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題名 男同志肌肉狂熱現象初探
Does Size of Muscles Matter?: Gym Culture, Body Image, and the Gay Identity in Taipei
作者 王崇倫
Wang, Chung Lun
貢獻者 蕭宏祺
Shiau, Hong Chi
王崇倫
Wang, Chung Lun
關鍵詞 男同志
健身文化
猛男情結
肌肉狂熱
性向認同
男同志族類
熊族
狼族
Gay
Gym culture
Muscle
Body image
Gay identity
Gay label
日期 2012
上傳時間 1-Feb-2013 16:56:16 (UTC+8)
摘要 早期關於男同志身體意象探索之學術研究大多侷限於西方文化框架。有鑒於此，本研究以東方男同志觀點敘述，希冀引領亞洲男同志健身文化等相關研究發展。研究目的在於探究兩個問題：為何健身在台灣男同志圈中成為主流趨勢以及健身與同志身份認同之間的關係為何。本研究引用現象學概念並採用民族誌研究方法，發展成三篇男同志生命故事。研究結果顯示男同志開始健身大多都是由於生活中出現了危機（例：與男友分手、還怕家人不認同自己的同志身份...等）；而身形逐漸壯碩也加強了他們對自己身材的正面意象並增進了本身對於同志身份的自我認同。此外，新形態的社交媒體（Facebook, Grindr, Jack`d...）加速了男同志對於健身的需求。由於男同志的社交模式改變，本研究亦試圖探索不同的同志族類（狼、熊...）對於健身的需求以及擁有肌肉身形的條件對於不同族類在交友重要程度為何。
Earlier academic efforts on gay men’s body image were by and large made in a western context. Given that, this study is set out to address the academic gap by answering two questions: why bodybuilding has become a prevailing trend for gay men in Taiwan, and what is the relationship between bodybuilding and the nascent gay identity. With the phenomenology approach in mind, this study employed ethnographic methods to retrieve three gay men`s life stories. The results indicate that gay men often started bodybuilding project after their life crises, and being muscular does instantly enhance positive images and self-confidence among the informants. However, the outcome of bodybuilding is mixed in the long run. Another important finding suggests that the demand for bodybuilding is accelerated by the new social media venues ranging from gay parties or other social occasions, to the prevalence of geosocial networking applications on smart phones, and to social networking sites like Facebook. As result of these new venues, this paper examines the new body type labels in the Taiwanese gay scene, indicating that bears and wolves with muscles are seen as more desirable than others in the Taiwanese gay community.
參考文獻 Agliata, D., & Tantleff-Dunn, S. (2004). The Impact of Media Exposure On Males` Body Image. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(1), 7-22.
Alvarez, E. (2010). Muscle Boys: Gay Gym Culture. New York and London: Haworth Press.
Austin. (2012). Gay Knows How to Have Sex Instead Of Dates? Woomen
Boroughs, M., & Thompson, J. K. (2002). Exercise Status and Sexual Orientation as Moderators of Body Image Disturbance and Eating Disorders in Males. [Article]. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31(3), 307-311.
Bourdieu, P. (1973). Cultural reproduction and social reproduction. Knowledge Education and Cuitural Change, 24(7), 71-112.
Bourdieu, P. (1977). Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1986). The Forms of Capital. In J. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education (pp. 401). New York: Greenwood.
Bourdieu, P. (1989). Social Space and Symbolic Power. Sociological Theory, 7(1), 14-25.
Bourdieu, P. (1992). The Logic of Practice (R. Nice, Trans. 1 ed.). Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Brennan, D. J., Crath, R., Hart, T. A., Gadalla, T., & Gillis, L. (2011). Body Dissatisfaction and Disordered Eating Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Canada. [Article]. International Journal of Men`s Health, 10(3), 253-268.
Cass, V. C. (1984). Homosexuality Identity Formation: Testing a Theoretical Model. [Article]. Journal of Sex Research, 20(2), 143-167.
Castillo, D. (2009). The Cult of Masculinity: No Fats, No Femmes. QueerVoice.net: Adventures of a quirky southern transplant to the north. Retrieved Dec. 26, 2011, from http://www.queervoice.net/zcbyrnes/?p=1673
Cole, S. W. (2006). Sexual orientation and mental health: Examining identity and development in lesbian, gay, and bisexual people. In Allen M. & H. S. Kurtzman (Eds.), Contemporary perspectives on lesbian, gay, and bisexual psychology (pp. 245-267). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological AssociationOmoto.
Coleman, E. (1982). Developmental stages of the coming out process. In J. Gonsiorek (Ed.), Homosexuality and psychotherapy: A practitioner’s handbook of affirmative models (pp. 31-44). New York: Haworth Press.
Crossley, N. (2001). The Social Body: Habit, identity and desire. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Dohrenwend, B. P. (1966). Social Status and Psychological Disorder: An Issue of Substance and an Issue of Method. American Sociological Review, 31(1), 14-34.
Dromundo, R. A. l. S. n. (2007). Bourdieu’s Field Theory, as a Theoretical Framework for Analyzing the Process of Degree Completion in Graduate Education. Revista Electrónica de Investigación Educativa, 9(1).
Drummond, M. J. N. (2005). Asian Gay Men`s Bodies. [Article]. Journal of Men`s Studies, 13(3), 291-300.
Duggan, S. J., & McCreary, D. R. (2005). Body image, eating disorders, and the drive for muscularity in gay and heterosexual men: The influence of media images. Journal of Homosexuality, 47(3/4), 45-58.
Duncan, D. (2007). Out of the Closet and into the Gym: Gay Men and Body Image in Melbourne, Australia. The Journal of Men`s Studies, 15(3), 331-346.
Duncan, D. (2010). Embodying the gay self: Body image, reflexivity and embodied identity. [Article]. Health Sociology Review, 19(4), 437-450.
Dyer, R. (1985). Male Gay Porn: Coming to Terms. Jump Cut: A Review of Contemporary Media, 30, 27-29.
Eliason, M. J. (1996). Identity formation for lesbian, bisexual, and gay persons: beyond a "minoritizing" view. Journal of Homosexuality, 30(3), 31-58.
Emerson, R. M., Fretz, R. I., & Shaw, L. L. (1995). Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. Chicago, IL & London, UK: Chicago, IL & London, UK: The University of Chicago Press.
Geoghegan, T. (2004). Body of deceit, BBC News. Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/3601436.stm
Giles, D. C., & Close, J. (2008). Exposure to ‚"lad magazines‚" and drive for muscularity in dating and non-dating young men. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(7), 1610-1616.
Hamer, J. S. (2003). Coming-Out: Gay Males` Information Seeking. School Libraries Worldwide, 9(2), 73-89.
Husserl, E. (1970). The Crisis of the European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
James M, C. (1996). Research on the Work Experiences of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual People: An Integrative Review of Methodology and Findings. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 48(2), 195-209.
Kesler, J. (2008). The cult of masculinity. The Hathor Lagacy Retrieved Dec. 26, 2011, from http://thehathorlegacy.com/the-cult-of-masculinity/
Krishnasamy, A. (2008). A Study of Gay Male Body Image and Its Effects On Its Community: In Print Advertisements. Köln, Germany: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing.
Lai, C.-C. (1998). Working in the Company A Research on the Performance of the New Park Gay Community (Master), Tamkang University, Taipei.
Lai, C.-C. (2011). Walking On A Historical Path of Gay Movement Retrieved January 30, 2012
Leeray Costa, & Matzner, A. (2007). Male Bodies, Women’s Souls: Personal Narratives of Thailand’s Transgendered Youth. New York,
London,
Oxford: The Haworth Pree.
Mandelbaum, D. G. (1973). The Study of Life History: Gandhi. Current Anthropology, 14(3), 177-206.
McKee, A. (2000). Images of gay men in the media and the development of self esteem. Australian Journal of Communication, 27(2), 18.
Merriam, S. (1998). Qualitative research and case study applications in education (Revised ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Meyer, I. H. (1995). Minority stress and mental health in gay men. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36(1), 38-56.
Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674-697.
Meyer, I. H. (2007). Prejudice and Discrimination as Social Stressors
The Health of Sexual Minorities. In I. H. Meyer & M. E. Northridge (Eds.), (pp. 242-267): Springer US.
Moylan, B. (2010). A Handy Guide to All Gay Men. Gawker Retrieved September 26, 2012, from http://gawker.com/5472263/a-handy-guide-to-all-gay-men
Olivardia, R., Pope, H. G., Jr., Borowiecki, J. J., III, & Cohane, G. H. (2004). Biceps and Body Image: The Relationship Between Muscularity and Self-Esteem, Depression, and Eating Disorder Symptoms. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 5(2), 112-120.
Oswald, D. L. (2007). “Don`t Ask, Don`t Tell”: The Influence of Stigma Concealing and Perceived Threat on Perceivers` Reactions to a Gay Target. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37(5), 928-947.
Pachankis, J. E. (2007). The psychological implications of concealing a stigma: A cognitive-affective-behavioral model. Psychological Bulletin, 133(2), 328-345.
Park, D. W. (2011). Critical Concepts: Pierre Bourdieu`s `Habitus` and the Political Economy of the Media. Democratic Communiqué; Vol 23, No 1 (2009).
Proctor, K. (2008). Habitus and High Status Culture: An Empirical Test of Bourdieu’s Theory of Practice. Paper presented at the American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, Boston.
Qiu, J.-z. (2001). Go to California Fitness Center：The culture study of recreational fitness and lifestyle. (Master), National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei.
Sanchez, F. J., Westefeld, J. S., Liu, W. M., & Vilain, E. (2010). Masculine gender role conflict and negative feelings about being gay. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 41(2), 104-111.
Sender, K. (2001). Gay readers, consumers, and a dominant gay habitus: 25 years of the Advocate magazine. Journal of Communication, 51(1), 73-99.
Sender, K. (2005). Business, not politics : the making of the gay market. New York; Chichester: Columbia University Press.
Siconolfi, D., Halkitis, P. N., Allomong, T. W., & Burton, C. L. (2009). Body Dissatisfaction and Eating Disorders in a Sample of Gay and Bisexual Men. [Article]. International Journal of Men`s Health, 8(3), 254-264.
Signorile, M. (1997). Life Outside - The Signorile Report on Gay Men: Sex, Drugs, Muscles, and the Passages of Life. New York: Harper.
Soulliere, D. M., & Blair, J. A. (2006). Muscle-Mania: The Male Body Ideal in Professional Wrestling. [Article]. International Journal of Men`s Health, 5(3), 268-286.
Thoits, P. A. (1985). Self-Labeling Processes in Mental Illness: The Role of Emotional Deviance. American Journal of Sociology, 91(2), 221-249.
Troiden, R. R. (1988). Homosexual identity development. Journal of Adolescent Health Care, 9(2), 105-113.
Witherspoon, T. (2012). The Beginner’s Guide to Gay Labels. Homorazzi Retrieved September 26, 2012, from http://www.homorazzi.com/article/gay-labels-guide-top-bottom-twink-twunk-bear-phrases/
Yelland, C., & Tiggemann, M. (2003). Muscularity and the gay ideal: body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in homosexual men. Eating Behaviors, 4(2), 107-116.
邱建章. (2003). 來去加州：休閒健身運動與生活風格之文化研究. (碩士), 國立師範大學, 台北.
賴正哲. (1998). 在公司上班：新公園作為男同志演出地景之研究. (碩士), 淡江大學, 台北.
賴正哲. (2011). 走一條同志情慾歷史之路 Retrieved Jan, 30th, 2012, from http://twpride.org/main/?q=node/3
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS)
97461005
101
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097461005
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 蕭宏祺zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Shiau, Hong Chien_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 王崇倫zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Wang, Chung Lunen_US
dc.creator (作者) 王崇倫zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Wang, Chung Lunen_US
dc.date (日期) 2012en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Feb-2013 16:56:16 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Feb-2013 16:56:16 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Feb-2013 16:56:16 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0097461005en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/56898-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 97461005zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 101zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 早期關於男同志身體意象探索之學術研究大多侷限於西方文化框架。有鑒於此，本研究以東方男同志觀點敘述，希冀引領亞洲男同志健身文化等相關研究發展。研究目的在於探究兩個問題：為何健身在台灣男同志圈中成為主流趨勢以及健身與同志身份認同之間的關係為何。本研究引用現象學概念並採用民族誌研究方法，發展成三篇男同志生命故事。研究結果顯示男同志開始健身大多都是由於生活中出現了危機（例：與男友分手、還怕家人不認同自己的同志身份...等）；而身形逐漸壯碩也加強了他們對自己身材的正面意象並增進了本身對於同志身份的自我認同。此外，新形態的社交媒體（Facebook, Grindr, Jack`d...）加速了男同志對於健身的需求。由於男同志的社交模式改變，本研究亦試圖探索不同的同志族類（狼、熊...）對於健身的需求以及擁有肌肉身形的條件對於不同族類在交友重要程度為何。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Earlier academic efforts on gay men’s body image were by and large made in a western context. Given that, this study is set out to address the academic gap by answering two questions: why bodybuilding has become a prevailing trend for gay men in Taiwan, and what is the relationship between bodybuilding and the nascent gay identity. With the phenomenology approach in mind, this study employed ethnographic methods to retrieve three gay men`s life stories. The results indicate that gay men often started bodybuilding project after their life crises, and being muscular does instantly enhance positive images and self-confidence among the informants. However, the outcome of bodybuilding is mixed in the long run. Another important finding suggests that the demand for bodybuilding is accelerated by the new social media venues ranging from gay parties or other social occasions, to the prevalence of geosocial networking applications on smart phones, and to social networking sites like Facebook. As result of these new venues, this paper examines the new body type labels in the Taiwanese gay scene, indicating that bears and wolves with muscles are seen as more desirable than others in the Taiwanese gay community.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Chapter 1: Introduction 1 ~ 9
Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.1 Pierre Bourdieu – Theory of Practice 10 ~ 14
2.2 Gym Culture 15 ~ 19
2.3 Reflexive Embodiment 20 ~ 22
2.4 Minority Stress 23 ~ 25
Chapter 3: Research Design and Method
3.1 Research Structure 26 ~ 27
3.2 Rationale 27 ~ 29
3.3 Research Design and Informants 30 ~ 32
3.4 Research Method 32 ~ 33
Chapter 4: Results And Discussion
4.1 Life Stories 31 ~ 44
4.2 Discussion
4.2.1 Workout is a lifestyle 45 ~ 46
4.2.2 Traditional Media Use 47 ~ 48
4.2.3 Muscles As Capital in New Media Use 49 ~ 51
4.2.4 Self-esteem restoration and gay identity improving 52 ~ 54
4.2.5 Gay labels in Taiwan 55 ~ 61
Chapter 5: Reflection, Conclusion and Suggestion
5.1 Reflection 62 ~ 63
5.2 Conclusion 63 ~ 65
5.3 Suggestion 65 ~ 66
Appendix: Gay labels and scenes of gyms 67 ~ 72
References 73 ~ 76		zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097461005en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 男同志zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 健身文化zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 猛男情結zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 肌肉狂熱zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 性向認同zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 男同志族類zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 熊族zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 狼族zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Gayen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Gym cultureen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Muscleen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Body imageen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Gay identityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Gay labelen_US
dc.title (題名) 男同志肌肉狂熱現象初探zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Does Size of Muscles Matter?: Gym Culture, Body Image, and the Gay Identity in Taipeien_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Agliata, D., & Tantleff-Dunn, S. (2004). The Impact of Media Exposure On Males` Body Image. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(1), 7-22.
Alvarez, E. (2010). Muscle Boys: Gay Gym Culture. New York and London: Haworth Press.
Austin. (2012). Gay Knows How to Have Sex Instead Of Dates? Woomen
Boroughs, M., & Thompson, J. K. (2002). Exercise Status and Sexual Orientation as Moderators of Body Image Disturbance and Eating Disorders in Males. [Article]. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31(3), 307-311.
Bourdieu, P. (1973). Cultural reproduction and social reproduction. Knowledge Education and Cuitural Change, 24(7), 71-112.
Bourdieu, P. (1977). Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1986). The Forms of Capital. In J. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education (pp. 401). New York: Greenwood.
Bourdieu, P. (1989). Social Space and Symbolic Power. Sociological Theory, 7(1), 14-25.
Bourdieu, P. (1992). The Logic of Practice (R. Nice, Trans. 1 ed.). Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Brennan, D. J., Crath, R., Hart, T. A., Gadalla, T., & Gillis, L. (2011). Body Dissatisfaction and Disordered Eating Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Canada. [Article]. International Journal of Men`s Health, 10(3), 253-268.
Cass, V. C. (1984). Homosexuality Identity Formation: Testing a Theoretical Model. [Article]. Journal of Sex Research, 20(2), 143-167.
Castillo, D. (2009). The Cult of Masculinity: No Fats, No Femmes. QueerVoice.net: Adventures of a quirky southern transplant to the north. Retrieved Dec. 26, 2011, from http://www.queervoice.net/zcbyrnes/?p=1673
Cole, S. W. (2006). Sexual orientation and mental health: Examining identity and development in lesbian, gay, and bisexual people. In Allen M. & H. S. Kurtzman (Eds.), Contemporary perspectives on lesbian, gay, and bisexual psychology (pp. 245-267). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological AssociationOmoto.
Coleman, E. (1982). Developmental stages of the coming out process. In J. Gonsiorek (Ed.), Homosexuality and psychotherapy: A practitioner’s handbook of affirmative models (pp. 31-44). New York: Haworth Press.
Crossley, N. (2001). The Social Body: Habit, identity and desire. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Dohrenwend, B. P. (1966). Social Status and Psychological Disorder: An Issue of Substance and an Issue of Method. American Sociological Review, 31(1), 14-34.
Dromundo, R. A. l. S. n. (2007). Bourdieu’s Field Theory, as a Theoretical Framework for Analyzing the Process of Degree Completion in Graduate Education. Revista Electrónica de Investigación Educativa, 9(1).
Drummond, M. J. N. (2005). Asian Gay Men`s Bodies. [Article]. Journal of Men`s Studies, 13(3), 291-300.
Duggan, S. J., & McCreary, D. R. (2005). Body image, eating disorders, and the drive for muscularity in gay and heterosexual men: The influence of media images. Journal of Homosexuality, 47(3/4), 45-58.
Duncan, D. (2007). Out of the Closet and into the Gym: Gay Men and Body Image in Melbourne, Australia. The Journal of Men`s Studies, 15(3), 331-346.
Duncan, D. (2010). Embodying the gay self: Body image, reflexivity and embodied identity. [Article]. Health Sociology Review, 19(4), 437-450.
Dyer, R. (1985). Male Gay Porn: Coming to Terms. Jump Cut: A Review of Contemporary Media, 30, 27-29.
Eliason, M. J. (1996). Identity formation for lesbian, bisexual, and gay persons: beyond a "minoritizing" view. Journal of Homosexuality, 30(3), 31-58.
Emerson, R. M., Fretz, R. I., & Shaw, L. L. (1995). Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. Chicago, IL & London, UK: Chicago, IL & London, UK: The University of Chicago Press.
Geoghegan, T. (2004). Body of deceit, BBC News. Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/3601436.stm
Giles, D. C., & Close, J. (2008). Exposure to ‚"lad magazines‚" and drive for muscularity in dating and non-dating young men. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(7), 1610-1616.
Hamer, J. S. (2003). Coming-Out: Gay Males` Information Seeking. School Libraries Worldwide, 9(2), 73-89.
Husserl, E. (1970). The Crisis of the European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
James M, C. (1996). Research on the Work Experiences of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual People: An Integrative Review of Methodology and Findings. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 48(2), 195-209.
Kesler, J. (2008). The cult of masculinity. The Hathor Lagacy Retrieved Dec. 26, 2011, from http://thehathorlegacy.com/the-cult-of-masculinity/
Krishnasamy, A. (2008). A Study of Gay Male Body Image and Its Effects On Its Community: In Print Advertisements. Köln, Germany: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing.
Lai, C.-C. (1998). Working in the Company A Research on the Performance of the New Park Gay Community (Master), Tamkang University, Taipei.
Lai, C.-C. (2011). Walking On A Historical Path of Gay Movement Retrieved January 30, 2012
Leeray Costa, & Matzner, A. (2007). Male Bodies, Women’s Souls: Personal Narratives of Thailand’s Transgendered Youth. New York,
London,
Oxford: The Haworth Pree.
Mandelbaum, D. G. (1973). The Study of Life History: Gandhi. Current Anthropology, 14(3), 177-206.
McKee, A. (2000). Images of gay men in the media and the development of self esteem. Australian Journal of Communication, 27(2), 18.
Merriam, S. (1998). Qualitative research and case study applications in education (Revised ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Meyer, I. H. (1995). Minority stress and mental health in gay men. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36(1), 38-56.
Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674-697.
Meyer, I. H. (2007). Prejudice and Discrimination as Social Stressors
The Health of Sexual Minorities. In I. H. Meyer & M. E. Northridge (Eds.), (pp. 242-267): Springer US.
Moylan, B. (2010). A Handy Guide to All Gay Men. Gawker Retrieved September 26, 2012, from http://gawker.com/5472263/a-handy-guide-to-all-gay-men
Olivardia, R., Pope, H. G., Jr., Borowiecki, J. J., III, & Cohane, G. H. (2004). Biceps and Body Image: The Relationship Between Muscularity and Self-Esteem, Depression, and Eating Disorder Symptoms. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 5(2), 112-120.
Oswald, D. L. (2007). “Don`t Ask, Don`t Tell”: The Influence of Stigma Concealing and Perceived Threat on Perceivers` Reactions to a Gay Target. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37(5), 928-947.
Pachankis, J. E. (2007). The psychological implications of concealing a stigma: A cognitive-affective-behavioral model. Psychological Bulletin, 133(2), 328-345.
Park, D. W. (2011). Critical Concepts: Pierre Bourdieu`s `Habitus` and the Political Economy of the Media. Democratic Communiqué; Vol 23, No 1 (2009).
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