., Richard, C., & Sourav, R. (2003). A theory of entrepreneurial opportunity identification and development. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(1), 105.
     Baker, T., Miner, A. S., & Eesley, D. T. (2003). Improvising firms: bricolage, account giving and improvisational competencies in the founding process. Research Policy, 32(2), 255-276.
     Barbalet, J. M. (1998). Emotion, social theory, and social structure: A macrosociological approach. Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press.
     Barreto, H. (1989). The entrepreneur in microeconomic theory : disappearance and explanation. New York: Routledge.
     Battilana, J. (2006). Agency and institutions: The enabling role of individuals’social position. Organization, 13(5), 653-676.
     Bauer, M. W., & Gaskell, G. (2000). Qualitative researching with text, image and sound : a practical handbook. London: SAGE.
     Beck, U. (1992). Risk society: Toward a new modernity. (M. Ritter, Trans). London, UK: Sage Publication. (Original work published 1986)
     Beck, U., & Beck-Gernsheim, E. (2002). Individualization : institutionalized individualism and its social and political consequences. London, UK: Thousand Oaks.
     Benjamin, W. (1969). The Storyteller. In Illuminations. New York: Schocken Books.
     Bertaux, D., & Bertaux-Wiame, I. (1981). Life stories in the bakers` trade. Biography and society : the life history approach in the social sciences (pp. 169-189). Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications.
     Bertaux, D., & Kohli, M. (1984). The Life Story Approach: A Continental View. Annual Review of Sociology, 10(1), 215-237.
     Bird, B. (1988). Implementing Entrepreneurial Ideas: The Case for Intention. Academy of Management Review, 13(3), 442-453.
     Bourdieu, P. (1977). Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A social critique of the judgement of taste. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
     Bourdieu, P. (1998). Practical reason : on the theory of action. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
     Bourdieu, P. (1986). The Forms of Capital. In J. G. Richardson (Eds.), Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education. (pp. 241-258). New York : Greenwood Press.
     Bourdieu, P. (1990). The logic of practice. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
     Bourdieu, P., & Wacquant, L. J. D. (1992). An invitation to reflexive sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
     Bruederl, J., & Preisendoerfer, P. (1998). Network Support and the Success of Newly Founded Businesses. Small Business Economics, 10(3), 213-225.
     Burke, P. J. (1991). Identity processes and social stress. American Sociological Review, 56,836-849.
     Burt, R. S.(2000). The network structure of social capital. Research in organizational behavior. 22,345-423.
     Carter, N. M., Gartner, W. B., & Reynolds, P. D. (1996). Exploring start-up event sequences. Journal of Business Venturing, 11(3), 151.
     Cicourel, A. V. (1974). Cognitive sociology : language and meaning in social interaction. New York: Free Press.
     Collins, R. (1981). On the Microfoundations of Macrosociology. American Journal of Sociology, 86(5), 984-1014.
     Collins, R. (1990). Foundations of social theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
     Czitrom, D. J. (1982). Media and the American mind : from Morse to McLuhan. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
     De Carolis, D. M., & Saparito, P. (2006). Social Capital, Cognition, and Entrepreneurial Opportunities: A Theoretical Framework. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(1), 41-56.
     Deuze, M. (2007). Media Work. Cambridge: Polity.
     Dewey, J. (1922). Human nature and conduct; an introduction to social psychology. New York: Holt.
     Dex, S., Willis, J., Paterson, R., & Sheppard, E. (2000). Freelance Workers and Contract Uncertainty: The effects of Contractual Changes in the Television Industry. Work, Employment and Society, 14(2), 283-305.
     De Sousa, R. (1987). The rationality of emotion. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
     Denzin, N. K. (1989). Interpretive biography. Newbury Park: Sage.
     DiMaggio, P. J. (1988). Interest and agency in institutional theory. In L. G. Zucker (Eds.), Institutional Patterns and Organizations: Culture and Environment (pp. 3-21). Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger.
     DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1983). The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields. American Sociological Review, 48(2), 147-160.
     DiMaggio, P. J. (2002). Endogenizing "animal spirits": toward a sociology of collective response to uncertainty and risk. In M. F. Guillén (Eds.), The new economic sociology : developments in an emerging field. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
     Du Gay, P. (1996). Organizing identity: entrepreneurial governance and public management. In S. Hall & P. Du Gay (Eds.), Questions of cultural identity (pp. 151-169). London ; Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage.
     Eckhardt, J. T., & Shane, S. A. (2003). Opportunities and entrepreneurship. Journal of management, 29(3), 333-349.
     Edwards, T. & Jones, O. (2008). Failed institution building: understanding the interplay between agency, social skill and context. Scandinavian journal of management, 42(1), 44-54.
     Ehrmann, T., Haas, F., & Harms, R. (2002). The bases of successful market entry: The liability of size and of newness in E-commerce. International Journal on Media Management, 4(4), 203-211.
     Elias, N. (1993). Mozart : portrait of a genius. Berkeley: University of California Press.
     Elster, J. (1998). Emotion and Economic theory. Journal of Economic Literature,36:47-74.
     Flick, U. (2009). An introduction to qualitative research. London: SAGE.
     Fligstein, N. (1997). Social skill and institutional theory. The American behavioral scientist., 40(4), 397.
     Fischer, W. (1982). Time and chronic illness. A study on social constitution of temporality. Calif., University of Berkeley.
     Fischer-Rosenthal, W. (2000). Biographical work and biographical structuring in present-day societies. In P. Chamberlayne, J. Bornat, & T. Wengraf, (Eds.), The turn to biographical methods in social science : comparative issues and examples. (pp. 109-125).London, UK: Routledge.
     Fiske, J. (1994). Medium/Media. In T. O`Sullivan (Ed.), Key concepts in communication and cultural studies. London; New York: Routledge.
     Feenberg, A. (1999). Questioning technology. London: Routledge.
     Frank, R. H. (1988). Passions within reason: The strategic role of the emotions. New York: Norton.
     Franke, N., & Schreier, M. (2002). Entrepreneurial opportunities with toolkits for user innovation and design. International Journal on Media Management, 4(4), 225-234.
     Garfinkel, H. (1967). Studies in Ethnomethodolgy. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Princeton-Hall.
     Geertz, C. (1963). Peddlers and princes; social change and economic modernization in two Indonesian towns. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
     Gerpott, T. J., & Niegel, C. (2002). Mobile business start-ups in Germany -- An exploration of the start-up scene and of corporate venture capital firms’views on business success drivers and inhibitors. International Journal on Media Management, 4(4), 235-247.
     Giddens, A. (1984). The constitution of society : outline of the theory of structuration. Berkeley: University of California Press.
     Giddens, A. (1991). Modernity and self-identity: Self and society in the late modern age. California: Stanford University Press.
     Gough, J. W. (1970). The rise of the entrepreneur. New York: Schocken Books.
     Granger, B., Stanworth, J., & Stanworth, C. (1995). Self-Employment Career Dynamics: The Case of "Unemployment Push` in UK Book Publishing. Work, Employment & Society, 9(3), 499-516.
     Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 91(3), 481-510.
     Hang, M., & van Weezel, A. V. (2007). Media and Entrepreneurship: What Do We Know and Where Should We Go? Journal of Media Business Studies, 4(1), 51-70.
     Habermas, J (1981) The Theory of Communicative Action(vol: II). London: Beacon Press
     Hargadon, A. B., & Douglas, Y. (2001). When Innovations Meet Institutions: Edison and the Design of the Electric Light. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46(3).
     Hardin, R. (2002). Trust and trustworthiness. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
     Henke, C. R. (2000). The Mechanics of Workplace Order: Toward a Sociology of Repair. Berkeley journal of sociology, 44, 55-81.
     Hinchman, L. P., & Hinchman, S. (1997). Memory, identity, community : the idea of narrative in the human sciences. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
     Hoag, A. & Compaine, B. (2006). Media entrepreneurship in the era of big media: Prospects for new entrants. Paper presented at the 2006 Babson College Entrepreneurship Research Conference, Bloomington, IN.
     Hoag, A., & Seo, S. (2005). Media entrepreneurship: Definition, theory and context. Paper presented at the Paper presented at the NCTA Academic Seminar, The Pennsylvania State University.
     Hoag, A. (2008). Measuring media entrepreneurship. International Journal on Media Management, 10(2), 74-80.
     Hochschild, A. R., (1983). The managed heart : commercialization of human feeling . California: California University Press.
     Hoselitz, B. F. (1951). The Early History of entrepreneurial theory. Explorations in Entrepreneurial History, 3(4), 193.
     Hwang,K.K.(2001). The deep structure of Confucianism: a social psychological approach. Asian philosophy, 11(3)179-204.
     Jack, S., & Anderson, A. (2000). The effects of embeddedness on the entrepreneurial process: University of Aberdeen, Department of Management Studies.
     Jacobs, J. (1965). The death and life of great american cities. London: Penguin Book.
     Jenkins, R. (1992). Pierre Bourdieu. London; New York: Routledge.
     Kao, R. W. Y. (1994). From general management to entrepreneurship: The business (‘B’) School Challenge, Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 11(2), pp4-10.
     Keynes, John M. (1973). The Collected Wrirings of John Mciynurd Keynes, vol. VII. London: Macmillan for the Royal Economic Society.
     Kirzner, I. M. (1973). Competition and entrepreneurship. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
     Kirzner, I. M. (1997). Entrepreneurial discovery and the competitive market process: An Austrian approach. Journal of Economic Literature, 35(1), 60-85.
     Knight, F. H. (1965). Risk, uncertainty and profit. New York: A.M. Kelly.
     Knyphausen-Aufseß, D. Z., Krys, C., & Schweizer, L. (2002). Attacker`s advantages in a homogeneous market: The case of GSM. International Journal on Media Management, 4(4), 212-224.
     Kohli, M.(1981). Biography: account, text, method. In D. Bertaux(Eds.). Biography and society. (pp. 61-76). CA: SAGE.
     Krueger, N. (2003). A case of mistaken (role) identity?: Envisioning entrepreneurial role demands. Paper presented at the 2003 Babson College Entrepreneurship Research Conference, Bloomington, IN.
     Krueger, N. F., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of business venturing., 15(5), 411.
     Lamont, M. (1992). Money, morals, and manners : the culture of the French and American upper-middle class. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
     Lash, S. (2001). Technological forms of life. Theory, Culture and Society, 18(1), 105-120.
     Low, M. B., & MacMillan, I. C. (1988). Entrepreneurship: Past research and future challenges. Journal of Management, 14(2), 139-161.
     Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (1996). Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and Linking it to performance. Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 135-172.
     McClelland, D. C., Atkinson, T.W., Clark, R. A., & Lowell, E. L. (1953). The achievement motive. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
     Mutch, A. (2007). Reflexivity and the institutional entrepreneur: A historical exploration. Organization Studies, 28(7), 1123-1140.
     Nahapiet, J., & Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23(2), 242-266.
     Nye, J. V. (1991). Lucky fools and cautious businessmen: On entrepreneurship and the measurement of entrepreneurial failure. Research in economic history, suppl, 6,131-152.
     Pettigrew, A. M. (1979). On studying organizational cultures. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(4), 570-581.
     Piaget, J. (1971). Genetic epistemology. New York.
     Pixley, J. (2002). Finance organizations, Decisions, and Emotions. British Journal of Sociology, 53(1),41-65.
     Polanyi, M. (1958). Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy. London: Routledge.
     Ray, S., & Cardozo, R. (1996). Sensitivity and creativity in entrepreneurial opportunity recognition: a framework for empirical investigation. Presented at the Sixth Global Entrepreneurship Research Conference, Imperial College, London.
     Rousseau, D. M., Sitkin, S. B., Burt, R. S., & Camerer, C. (1998). Not so different after all: a cross-discipline view of trust. Academy of Management Review, 23(3), 393-404.
     Rosenthal, G. (1993). Reconstruction of life stories: principles of selection in generating stories for narrative biographical interviews. In R. Josselson & A. Lieblich (Eds.), The Narrative study of lives / Advances in narrative and life history, v. 1 (pp. 59-91). Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage.
     Schumpeter, J.A. (1961). The theory of economic development. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. (Original work published 1912)
     Schumpeter, J. A. (1943). Capitalism, socialism, and democracy. New York: Harper.
     Schutz, A., & Natanson, M. (1962). Collected papers. I, The problem of social reality. Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
     Schütze, F. (1983). Biographieforschung und narratives interview. Neue Praxis, 3, 283-293.
     Schütze, F. (1987). Das narrative Interview in Interaktionsfeldstudien: Erzähltheoretische Grundlagen. Hagen: Studienbrief der Fernuniversität.
     Scott, S. (2000). Prior knowledge and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities. Organization Science, 11(4), 448.
     Silverstone, R., & Hirsch, E. (1992). Consuming technologies: Media and information in domestic spaces. London: Routledge.
     Shane, S. A. (1997). Who is Publishing the Entrepreneurship Research? Journal of management, 23(1), 85.
     Shane, S. (2000). Prior knowledge and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities. Organization Science, 11(4), 448.
     Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S. (2000). The Promise of Enterpreneurship as a Field of Research. The Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 217-226.
     Shook, C. L., Priem, R. L., & McGee, J. E. (2003). Venture Creation and the Enterprising Individual: A Review and Synthesis. Journal of management, 29(3), 379-399.
     Skillset(2009). The results of the seventh census of the creative media industries. 2009 EMPLOYMENT CENSUS.
     Stanworth, J., & Stanworth, C. (1997). `Reluctant entrepreneurs` and their clients - The case of self-employed freelances in the British book publishing industry. International small business journal., 16(1), 58.
     Shapero, A., & Sokol, L., (1982). The Social Dimensions of Entrepreneurship. In C. Kent, D. Sexton, & K. H. Vesper (Eds.), The Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship. (pp. 72-90).Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
     Stevenson, H. H., & Jarillo, J. C. (1989). A paradigm of enterpreneurship : entrepreneurial management. Boston, Mass.: Division of Research, Harvard Business School.
     Steyaert, C. (2004). The prosaics of entrepreneurship. In D. Hjorth, &C. Steyaert (Eds.), Narrative and discursive approaches in entrepreneurship a second movements in entrepreneurship book. (pp. 3-21) Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA: E. Elgar.
     Stryker, S. (2004). Integrating emotions into identity theory. Advances in Group Processes,21,1-23.
     Suchman, M. C. (1995). Managing Legitimacy: Strategic and Institutional Approaches. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 571-610.
     Szczepanski, J.(1981). The use of autobiographies in historical social psychology. In D. Bertaux(Eds.),Biography and society. (pp. 225-234). CA: SAGE.
     Szczepanski, J. (1962). Die biographische Methode. In R. Konig (Eds.), Handbuch der empirischen Sozialforschung (Vol. 1.). Stuttgart:: Enke.
     Uzzi, B. (1997). Social Structure and Competition in Interfirm Networks: The Paradox of Embeddedness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(1), 35-67.
     Warren, L. (2004). Negotiating entrepreneurial identity: communities of practice and changing discourses. International journal of entrepreneurship and innovation. 5(1) 25-36.
     Weber, M. (1958). The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism. New York: Scribner.
     Weber, W. (2004). The musician as entrepreneur, 1700-1914 : managers, charlatans, and idealists. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
     Wengraf, T., Chamberlayne, P., & Bornat, J. (2002). A Biographical Turn in the Social Sciences? A British-European View. Cultural Studies Critical Methodologies, 2, 245-269.
     Williams, R. (1976). Keywords : a vocabulary of culture and society. New York: Oxford University Press.
     Williamson, O. E. (1975). Markets and hierarchies, analysis and antitrust implications: A study in the economics of internal organization. New York: Free Press.
     Yli-Renko, H., Autio, E., & Sapienza, H. J. (2001). Social Capital, Knowledge Acquisition, and Knowledge Exploitation in Young Technology-Based Firms. Strategic Management Journal, 22(7), 587-613.
     Yoon, I. J. (1991). The Changing Significance of Ethnic and Class Resources in Immigrant Businesses: The Case of Korean Immigrant Businesses in Chicago. International Migration Review, 25(2), 303-332.
     Zelizer, V. A. R. (2005). The purchase of intimacy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.		zh_TW