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題名 中東歐民主化外部因素之研究—以捷克為例
The external factors in democratization in central and Eastern Europe: the case of the Czech Republic
作者 梁曉文
Liang, Hsiao Wen
貢獻者 林永芳
Lin, Yung Fang
梁曉文
Liang, Hsiao Wen
關鍵詞 中東歐
捷克
絲絨革命
民主化
外部因素
Central and Eastern Europe
Czech Republic
Velvet Revolution
democratization
external factors
日期 2012
上傳時間 3-Dec-2012 11:31:27 (UTC+8)
摘要 1989年中東歐政局發生重大變化，波蘭、匈牙利與捷克斯洛伐克共黨在社會團體與民運人士大規模抗議下交出政權，結束此區域長久以來的共黨統治。1991年斯洛維尼亞正式脫離南斯拉夫，波海三國亦獲獨立，中東歐新興國家開始民主轉型。本文首先探討促成1989年中東歐民主革命的外部因素，如較和緩的國際情勢、蘇共自由化政策、美國及國際組織援助等，接著以捷克為個案，分析外部因素對絲絨革命及民主化之作用。
赫爾辛基最後議定書等關於民主與人權的文件，鼓舞了七七憲章之草擬；波蘭與匈牙利的政局變化，對捷克斯洛伐克產生示範作用，異議人士、環保團體或宗教力量跨國串連，輔以西方媒體作用，是絲絨革命動員的契機。與1968年受華約軍隊鎮壓的布拉格之春相比，絲絨革命得以成功，蘇共總書記Mikhail Gorbachev (Михаил Горбачёв)放棄干涉中東歐國家內政是重要關鍵，強硬的捷共政府因而失去壓制國內民主訴求的正當性。
此後捷克「回歸歐洲」外交走向，使歐安組織、歐洲理事會與美國運用民主、人權規範及各項援助，深化其轉型程度。北約和歐盟以會籍作為條件設定，直接或間接散播民主規範，並透過捷克當地政治菁英及政黨，歐盟外部治理成功使人民對歐洲化及歐盟產生認同。2003年入盟公投通過後，歐盟外部治理有了民意基礎，影響力更為強化，主導捷克民主發展。
In 1989 the unexpected enormous democratic revolutions in Central and Eastern European countries led to the crash of the communist governments in Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Two years later, officially departing from Yugoslavia, Slovenia started its own democratic transition, and the Baltic states also attained independence from the Soviet Union.
First of all, we would like to discuss the external factors triggering the democratic revolutions in this area in 1989, such as the less tense international circumstances, the liberal reforms of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and the assistance from the US and the relative international organizations. Then the discussion goes further to the case of the Czech Republic to make it clear how external factors affected the Velvet Revolution and how democratic values were promoted in the Czech Republic.
The Helsinki Final Act, announced for democracy and the human rights in 1975, inspired the publication of Charter 77. The political change in Poland and Hungary turned into demonstration effect on Czech politics. Besides, the transnational connection of dissidents or the religion groups, and the western media both facilitated the mobilization for a democratic regime. Compared to the Prague Spring of 1968, crushed by the invading Soviet troops, the success of the Velvet Revolution was largely contributed by Mikhail Gorbachev’s decision not to interfere in the internal affairs in this area. Thus, the Czech communist government lost its legitimacy to suppress democratic campaigns.
With the slogan “Return to Europe,” Czech Republic had made it possible for international activists including OSCE, COE and the US to impose their influences on Czech’s transition to democracy. In the accession process to the EU/ NATO, western activists spread democracy norms into the Czech Republic directly or indirectly by conditionality. Through local political elites and political parties, the EU successfully built Czech people’s identity toward EU by its external governance. Meanwhile, the positive result of Czech’s EU entry referendum in 2003 even strengthened EU’s influence as a leading external role in Czech’s democratization after the Velvet Revolution.
參考文獻 一、英文資料
專著
Agh, Attila, Emerging Democracies in East Central Europe and the Balkans (Massachusetts, Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc.,1998).
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Sedelmeier, Ulrich, “The EU and Democratization in Central and Southeastern Europe since 1989,” in Ramet, ed., Central and Southeast European Politics since 1989 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
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Sussman, Gerald, Branding Democracy – U.S. Regime Change in Post-Soviet Eastern Europe (NY: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc., 2010).
Szayn Thomas S., “The Czech Republic – A Small Contributor or a ‘Free Rider’?” in Michta Andrew A. ed., America’s New Allies: Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic in NATO (Washington, University of Washington Press, 1999).
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期刊
Azzpuru, Dinorah and Finkel, Steven E. and Perez-Linan, Anibal and Seligson, Mitchell A. “Trends in Democratic Assistance: What has the United Sates Been Doing?” Journal of Democracy, Vol. 19, No. 2 (April 2008), pp. 150~159.
Basora, Adraina A. and Boone, Jean F., “A New U.S. Policy Toward Democracy in Post-Communist Europe and Eurasia,” Problems of Post-Communism, Vol. 57, No. 1 (January/February 2010), pp. 3~16.
Berg-Schlosser, Dirk, “’Neighborhood Effects’ of Democratization in Europe,” Taiwan Journal of Democracy, Vol. 4, No. 2 (December 2008), pp. 29~45.
Baun, Michael and Durr, Jakub and Marek, Dan and Šaradín, Pavel, “The Europeanization of Czech Politics: The Political Parties and the EU Referendum,” Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 44, No. 2 (June 2006), pp. 249~280.
Glenn, John, “Civil Society Transformed: International Aid to New Political Parties in the Czech Republic and Slovakia,” Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, Vol. 11, No. 2 (June 2000), pp. 161~179.
Havlík, Vlastimil, “A Break-up of a Pro-European Consensus: Attitudes of Czech Political Parties towards the European Integration (1998-2010),” Communist and Post-Communist Studies, Vol. 44, No. 2 (June 2011), pp. 129~147.
Jirák, Jan and Kopplová, Barbara, “The Reality Show Called Democratization: Transformation of the Czech Media after 1989, ” Global Media Journal, Vol. 4, No. 1 (2008), pp. 7~23.
LaPlant, James T. and Baun, Michael and Lach, Jiri and Marek, Dan, “Decentralization in the Czech Republic: The European Union, Political Parties, and the Creation of Regional Assemblies,” Publius: The Journal of Federalism, Vol. 34, No. 1 (Winter, 2004), pp. 33~51.
Lavenex, Sandra and Schimmelfennig, Frank, “EU Democracy Promotion in the Neighbourhood: From Leverage to Governance?” Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 16, No. 6 (August 2009), pp. 916~934.
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電子文獻
Bjola, Corneliu, “NATO as a Factor of Security Community Building: Enlargement and Democratization in Central and Eastern Europe,” http://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/99-01/bjola.pdf. (accessed:2012/10/31)
Diamond, Larry, “An American Foreign Policy for Democracy,” July 1991, http://www.dlc.org/documents/democracy.pdf. (accessed:2012/10/31)
Diamond, Larry, “Promoting Democracy in the 1990s: Actors and Instruments, Issues and Imperatives,” December 1995, http://carnegie.org/fileadmin/Media/Publications/PDF/Promoting%20Democracy%20in%20the%201990s%20Actors%20and%20Instruments,%20Issues%20and%20Imperatives.pdf. (accessed:2012/10/22)
Gabal, Ivan and Helsusova, Lenka and Szayna, Thomas, “The Impact of NATO Membership in the Czech Republic,” Conflict Studies Research Centre, March 2002, http://www.gac.cz/userfiles/File/nase_prace_vystupy/GAC_NATO_impact_ofNATO_membership_inCR_ENG.pdf. (accessed:2012/10/19)
Glenn, John, “International Actor and Democratization: US Assistance to New Political Parties in the Czech Republic and Slovakia,” European University Institute Working Paper, 1999, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.199.4072. (accessed:2012/10/19)
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Lucarelli, Sonia, “Peace and Democracy: The Rediscovered Link, The EU, NATO and the European System of Liberal-Democratic Security Communities,” 2002, http://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/00-02/Lucarelli`s.pdf. (accessed:2012/10/19)
Mohrenberg, Steffen, “Analyzing Democratization with a Social Network Approach,” Working paper at Southern Illinois University, June 1, 2011, http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1059&context=pn_wp&sei-redir=1#search=%22External%20Factors%20democratization%22. (accessed:2012/10/19)
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網站
北大西洋公約組織(North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO)
H.R. 3564 An Act (NATO Enlargement Facilitation Act), http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-104hr3564pcs/pdf/BILLS-104hr3564pcs.pdf. (accessed:2012/7/7)
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自由之家 (Freedom House)，
Nations in Transit,
http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=17. (accessed:2012/8/20)
Study: Challenges and Opportunities for Democracy in Former Soviet Countries, http://www.freedomhouse.org. (accessed:2012/8/20)
全球非暴力行動資料庫(Global Nonviolence Action Database)，
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美國全國民主基金會(National Endowment for Democracy, NED)，
http://www.ned.org/where-we-work/central-and-eastern-europe. (accessed:2012/10/2)
美國政府出版品印刷局(United States Government Printing Office)，
Peace, Prosperity, and Democracy Act of 1994,
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美國國際開發總署(United States Agency for International Development, USAID)， http://www.usaid.gov. (accessed:2012/10/6)
歐盟執委會(European Commission, EC)，
http://ec.europa.eu. (accessed:2012/10/13)
歐洲理事會(Council of Europe)，
Huber, Denis, “The Council of Europe (1989-1999)- A Decade that Made History,” https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?id=123021&Site=COE. (accessed:2012/10/17)
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歐洲安全與合作組織(Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, OSCE)
http://www.osce.org. (accessed:2012/10/13)
歐洲聯盟(European Union, EU)，
http://europa.eu/index_en.htm, (accessed:2012/10/10)
德國貝塔斯曼基金會(Bertelsmann Foundation)，
2010年轉型指數，
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Solos「開放社會基金會」(Open Society Foundation)，
http://www.soros.org/about. (accessed:2012/8/20)

二、捷克文資料
專著
Dančák, Břetislav, “Pozice a Zájmy ČR v Evropské a Transatlantické Bezpečnostní Dimenzi (Position and Interests of the Czech Republic in the European and Transatlantic Security Dimension),” in Dočkal, Vít and Fiala, Petr and Kaniok, Petr and Pitrová, Markéta eds., Česká Politika v Evropské Unii: Evropský Integrační Proces a Zájmy České Republiky (The Czech Politics in the EU: European Integration Process and the Interests of the Czech Republic) (Brno: Masarykova Univerzita, Mezinárodní Politologický Ústav, 2006).

新聞
20 Let České Ekonomiky: Od Pokusů k Relativní Prosperitě (20 years of the Czech Economy: From Experimentation to Relative Prosperity), Česká Televize, 2009/11/16, http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/ct24/ekonomika/72780-20-let-ceske-ekonomiky-od-pokusu-k-relativni-prosperite. (accessed:2012/10/13)

網站
捷克總統府網站(Prague Castle, Office of the President of the Czech Republic),
1993年捷克憲法，
英文版：http://www.hrad.cz/en/czech-republic/constitution-of-the-cr.shtml,
原文：http://www.hrad.cz/cs/ceska-republika/ustava-cr.shtml. (accessed:2012/10/13)
捷克國會參議院(The Senate of the Parliament of the Czech Republic),
2013年捷克總統直選法案，http://www.senat.cz/xqw/webdav/pssenat/original/62960/53207. (accessed:2012/10/31)

三、俄文資料
期刊
Бухарин Н.И. Преобразования в Странах Центрально-Восточной и Юго-Восточной Европы: Достижения и Проблемы (Transformation in Central Eastern and Southeastern Europe: Achievements and Challenges)// Россия и Современный Мир: Науч. журн. / РАН. ИНИОН, Институт Экономики － 2010. －№ 2, C. 49-64.

電子文獻
Глинкина С.П. Методология многоуровневого анализа посткоммунистических трансформаций (The Methodology of Multi-level Analysis of Post-Communist Transformations): Науч. докл. －М., 2008, http://www.imepi-eurasia.ru/baner/Methodology.pdf. (accessed:2011/10/14)
Материалы XIX Всесоюзной конференции Коммунистической партии Советского Союза, http://publ.lib.ru/ARCHIVES/K/KPSS/Materialy_XIX_Vsesoyuznoy_konferencii_KPSS.(1988).[doc].zip. (accessed:2012/10/21)

新聞
Двадцать лет чешскому «бархату» (20 years of the czech «Velvet»), РИА Новости, 2009/11/17, http:/ria.ru/analytics/20091117/194143212.html. (2012/10/13)

四、中文資料
專著
Boutros-Ghali, Boutros，「民主化議程一：國際層級的民主化」，Barry, Holden等著，何哲欣譯，全球民主 (台北：韋伯文化，2006年)。
Diamond, Larry and Plattner, Marc，田弘茂、朱雲漢主編，新興民主的機遇與挑戰 (台北：業強出版社，1997年)。
Huntington, Samuel P.，劉軍寧譯，第三波 : 二十世紀末的民主化浪潮 (台北：五南圖書，1994年)。
Sorensen, George，李酉潭、陳志瑋譯，最新民主與民主化 (台北：韋伯文化，2003年)。
Whitehead, Laurence，朱柔若譯，民主的代價：冷戰後全球的民主化運動 (台北：國立編譯館，1995年)。
楊三億，「誘因政策與民主化過程：以塞爾維亞為例」，林碧昭、鄧中堅等著，金磚國家之俄羅斯及歐亞地區研究(台北：五南圖書，2012年)。

期刊
朱雪瑛，「『民主和平論』之分析與美國『推廣民主』之戰略」，台灣民主季刊，第二卷第一期(2005年3月)，頁123~158。
洪茂雄，「後共產主義時期捷克的政治發展－民主化與歐洲化」，問題與研究，第36卷第9期 (1997年9月)，頁13~25。
楊三億，「後冷戰時期中東歐權力結構分析」，問題與研究，第41卷第2期 (2002年4月)，頁89~103。
楊三億，「捷克入盟前環境政策之歐洲化學習過程」，歐美研究，第41卷第2期(2011年6月)，頁643~572。

魏百谷，「波海三國獨立公投」，新世紀智庫論壇，第48期(2009年12月)，頁20~24。

電子文獻
楊三億、蔡怡萍，「民主化與歐盟擴張：從典範擴散與制度平台看捷克民主化過程」，http://tpsa.hcu.edu.tw/ezcatfiles/b083/img/img/1183/C7-2.pdf. (檢視日期：2012/10/31)
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
俄羅斯研究所
97263009
101
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097263009
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 林永芳zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Lin, Yung Fangen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 梁曉文zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Liang, Hsiao Wenen_US
dc.creator (作者) 梁曉文zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Liang, Hsiao Wenen_US
dc.date (日期) 2012en_US
dc.date.accessioned 3-Dec-2012 11:31:27 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 3-Dec-2012 11:31:27 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 3-Dec-2012 11:31:27 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0097263009en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/56345-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 俄羅斯研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 97263009zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 101zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 1989年中東歐政局發生重大變化，波蘭、匈牙利與捷克斯洛伐克共黨在社會團體與民運人士大規模抗議下交出政權，結束此區域長久以來的共黨統治。1991年斯洛維尼亞正式脫離南斯拉夫，波海三國亦獲獨立，中東歐新興國家開始民主轉型。本文首先探討促成1989年中東歐民主革命的外部因素，如較和緩的國際情勢、蘇共自由化政策、美國及國際組織援助等，接著以捷克為個案，分析外部因素對絲絨革命及民主化之作用。
赫爾辛基最後議定書等關於民主與人權的文件，鼓舞了七七憲章之草擬；波蘭與匈牙利的政局變化，對捷克斯洛伐克產生示範作用，異議人士、環保團體或宗教力量跨國串連，輔以西方媒體作用，是絲絨革命動員的契機。與1968年受華約軍隊鎮壓的布拉格之春相比，絲絨革命得以成功，蘇共總書記Mikhail Gorbachev (Михаил Горбачёв)放棄干涉中東歐國家內政是重要關鍵，強硬的捷共政府因而失去壓制國內民主訴求的正當性。
此後捷克「回歸歐洲」外交走向，使歐安組織、歐洲理事會與美國運用民主、人權規範及各項援助，深化其轉型程度。北約和歐盟以會籍作為條件設定，直接或間接散播民主規範，並透過捷克當地政治菁英及政黨，歐盟外部治理成功使人民對歐洲化及歐盟產生認同。2003年入盟公投通過後，歐盟外部治理有了民意基礎，影響力更為強化，主導捷克民主發展。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) In 1989 the unexpected enormous democratic revolutions in Central and Eastern European countries led to the crash of the communist governments in Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Two years later, officially departing from Yugoslavia, Slovenia started its own democratic transition, and the Baltic states also attained independence from the Soviet Union.
First of all, we would like to discuss the external factors triggering the democratic revolutions in this area in 1989, such as the less tense international circumstances, the liberal reforms of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and the assistance from the US and the relative international organizations. Then the discussion goes further to the case of the Czech Republic to make it clear how external factors affected the Velvet Revolution and how democratic values were promoted in the Czech Republic.
The Helsinki Final Act, announced for democracy and the human rights in 1975, inspired the publication of Charter 77. The political change in Poland and Hungary turned into demonstration effect on Czech politics. Besides, the transnational connection of dissidents or the religion groups, and the western media both facilitated the mobilization for a democratic regime. Compared to the Prague Spring of 1968, crushed by the invading Soviet troops, the success of the Velvet Revolution was largely contributed by Mikhail Gorbachev’s decision not to interfere in the internal affairs in this area. Thus, the Czech communist government lost its legitimacy to suppress democratic campaigns.
With the slogan “Return to Europe,” Czech Republic had made it possible for international activists including OSCE, COE and the US to impose their influences on Czech’s transition to democracy. In the accession process to the EU/ NATO, western activists spread democracy norms into the Czech Republic directly or indirectly by conditionality. Through local political elites and political parties, the EU successfully built Czech people’s identity toward EU by its external governance. Meanwhile, the positive result of Czech’s EU entry referendum in 2003 even strengthened EU’s influence as a leading external role in Czech’s democratization after the Velvet Revolution.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論
第一節 研究動機與目的…………………………………………………….1
第二節 研究範圍與研究限制……………………………………………….6
第三節 研究途徑與研究方法……………………………………………….9
第四節 文獻回顧……………………………………………………………13
第五節 章節安排……………………………………………………………25

第二章 中東歐民主化外部因素
第一節 外部因素推動民主化之動機………………………………………26
第二節 中東歐民主化外部因素類型………………………........................29
第三節 中東歐民主化整體特徵……………………………………………44
第四節 小結…………………………………………………………………48

第三章 1989年絲絨革命中的外部因素
第一節 西方因素對布拉格之春與〈七七憲章〉之影響…………………49
第二節 蘇共自由化因素………………………............................................52
第三節 中東歐民主浪潮示範效應………………………............................57
第四節 小結………………………................................................................62

第四章 跨國化途徑下的捷克民主化
第一節 歐洲安全暨合作組織：人類安全………………………................62
第二節 歐洲理事會：民主與人權………………………............................66
第三節 北約：安全社群與規範擴散………………………........................68
第四節 美國：民主和平論………………………........................................73
第五節 小結………………………................................................................79

第五章 捷克民主化之歐盟因素
第一節 歐盟外部治理……………………………………............................82
第二節 歐盟外部治理於捷克之實踐………………………........................88
第三節 小結………………………..............................................................103

第六章 結論……………………….....................................................................106
參考資料………………………..............................................................................113		zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097263009en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 中東歐zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 捷克zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 絲絨革命zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 民主化zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 外部因素zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Central and Eastern Europeen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Czech Republicen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Velvet Revolutionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) democratizationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) external factorsen_US
dc.title (題名) 中東歐民主化外部因素之研究—以捷克為例zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The external factors in democratization in central and Eastern Europe: the case of the Czech Republicen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、英文資料
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期刊
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期刊
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電子文獻
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新聞
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四、中文資料
專著
Boutros-Ghali, Boutros，「民主化議程一：國際層級的民主化」，Barry, Holden等著，何哲欣譯，全球民主 (台北：韋伯文化，2006年)。
Diamond, Larry and Plattner, Marc，田弘茂、朱雲漢主編，新興民主的機遇與挑戰 (台北：業強出版社，1997年)。
Huntington, Samuel P.，劉軍寧譯，第三波 : 二十世紀末的民主化浪潮 (台北：五南圖書，1994年)。
Sorensen, George，李酉潭、陳志瑋譯，最新民主與民主化 (台北：韋伯文化，2003年)。
Whitehead, Laurence，朱柔若譯，民主的代價：冷戰後全球的民主化運動 (台北：國立編譯館，1995年)。
楊三億，「誘因政策與民主化過程：以塞爾維亞為例」，林碧昭、鄧中堅等著，金磚國家之俄羅斯及歐亞地區研究(台北：五南圖書，2012年)。

期刊
朱雪瑛，「『民主和平論』之分析與美國『推廣民主』之戰略」，台灣民主季刊，第二卷第一期(2005年3月)，頁123~158。
洪茂雄，「後共產主義時期捷克的政治發展－民主化與歐洲化」，問題與研究，第36卷第9期 (1997年9月)，頁13~25。
楊三億，「後冷戰時期中東歐權力結構分析」，問題與研究，第41卷第2期 (2002年4月)，頁89~103。
楊三億，「捷克入盟前環境政策之歐洲化學習過程」，歐美研究，第41卷第2期(2011年6月)，頁643~572。

魏百谷，「波海三國獨立公投」，新世紀智庫論壇，第48期(2009年12月)，頁20~24。

電子文獻
楊三億、蔡怡萍，「民主化與歐盟擴張：從典範擴散與制度平台看捷克民主化過程」，http://tpsa.hcu.edu.tw/ezcatfiles/b083/img/img/1183/C7-2.pdf. (檢視日期：2012/10/31)		zh_TW