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題名 華語綜合性教材文化能力內容之現況與分析— 以《新版實用視聽華語》及《遠東生活華語》為例
Cultural competence in Chinese language teaching — a critical examination of current Taiwanese teaching materials (practical audio-visual Chinese and far east everyday Chinese)作者 林吟屏
Lin, Yin Ping貢獻者 謝林德
Schilling, Dennis
林吟屏
Lin, Yin Ping關鍵詞 外語教學
華語文教學
文化教學
文化能力
教材分析
新版實用視聽華語
遠東生活華語
Foreign Language Teaching
Teaching Chinese as a Second Language
Teaching Culture
Cultural Competence
Teaching Material Analysis
Practical Audio-Visual Chinese
Far East Everyday Chinese日期 2011 上傳時間 2-Jan-2013 13:26:06 (UTC+8) 摘要 本文的研究問題有三,一是了解外語教學教材中應有的文化教學內容,二是了解現今華語綜合性教材之文化教學內容現況,三是提出對於華語綜合性教材中與培養學習者文化能力的內容相關的編寫建議。 本文首先從研究外語教學的學者們對於文化教學的意見以及《AP中文課程大綱》、《歐洲共同語文參考架構》、《國際漢語教學通用課程大綱》等重要的外語教學大綱,了解現今外語教學中文化教學的目標已從教授學習者文化知識逐漸轉變為培養學習者的文化能力。並依前人對於能力的定義,將外語教學中的文化能力分為文化知識、文化技能、態度以及文化意識四部分。再依此四大部分,探討文化能力之概念如何落實於課堂教學之教材中。接著,本文依據討論結果,分析在臺灣使用率最高的兩套華語綜合性教材――《新版實用視聽華語》及《遠東生活華語》,以瞭解目前教材關於文化能力內容的呈現現況。本文分析結果發現,兩套教材皆僅呈現文化知識,至於培養文化技能、態度、文化意識等練習活動則相當缺乏。 最後,本文參考分析結果,從文化知識、文化技能、態度、文化意識等四部分,提出對於華語綜合性教材中文化能力內容編寫之建議,冀能對於未來教材文化能力內容之規劃及開發有所助益。
This study aims to integrate some results of recent research in theory and practice of teaching culture competence in foreign language teaching into methods and materials of teaching Chinese as a Second Language (CSL). Researcher focus on three topics: (1) Which are the aims of teaching culture in foreign language teaching? And what are the subjects of teaching cultural competence? (2) To what extend do content and method in CSL comprehensive teaching materials conform to these aims and subjects? (3) What suggestions should be given to the editors of CSL comprehensive teaching materials in order to improve the acquisition of culture competence of Chinese language learners? This study starts with an overview of theories of developing culture competence in foreign language teaching. The aims and methods of teaching culture in standard curricula for language teaching as the “AP Chinese language and culture course description”, “The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages” and the “International Curriculum for Chinese Language Education” will be analyzed. According to this, it can be seen that the goals of cultural teaching shifted from merely providing cultural knowledge to developing cultural competence. There are different concepts about what culture competence is, how we can evaluate it, and how we can develop it. This study makes use of the description of cultural competence by means of four aspects: cultural knowledge, cultural skills, attitude and cultural awareness. These four aspects can be seen as a basic concept for teaching cultural competence, too. Modern didactics and materials should be aware to develop each aspect of culture competence. How are these aims for developing culture competence presented in present CSL materials? A detailed analysis of two common teaching materials (“Practical Audio-Visual Chinese” and “Far East Everyday Chinese”) shows that teaching culture is mainly restricted on teaching cultural knowledge. There is a noticeable lack of exercises and practices to develop cultural skills, to promote a positive attitude to cultural diversity, and to develop cultural awareness. Finally, the suggestions for developing cultural competence in CSL teaching materials will be given in conclusion, and wish this study will help development of Chinese teaching materials edition in future.參考文獻 一、 中文部分王鐘華(2007)。對外漢語教學初級階段課程規範。北京:北京語言大學。 毛佩琦(譯)(2007)。英語教學法大全(原作者Larsen-Freeman, Diane)。臺北:師德。(原著出版年﹕2000年)朱瑞平(2008)。美國“AP漢語與文化”課程及考試設計的 “文化”考量。中原華語文學報。2,25-35。余光雄(譯)(2002)。第二語教學最高指導原則(原作者H.Douglas Brown)。臺北:臺灣培生教育。(原著出版年﹕2000年) 李秀芬(2011)。華語文溝通教學策略研究──以5c融入AP中文教學為例。國立臺灣師範大學教育學系博士論文,未出版,臺北市。 李泉(2007)。文化教學的剛性原則和柔性策略。海外華文教育。4,11-16。李美華等(譯)(1998)。社會科學研究方法(上、下) (原作者Earl Babbie)。臺北:時英。(原著出版年﹕1998年)李曉琪(2006)。對外漢語文化教學研究。北京:商務。 邢福義(2000)。文化語言學。武漢:湖北教育。 周小兵(1996)。對外漢語教學中的跨文化交際。中山大學學報──社會科學版,6,102-124。 祖曉梅(2003)。跨文化能力與文化教學的新目標。世界漢語教學,4,59-66。國立編譯館(2000)。教育大辭書。臺北市:文景。國家漢語國際推廣領導小組辦公室(2008)。國際漢語教學通用課程大綱。北京:外語教學與研究。 張占一(1990)。試議交際文化和知識文化。語言與教學研究,3,15-32。 張庭(2010)。社會研究法。臺北:志光。 孫莉萍(2011)。話語標記「不好意思」的歷時演變及功能。語言與翻譯,4,22-25。張國蕾(譯)(2003)。當前外語及文化教學師資培訓面面觀(原作者Robert Galisson&Christian Puren)。臺北:國立編譯館。(原著出版年﹕1999年)畢繼萬、張德鑫(1994)。對外漢語教學中語言文化研究的問題。語言文字應用, 2,40-46。 莊雅如(2000)。歐洲共同語文參考架構,高雄:和遠。 陳申(2001)。語言文化教學策略研究。北京 : 北京語言文化大學。 陳光磊(1992)。語言教學中的文化導入。語言教學與研究。3,19-30。陳光磊(1997)。關於對外漢語課中的文化教學問題。語言文字應用。1,25-28。陳國明(2004)。中華傳播理論與原則。臺北:五南。國家華語測驗推動工作委員會(2011年2月18日)。2011年TOCFL考試報告 [資料檔]。臺北市:教育部。2012年3月28日,取自http://www.sctop.org.tw/download/TOCFLtestreport_2011.pdf教育部國際文教處(2011年4月)。高等教育輸出擴大招收境外學生行動計畫 [資料檔]。臺北市:教育部。2011年11月1日,取自:www.ey.gov.tw/public/Attachment/1671614971.doc曾妙芬(2007)。推動專業化的AP中文教學─大學二年級中文教學成功模式之探討與應用。北京:北京語言大學出版社。黃政傑(1995)。多元社會課程取向。臺北:師大書苑。 彭增安、陳光磊(2006)。對外漢語課堂教學概論。北京:世界圖書。 彭增安、陳光磊(2007)。跨文化的語言傳通。上海:學林。 葉德明、宋如瑜(2007)。口語教學。載於柯華葳、何大安(主編),華語文研究與教學:四分之一世紀的回顧與前瞻(頁447-473)。臺北:世界華文出版社。 葉德明(1999)。華語文教學的推廣與展望。刊載於僑務委員會全球華語文教育中心函授講義。取自http://chcsopencourse.org/chcs/main/class/9504/st2.htm(2012年4月1日點閱)趙宏勃(2005)。對外漢語文化教材編寫思路初探。語言文字應用,1,69-71。趙金銘(1997)。論漢語作為外語教學中的文化取向。載於李曉琪主編(2006),對外漢語文化教學研究(389-401頁)。北京:商務。 趙賢州、陸有儀主編 (1996)。對外漢語教學通論。上海:上海外語教育。劉珣(1994)。新一代對外漢語教材的展望—再談教材編寫原則。世界漢語教學,1,438-445。 劉珣(2000)。對外漢語教育學引論。北京:北京語言大學。 歐用生(1991)。質的研究。臺北:師大書苑。 蔡雅薰(2009)。華語文教材分級研製原理之建構。臺北:正中書局。 鄭雅丰、陳新轉(2011)。能力概念及其教育意義之探討。課程與教學,7(2),27-55。 魯健驥(1990)。對外漢語教學基礎階段處理文化因素的原則和做法。語言與教學研究,1。39-48。 魯寶元(2005)。日漢語言對比研究與對日漢語教學。北京:華語教學。 戴凡(2003)。文化碰撞。上海:上海外語教育。羅青松(2006)。美國《21世紀外語學習標準》評析。世界漢語教學,1,127-135。 二、 西文部分American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL) (1996). Standards for Foreign Language Learning: Preparing for the 21st Century. Yonkers, NY: ACTFL.Bader, Dweik, and Nadia Abu Nuwar (2008). "A Manual for Evaluating the Cultural Content of EFL Textbooks." ATEL Conference Newsletter / Lebanon 2008. Retrieved from http://www.atel-lb.org/conferences/elt/manul07/ManualEva.htm.Brembeck, Winston (1977). The Development and Teaching of a College Course in Intercultural Communication. Readings in Intercultural Communication. Pittsburgh: SIETAR Publications, University of Pittsburgh.Brooks, Nelson (1968). "Teaching culture in the foreign language classroom." Foreign Language Annals, 1, 204-217.Byram, M. (1997). Teaching and assessing intercultural communicative competence. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters.Byram, Michael, and Karen Risager (1999). Language teachers, politics and cultures. Bristol, PA: Multilingual Matters.Cortazzi, M. & Jin, L. (1999). Cultural mirrors: Materials and methods in the EFL classroom. In Hinkel, E. (Ed.), Culture in second language teaching and learning (pp.196-219). UK: Cambridge University Press.Dale, L. Lange. (2003). Implications of Theory and Research for the Development of Principles for Teaching and Learning Culture in Second Language Classroom. In Dale L. Lange and R. Michael Paige (Ed.), Culture as the core: perspectives on culture in second language learning. (pp. 271-336), Greenwich, Conn: Information Age Pub.Erton, İsmail (2007). "Applied Pragmatics and Competence Relations in Language." Learning and Teaching Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 3.1, 59-71.Hadley, Alice Omaggio (1993). Teaching language in context. Boston, MA: Heinle and Heinle.Hammerly, Hector (1982). Synthesis in Second Language Teaching. Blaine, Washington: Second Language Publications.Joiner, Elizabeth G. (1974). "Evaluating the Cultural Content of Foreign-Language Texts." The Modern Language Journal, 58.5-6, 242-244.Kramsch, C. (1993). Context and Culture in Language Teaching. New York: Oxford University Press.Kramsch, C. (1998). Language and Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Kramsch, C. (2006a). Culture in language teaching. In Keith Brown (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. 2d ed. Vol.3, pp.322-329. Oxford: Elsevier Science.Kramsch, C. (2006b). From Communicative Competence to Symbolic Competence. The Modern Language Journal, 90: 249–252.Lessard-Clouston, M. (1997, May). Towards an Understanding of Culture in L2/FL Education. The Internet TESL Journal, 3(5). Retrieved May 1, 2012, from http://iteslj.org/Articles/Lessard-Clouston-Culture.htmlMartin, Mercedes, and Billy Vaughn (2007). "Cultural Competence: The Nuts & Bolts of Diversity & Inclusion." Strategic Diversity and Inclusion Management Magazine, 1.1, 31-38. Mesthrie, R (2006). “Society and Language: Overview.” Socialization:Second In: Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (2nd edition). Ed. K. Brown. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Miao-Feng Tseng (2006). AP Chinese Language and Culture Teacher`s Guide. New York: College Board. Moran, Patrick R (2001). Teaching culture: perspectives in practice. Beijing, CHN: Foreign Language Teaching And Research Press.Nemetz Robinson, Gail L. (1985). Cross-cultural understanding: Processes and approaches for foreign language, English as a second language and bilingual educators. New York: Pergamom.Phillips, J. K. (2003). National Standard for Foreign Language Learning: Culture, the Driving Force. In Dale L. Lange and R. Michael Paige (Ed.), Culture as the core: perspectives on culture in second language learning. (pp. 161-171), Greenwich, Conn: Information Age Pub.Savignon, Sandra, J. (Ed.) (1986). Cultural learning: The fifth dimension in the language classroom. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.Scarino, A. (2010). Assessing intercultural capability in learning languages: A renewed understanding of language, culture, learning and the nature of assessment. The Modern Language Journal. vol.94, no.2, p.324.Seelye, H. Ned (1993). Teaching Culture: Strategies for Intercultural Communication. Lincolnwood, IL: National Textbook company.Sercu, L. (1998). In-service teacher training and the acquisition of intercultural competence. In M. Byram and M. Flemming (eds.), Language learning in intercultural perspective: Approaches through drama and ethnography. 255-289. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Skopinskaja, L. (2003) The role of culture in foreign language teaching materials: An evaluation from an intercultural perspective. Lázár, I. (ed) Incorporating intercultural communicative competence in language teacher Education: 39-68. Strasbourg/ Graz: Council of Europe Publishing/ECML.Stern, Hans Heinrich (1992). Issues and options in language teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Tomalin, B., & Stempleski, S. (1993). Cultural awareness. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.Vrbová, Lucie (2006). Developing Cultural Awareness in ELT. (Material Dissertation, University of Pardubice, Faculty Of Arts And Philosophy, Department of English And American Studies). Retrieved from http://dspace.upce.cz/bitstream/10195/24021/1/D14985.pdf.三、 教材國立臺灣師範大學主編(2008)。新版實用視聽華語1。臺北:正中。 國立臺灣師範大學主編(2008)。新版實用視聽華語2。臺北:正中。 國立臺灣師範大學主編(2008)。新版實用視聽華語3。臺北:正中。 國立臺灣師範大學主編(2008)。新版實用視聽華語4。臺北:正中。 國立臺灣師範大學主編(2008)。新版實用視聽華語5。臺北:正中。 葉德明主編(2007)。遠東生活華語BookI。臺北:遠東。 葉德明主編(2008)。遠東生活華語BookII(A)。臺北:遠東。 葉德明主編(2011)。遠東生活華語BookII(B)。臺北:遠東。 葉德明主編(2012)。遠東生活華語BookIII。臺北:遠東。 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
華語文教學碩士學位學程
98161007
100資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0981610071 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 謝林德 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Schilling, Dennis en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 林吟屏 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lin, Yin Ping en_US dc.creator (作者) 林吟屏 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Lin, Yin Ping en_US dc.date (日期) 2011 en_US dc.date.accessioned 2-Jan-2013 13:26:06 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 2-Jan-2013 13:26:06 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-Jan-2013 13:26:06 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0981610071 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/56527 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 華語文教學碩士學位學程 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 98161007 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 100 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本文的研究問題有三,一是了解外語教學教材中應有的文化教學內容,二是了解現今華語綜合性教材之文化教學內容現況,三是提出對於華語綜合性教材中與培養學習者文化能力的內容相關的編寫建議。 本文首先從研究外語教學的學者們對於文化教學的意見以及《AP中文課程大綱》、《歐洲共同語文參考架構》、《國際漢語教學通用課程大綱》等重要的外語教學大綱,了解現今外語教學中文化教學的目標已從教授學習者文化知識逐漸轉變為培養學習者的文化能力。並依前人對於能力的定義,將外語教學中的文化能力分為文化知識、文化技能、態度以及文化意識四部分。再依此四大部分,探討文化能力之概念如何落實於課堂教學之教材中。接著,本文依據討論結果,分析在臺灣使用率最高的兩套華語綜合性教材――《新版實用視聽華語》及《遠東生活華語》,以瞭解目前教材關於文化能力內容的呈現現況。本文分析結果發現,兩套教材皆僅呈現文化知識,至於培養文化技能、態度、文化意識等練習活動則相當缺乏。 最後,本文參考分析結果,從文化知識、文化技能、態度、文化意識等四部分,提出對於華語綜合性教材中文化能力內容編寫之建議,冀能對於未來教材文化能力內容之規劃及開發有所助益。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) This study aims to integrate some results of recent research in theory and practice of teaching culture competence in foreign language teaching into methods and materials of teaching Chinese as a Second Language (CSL). Researcher focus on three topics: (1) Which are the aims of teaching culture in foreign language teaching? And what are the subjects of teaching cultural competence? (2) To what extend do content and method in CSL comprehensive teaching materials conform to these aims and subjects? (3) What suggestions should be given to the editors of CSL comprehensive teaching materials in order to improve the acquisition of culture competence of Chinese language learners? This study starts with an overview of theories of developing culture competence in foreign language teaching. The aims and methods of teaching culture in standard curricula for language teaching as the “AP Chinese language and culture course description”, “The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages” and the “International Curriculum for Chinese Language Education” will be analyzed. According to this, it can be seen that the goals of cultural teaching shifted from merely providing cultural knowledge to developing cultural competence. There are different concepts about what culture competence is, how we can evaluate it, and how we can develop it. This study makes use of the description of cultural competence by means of four aspects: cultural knowledge, cultural skills, attitude and cultural awareness. These four aspects can be seen as a basic concept for teaching cultural competence, too. Modern didactics and materials should be aware to develop each aspect of culture competence. How are these aims for developing culture competence presented in present CSL materials? A detailed analysis of two common teaching materials (“Practical Audio-Visual Chinese” and “Far East Everyday Chinese”) shows that teaching culture is mainly restricted on teaching cultural knowledge. There is a noticeable lack of exercises and practices to develop cultural skills, to promote a positive attitude to cultural diversity, and to develop cultural awareness. Finally, the suggestions for developing cultural competence in CSL teaching materials will be given in conclusion, and wish this study will help development of Chinese teaching materials edition in future. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論..........................................1第一節 研究背景與動機..................................1一、 文化在外語及華語教學的重要性逐漸提高.................1二、 文化教學為培養溝通能力之基礎........................2三、 在臺灣研習華語的外籍人士現況........................2四、 針對臺灣華語綜合性教材文化能力內容之研究不足..........2第二節 研究目的及問題..................................3第三節 研究範圍.......................................4一、 研究對象.........................................4二、 名詞釋義.........................................4第二章 文獻探討.......................................7第一節 外語教學中的文化教學.............................7一、 文化在外語教學中的重要性............................7二、 外語教學中文化的定義與分類..........................9三、 外語教學中文化教學的目標............................14四、 外語教學中文化教學的原則............................21五、 外語教學中文化教學的方法............................26第二節 外語教學中的文化能力之定義.........................32一、 能力在教育領域之內涵................................32二、 外語教學中的文化能力................................32第三節 語言教材與文化教學................................35一、 華語教材中文化內容的編寫.............................35二、 語言教材文化內容評量.................................39第三章 研究方法.........................................42第一節 研究架構及流程....................................42一、 研究架構...........................................42二、 研究流程...........................................43第二節 研究方法及分析方式.................................44一、 研究方法之選擇......................................44二、 分析方式...........................................44第四章 研究發現與討論....................................59第一節 《新版實用視聽華語》文化能力內容分析.................59一、 文化知識...........................................59二、 文化技能...........................................75三、 態度..............................................78四、 文化意識...........................................79第二節 《遠東生活華語》文化能力內容分析.....................81一、 文化知識...........................................81二、 文化技能...........................................94三、 態度..............................................98四、 文化意識...........................................98第五章 結論與建議.......................................100第一節 結論............................................100一、 外語教材中的文化能力內容.............................100二、 臺灣華語綜合性教材文化能力內容之現況..................101三、 對現今華語綜合性教材文化能力內容編寫建議...............106第二節 研究侷限及對未來研究之建議.........................108參考文獻 ...............................................110一、 中文部分..........................................110二、 西文部分..........................................113三、 教材..............................................116附錄1 《新版實用視聽華語》與《遠東生活華語》各冊內容結構........117附錄2 《新版實用視聽華語》各冊知識文化分類呈現位置及呈現方式表...121附錄3 《新版實用視聽華語》各冊語用文化分類呈現位置及呈現方式表...130附錄4 《新版實用視聽華語》3-5冊與文化相關的閱讀材料的文本類型...133附錄5 《新版實用視聽華語》2-5冊與文化技能相關的討論問題.........135附錄6 《遠東生活華語》各冊知識文化分類呈現位置及呈現方式表.......137附錄7 《遠東生活華語》各冊語用文化分類呈現位置及呈現方式表.......142附錄8 《遠東生活華語》第3冊與文化相關的閱讀材料的文本類型.......146 zh_TW dc.language.iso en_US - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0981610071 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 外語教學 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 華語文教學 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 文化教學 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 文化能力 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 教材分析 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 新版實用視聽華語 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 遠東生活華語 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Foreign Language Teaching en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Teaching Chinese as a Second Language en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Teaching Culture en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Cultural Competence en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Teaching Material Analysis en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Practical Audio-Visual Chinese en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Far East Everyday Chinese en_US dc.title (題名) 華語綜合性教材文化能力內容之現況與分析— 以《新版實用視聽華語》及《遠東生活華語》為例 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Cultural competence in Chinese language teaching — a critical examination of current Taiwanese teaching materials (practical audio-visual Chinese and far east everyday Chinese) en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、 中文部分王鐘華(2007)。對外漢語教學初級階段課程規範。北京:北京語言大學。 毛佩琦(譯)(2007)。英語教學法大全(原作者Larsen-Freeman, Diane)。臺北:師德。(原著出版年﹕2000年)朱瑞平(2008)。美國“AP漢語與文化”課程及考試設計的 “文化”考量。中原華語文學報。2,25-35。余光雄(譯)(2002)。第二語教學最高指導原則(原作者H.Douglas Brown)。臺北:臺灣培生教育。(原著出版年﹕2000年) 李秀芬(2011)。華語文溝通教學策略研究──以5c融入AP中文教學為例。國立臺灣師範大學教育學系博士論文,未出版,臺北市。 李泉(2007)。文化教學的剛性原則和柔性策略。海外華文教育。4,11-16。李美華等(譯)(1998)。社會科學研究方法(上、下) (原作者Earl Babbie)。臺北:時英。(原著出版年﹕1998年)李曉琪(2006)。對外漢語文化教學研究。北京:商務。 邢福義(2000)。文化語言學。武漢:湖北教育。 周小兵(1996)。對外漢語教學中的跨文化交際。中山大學學報──社會科學版,6,102-124。 祖曉梅(2003)。跨文化能力與文化教學的新目標。世界漢語教學,4,59-66。國立編譯館(2000)。教育大辭書。臺北市:文景。國家漢語國際推廣領導小組辦公室(2008)。國際漢語教學通用課程大綱。北京:外語教學與研究。 張占一(1990)。試議交際文化和知識文化。語言與教學研究,3,15-32。 張庭(2010)。社會研究法。臺北:志光。 孫莉萍(2011)。話語標記「不好意思」的歷時演變及功能。語言與翻譯,4,22-25。張國蕾(譯)(2003)。當前外語及文化教學師資培訓面面觀(原作者Robert Galisson&Christian Puren)。臺北:國立編譯館。(原著出版年﹕1999年)畢繼萬、張德鑫(1994)。對外漢語教學中語言文化研究的問題。語言文字應用, 2,40-46。 莊雅如(2000)。歐洲共同語文參考架構,高雄:和遠。 陳申(2001)。語言文化教學策略研究。北京 : 北京語言文化大學。 陳光磊(1992)。語言教學中的文化導入。語言教學與研究。3,19-30。陳光磊(1997)。關於對外漢語課中的文化教學問題。語言文字應用。1,25-28。陳國明(2004)。中華傳播理論與原則。臺北:五南。國家華語測驗推動工作委員會(2011年2月18日)。2011年TOCFL考試報告 [資料檔]。臺北市:教育部。2012年3月28日,取自http://www.sctop.org.tw/download/TOCFLtestreport_2011.pdf教育部國際文教處(2011年4月)。高等教育輸出擴大招收境外學生行動計畫 [資料檔]。臺北市:教育部。2011年11月1日,取自:www.ey.gov.tw/public/Attachment/1671614971.doc曾妙芬(2007)。推動專業化的AP中文教學─大學二年級中文教學成功模式之探討與應用。北京:北京語言大學出版社。黃政傑(1995)。多元社會課程取向。臺北:師大書苑。 彭增安、陳光磊(2006)。對外漢語課堂教學概論。北京:世界圖書。 彭增安、陳光磊(2007)。跨文化的語言傳通。上海:學林。 葉德明、宋如瑜(2007)。口語教學。載於柯華葳、何大安(主編),華語文研究與教學:四分之一世紀的回顧與前瞻(頁447-473)。臺北:世界華文出版社。 葉德明(1999)。華語文教學的推廣與展望。刊載於僑務委員會全球華語文教育中心函授講義。取自http://chcsopencourse.org/chcs/main/class/9504/st2.htm(2012年4月1日點閱)趙宏勃(2005)。對外漢語文化教材編寫思路初探。語言文字應用,1,69-71。趙金銘(1997)。論漢語作為外語教學中的文化取向。載於李曉琪主編(2006),對外漢語文化教學研究(389-401頁)。北京:商務。 趙賢州、陸有儀主編 (1996)。對外漢語教學通論。上海:上海外語教育。劉珣(1994)。新一代對外漢語教材的展望—再談教材編寫原則。世界漢語教學,1,438-445。 劉珣(2000)。對外漢語教育學引論。北京:北京語言大學。 歐用生(1991)。質的研究。臺北:師大書苑。 蔡雅薰(2009)。華語文教材分級研製原理之建構。臺北:正中書局。 鄭雅丰、陳新轉(2011)。能力概念及其教育意義之探討。課程與教學,7(2),27-55。 魯健驥(1990)。對外漢語教學基礎階段處理文化因素的原則和做法。語言與教學研究,1。39-48。 魯寶元(2005)。日漢語言對比研究與對日漢語教學。北京:華語教學。 戴凡(2003)。文化碰撞。上海:上海外語教育。羅青松(2006)。美國《21世紀外語學習標準》評析。世界漢語教學,1,127-135。 二、 西文部分American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL) (1996). 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