學術產出-學位論文
文章檢視/開啟
書目匯出
-
題名 英語教師如何於正規及非正規專業發展領域發展個人職能概念:一位教師的敘事研究
Developing professional identity as an English language teacher in formal and informal professional development contexts: a narrative inquiry作者 李星瑩
Lee, Sin Yin貢獻者 招靜琪
Chao, Chin Chi
李星瑩
Lee, Sin Yin關鍵詞 教師職能概念
教師發展
教師教育
補習班
teacher professional identity
teacher development
teacher education
cram school日期 2012 上傳時間 1-五月-2013 11:50:57 (UTC+8) 摘要 本質化敘事研究旨在探討英語教師如何於正規及非正規專業發展領域中發展個人職能概念。研究對象為一位擁有多年補教與國高中教學經驗的英語教師。研究方法主要包含研究對象的口說敘述及半結構式訪談,目的在於完整記載研究對象之動態專業發展歷程。資料分析方式採用¬「整體─內容」分析法 (Lieblich, Tuveal-Mashiasch, & Zilber, 1998)與「關鍵事件」方法 (Webster & Mertova, 2007)。研究結果顯示,研究對象之教師發展出自於其主動作為並連結至其認為之與教學相關之要務。其中引領研究對象教師發展之關鍵為其個人與其所在之補教或學校場域的互動關係。也就是說,她如何看待及解讀場域中有關於教學與教師之價值,並以此價值為基礎發展個人職能概念。此外,研究對象之教師職能概念為一螺旋型過程,其過程強調一學習過程之結束引領另一新的學習發展;於專業發展領域之互動中動態發展。另一方面,藉由研究對象於正規與非正規學校場域中發展職能概念之經驗對照,本質化個案研究對於宏觀之正規及非正規教育系統在協助教師發展的設計,目前所面臨的兩難獲得更深入的了解。本研究期許針對教師教育、甚至於教育政策持續改善,提供可能之方向,使其更能符合教師於個人職能發展的實際需要。在本研究最後,針對於研究結果提出教學與研究上之建議做為參考。
This study explores the development of an English teacher’s professional identity across formal and informal educational contexts. The informant invited in the study is an English teacher who has cross-contextual professional development experience. Data collection methods primarily included an oral narrative and semi-structured interviews in order to document the dynamic professional development trajectory of the teacher informant. The data collected were analyzed with a holistic-content method (Lieblich, Tuveal-Mashiasch, & Zilber, 1998) and a critical events approach (Webster & Mertova, 2007). The findings of the study indicate that teacher development is undertaken by the teacher herself and her concerns. What is really critical in guiding teacher development is the interaction between the teacher and her contexts; namely, how the teacher perceives and interprets the value of teaching and the meaning of being a teacher from the contexts, which is the basis to develop her professional identities. Furthermore, teacher professional identity is constructed dynamically as a spiral process in interaction with contexts. A better understanding of the tensions existing in the macro-level formal educational system is also obtained in the comparison with formal and informal professional development experience of the English teacher in the study. The study provides a possible direction for further improvement of teacher education program and for educational policy reforms to better take care of the actual professional development needs of teachers. Based on the findings, pedagogical implications as well as suggestions for future research are also provided at the end of the thesis.參考文獻 ReferencesAnderson, M. B. G., & Iwanicki, E. F. (1984). Teacher motivation and its relationship to burnout. Educational Administration Quarterly, 20(2), 109-132. Baek, E. O., & Barab, S. A. (2005). A study of dynamic design dualities in a web-supported community of practice for teachers. Educational Technology & Society, 8(4), 161-177.Barab, S. A., MaKinster, J. G., & Schekler, R. (2003). Designing system dualities: Characterizing a web-supported professional development community. The Information Society, 19, 237-256.Bray, M. (2006). Private supplementary tutoring: Comparative perspectives on patterns and implications. Compare: A Journal of Comparative Education, 36(4), 515-530.Bray, M. (2010). Researching shadow education: Methodological challenges and directions. Asia Pacific Education Review, 11(1), 3-13Borg, S. (2006). Teacher cognition and language education. London: Continyym.Bullough, R. V., Jr., & Kridel, C. (2003). Workshops, in-service teacher education, and the Eight-Year Study. Teaching and Teacher Education, 19, 665-679.Burnaby, B., & Sun, Y. (1989). Chinese teachers’ views of Western language teaching: Context informs Paradigm. TESOL Quarterly, 23(2), 219-238.Byun, S. Y. (2010). Does policy matter in shadow education spending? Revisiting the effects of the high school equalization policy in South Korea. Asia Pacific Education Review, 11(1), 83-96. Calderhead, J. (1991). Images of teaching: Student teachers’ early conceptions of classroom practice. Teaching and Teacher Education, 7(1), 1-8.Carspecken, P. F. (1996). Critical ethnography in educational research: A theoretical and practical guide. New York: Routledge. Chang, S. H. (2004). A case study of EFL teachers in Taiwan: Identities, instructional practices and intercultural awareness. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Hawaii, Hawaii. Chang, W. C. (張武昌). (2006). English Language Education in Taiwan: A Comprehensive Survey. Educational Resources and Research, 69, 129-144.Chang, Y. H., & Yi, C. C. (2004, June). Cram schooling and academic achievement: A remedial strategy, a proactive strategy or just a mimic behavior. Paper presented at The First Youth Conference of Taiwan Youth Project, Taipei, Taiwan. Chen, C. Y. (陳錦瑤). (2000). A Study of Professional Competency for English Instructors of Children’s English Schools in Taichung. Unpublished master’s thesis, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung. Chen, X. L. (陳曉伶). (2008). Using system dynamics to study the operation mode; of the English cram school. Unpublished master’s thesis, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaoshiung. Chou, C. P., & Ho, A. H. (2007). Schooling in Taiwan. In G. A. Postiglione & J. Tan (Eds.), Going to school in East Asia (pp.334-376). Westport: Greenwood.Chou, C. P., & Yuan, J. K. S. (2011, Spring). Buxiban in Taiwan. International Institute for Asian Studies (IIAS) Newsletter, 56, 15.Clandinin, D. J., & Connelly, F. M. (2000). Narrative inquiry: Experience and story in qualitative research. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Clarke, M. (2008). Language teacher identities: Co-constructing discourse and community. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.Chou, C. P., & Yuan, J. K. S. (2011, Spring). Buxiban in Taiwan. International Institute for Asian Studies (IIAS) Newsletter, 56, 15.Cobb. P., & Bowers, J. (1999). Cognitive and situated learning perspectives in theory and practice. Educational Researcher, 28(2), 4-15.Connelly, F. M., & Clandinin, D. J. (1988). Teachers as curriculum planners: Narratives of experience. New York: Teachers College Press.Cruz-Yeh, A. D. (2011). Facilitating teacher professional development in online learning environments: A study of Taiwanese English teachers in private language supplementary schools. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham.Darling-Hammond, L. (2006). Powerful teacher education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Dawson, W. (2010). Private tutoring and mass schooling in East Asia: Reflections of inequality in Japan, South Korea, and Cambodia. Asia Pacific Education Review, 11(1), 14-24.De Long, T. J. (1987). Teachers and their careers: Why do they choose teaching? Journal of Career Development, 14(2), 118-125.Dewey, J. (1938). Experience and education. New York, NY: Collier Books. Dewey, J. (1909). Moral principles in education. Boston: Houghton Miffin.Dierkes, J. (2010). Teaching in the shadow: operators of small shadow education institutions in Japan. Asia Pacific Education Review, 11(1), 25-35. Eekelen, I. M. V., Boshuizen, H. P. A., & Vermunt, J. D. (2005). Self-regulation in higher education teacher learning, Higher Education, 50, 447-471.Elbaz, F. (1983). Teacher thinking: A study of practical knowledge. London: Croon Helm.Executive Yuan Website (2010). Taiwan at a Glance 2010. Retrieved from http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/glance/ch2.htm Fantilli, R. D., & McDougall, D. E. (2009). A study of novice teachers: challengesand supports in the first years. Teaching and Teacher Education, 25(6),814-825.Farrell, T. S. C. (2007). Failing the practicum: narrowing the gap between expectations and reality with reflective practice. TESOL Quarterly, 41(1), 193-201.Flowerdrew, J., & Miller, L. (1995). On the notion of culture in L2 lecture. TESOL Quarterly, 29(2), 345-373.Fox, D. (1995). From English major to English teacher: Two case studies. EnglishJournal, 84(2), 17-25.Franzak, J. K. (2002). Developing a teacher identity: The impact of critical friends practice on the student teacher. English Education, 34(4), 258-280.Fwu, B. J., & Wang, H. H. (2002) From Uniformity to diversification: Transformation of teacher education in pursuit of teacher quality in Taiwan from 1949 to 2000. International Journal of Educational Development, 22(2), 155-167.Gee, J. P. (2001). Identity as an analytic lens for research in education. Review of Research in Education,25, 99-125.Glaser, B. G. (2002). Conceptualization: On theory and theorizing using grounded theory. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 1(2), 23-38.Golombek, P. R., & Johnson, K. E. (2004). Narrative inquiry as a meditational space examining emotional and cognitive dissonance in second-language teachers’ development. Teachers and Teaching: theory and practice, 10(3), 307-327.Gonzalez, A. (2003). Who is educating EFL teachers: A Qualitative Study of in-service in Colombia. Íkala, Revista de Lenguaje y Cultura, 8(14), 153-172.Goodson, I. F., & Cole, A. L. (1994). Exploring the teacher’s professional knowledge: Constructing identity and community. Teacher Education Quarterly, 21(1), 85-105.Grossman, P. L. (1991). Overcoming the apprenticeship of observation in teacher education coursework. Teaching and Teacher Education, 7(4), 345-357.Gu, Q. (2004). Intercultural experience and teachers’ professional development. ELTED, 8, 1-15.Harkavy, B. (1999). Acting as teacher. English Education, 31(3), 226-228.Harklau, L. (2000). From the “good kids” to the “worst”: Representations of English language learners across educational settings. TESOL Quarterly, 34(1), 35-67.Hatzikalis, H. (2009). Teachers as learners. In B. Beatty & D. Gurr (Eds.), Willing to lead master in school leadership (pp.118-123). Melbourne: School Workforce Reform and School Improvement Division Department of Education and Early Childhood Development.Hile, D., Cermak, I., & Chrz, V. (2009). Narrative Oriented Inquiry: A dynamic framework for good practice, in D. Robinson, P. Fisher, T. Yeadon-Lee, S. J. Robinson, & P. Woodcock, (Eds.) Narrative andMemory, Huddersfield: University of Huddersfield Press.Ho, M. C. (1998). Culture studies and motivation in foreign and second language learning in Taiwan. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 11(2), 165-182.Hong, J. C., Horng, J. S., Lin, C. L., & Chan, L. J. (2008). Competency disparity between preservice teacher education and in-service teaching requirements in Taiwan. International Journal of Educational Development, 28(1), 4-20.Huang, P. H. (2008). A Case study on three Taiwanese elementary school English teachers’ professional knowledge and its influence on their classroom practices. Unpublished master’s thesis, National Chengchi University, Taipei. Huang, S. Y. S. (2008). Teachers’ Beliefs about Learning and Teaching English: A Study Based on Supplementary English schools in Taiwan. Unpublished master’s thesis, Providence University, Taichung, Taiwan. Huang, T. Y. (黃泰穎). (2008). Influence of Learning English Motivation and Self-directed Learning Readiness on Customer Satisfaction for the Adults in English Cram school Case of GLOBAL VILLAGE ORGANIZATION Cram School in Taichung City. Unpublished master’s thesis, Chaoyang University of Technology, TaichungHyde, B. (1999). Teachers as learners: Beyond language learning. ELT Journal, 54(3), 265-273.Johnson, K. E. (1994). The emerging beliefs and instructional practices of preservice English as a second language teachers. Teaching and Teacher Education, 10(4),439-452.Johnson, K. E. (2009). Second Language Teacher Education: A sociocultural perspective. New York: Routledge.Johnson, K. E., & Golombek, P. R. (Eds.). (2002). Teachers’ narrative inquiry as professional development. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.Johnston, B. (2003). Values in English language teaching. Mahwah, NJ.: Lawrence Erlbaum. Juzwik, M. M., & Ives, D. (2010). Small stories as resources for performing teacher identity: Identity-in- interaction in an urban language arts classroom. Narrative Inquiry, 20(1), 37-61.Kim, T. (2005) Shadow education: school quality and demand for private tutoring in Korea. Discussion paper no. 055. Interfaces for Advanced Economic Analysis, Kyoto University. Retrieved from http://www.kier.kyotou.ac.jp/coe21/dp/51-60/21COE-DP055.pdfKinginger, C. (2004). Alice doesn’t live here anymore: Foreign language learning and renegotiated identity. In A. Pavlenko & A. Blackledge (Eds.), Negotiation of identities in multilingual contexts (pp. 219-242). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.Knowles, J. G. (1992). Models for understanding preservice and beginning teachers’biographies: Illustrations from case studies. In I. Goodson (Ed.) Studying Teachers’ Lives (pp. 99-153). Columbia University, NY: Teachers College Press.Knowles, J. G., & Holt-Reynolds, D. (1991). Shaping pedagogies through personalhistories in preservice teacher education. Teachers College Record, 93(1), 87-113.Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential Learning: Experience as a Source of Learning andDevelopment. Englewood Cliffs, NY: Prentice-Hall.Krečič, M. J., & Grmek, M. I. (2005). The reasons students choose teaching professions. Educational Studies, 31(3), 265-274. Kwakman, K. (2003). Factors affecting teacher participation in professional learningactivities. Teaching and Teacher Education, 19(2), 149-170.Kwok, P. (2004). Examination-oriented knowledge and value transformation in East Asian cram schools. Asian Pacific Education Review, 5(1), 64-75.Kwok, P. L. Y. (2010). Demand intensity, marlet parameters and policy responses towards demand and supply of private supplementary tutoring in China. Asia Pacific Education Review, 11(1), 49-58. Lantolf, J. P. (2005). Sociocultural and second language learning research: Anexegesis. In E. Hinkel (Ed.), Handbook of research in second language teaching and learning (pp. 335-354). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Lampert, M. (1985). How do teachers manage to teach? Perspectives on problems in practice. Harvard Educational Review, 55(2), 178-194.Lave, J., & Wenger, E. (1991). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Laws and Regulation Database of The Republic of China (2010). Enforcement Rules of Act Governing the Appointment of Educators. Retrieved from http://law.moj.gov.tw/Eng/LawClass/LawContent.aspx?PCODE=H0150018Lee, B. (2010). The pre-university English-educational background of college freshmen in a foreign language program: A take of diverse private education and English proficiency. Asia Pacific Education Review, 11(1), 69-82.Lee, C. J., Lee, H., & Jang, H. M. (2010). The hisory of policy responses to shadow education in South Korea: Implications for the next cycle of policy responses. Asia Pacific Education Review, 11 (1), 97-108. Lee, J. F. K. (2011). International field experience—What do student teachers learn? Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 36, 1-22.Lee, P. Y. (2009). Language policy in Taiwan: Age as a factor of second language acquisition. Unpublished master’s thesis, California State University, Chico, California. Leiblich, A., Tuval-Mashiach, R., & Zilber, T. (1998). Narrative research: Reading, analysis and interpretation. Thousand Oaks, SAGE. Liang, T. L. (梁彩鈴). (2002). Communicative Language Teaching and Educational Reform in Taiwan, Journal of Paisa Humanities and Social Sciences, 1, 143 -166.Liao, P. (2007). Teachers‘ Beliefs about Teaching English to Elementary School Children. English Teaching & Learning, 31(1), 43-76.Liao, P. S. (廖柏森). (2004). English as a Global Language and its Effects on Taiwan’s English Education, English teaching and learning, 29(1), 107-121. Lieberman, A. (1995). Practices that support teacher development: Transforming conceptions of professional learning. Phi Delta Kappan, 76(8), 591-596.Liu, J. (2011). Does cram schooling matter? Who goes to cram schools? Evidence from Taiwan. International Journal of Educational Development, 32(1), 46-52.Liu, K. H. (劉國雄). (2010). An Action Research of Using Skype for English Conversation Practice—Take a Private Cram School in Kaohsiung County for Example. Unpublished master’s thesis, National Pingtung University of Education, Pingtung.Lortie, D. (1975) Schoolteacher: A sociological study. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Malmberg, L. E. (2006). Goal-orientation and teacher motivation among teacher applicants and student teachers. Teaching and Teacher Education, 22(1), 58-76.Mawhinney, L. (2010). Let’s lunch and learn: professional knowledge sharing inteachers’ lounges and other congregational spaces. Teaching and Teacher Education, 26(4), 972-978.Measor, L. (1985). Critical incidents in the classroom: Identities, choices and careers. In S. Ball & I. Goodson (Eds.), Teachers’ lives and careers (pp. 61-77). London: Falmer Press. Mewborn, D. and Tyminski, A. (2006). Lortie`s Apprenticeship of Observation Revisited. For the Learning of Mathematics, 23(3), 30-33.McCarthey, S. J., López-Velásquez, A. M., García, G. E., Lin S., & Guo, Y. H. (2004). Understanding Writing Contexts for English Language Learners. Research in the Teaching of English, 38(4), 351-394Miccoli, L. (2008). Brazilian EFL teachers’ experiences in public and private schools:Different contexts with similar challenges. In P. Kalaja, V. Menezes &A. M. F. Barcelos, (Eds.), Narratives of learning and teaching EFL (pp. 64-79). Houndsmills: Palgrave Macmillan.Moghaddam, A. (2006). Coding issues in grounded theory. Issues In Educational Research, 16(1), 52-66.Morgan, B. (2004). Teacher identity as pedagogy: Towards a field-internal conceptualization in bilingual and second language education. In J. Brutt-Griffler & M. Varghese, (Eds.), Re-writing bilingualism and the bilingual educator’s knowledge base (pp. 80-96). Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters. Mousavi, E. S. (2007). Exploring ‘Teacher stress’ in non-native and native teachers of EFL. ELTED Journal, 10, 33-41.Nettle, E. B. (1998). Stability and change in the beliefs of student teachers during practice teaching. Teaching and teacher education, 14(2), 193-204.Niemi, H. (2002). Active learning: A cultural change needed in teacher education and schools. Teaching and Teacher Education, 18(7), 763-780.Norton, B. (2010). Language and identity. In N. Hornberger & S. McKay (Eds.),Sociolinguistics and language education (pp. 349-369). Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.Nunan, D. (2003). The impact of English as a global language on educational policies and practices in the Asia-Pacific region. TESOL Quarterly, 37(4), 589-613.O’Donnell, K. (2005). Japanese secondary English teachers: Negotiation of educational roles in the face of curricular reform. Language, Culture, and Curriculum, 18(3), 300-316.Oladejo, J. (2006). Parents’ attitudes towards bilingual education policy in Taiwan. Bilingual Research Journal, 30(1), 147-170.Pan, H. L., & Yu, C. (1999). Educational reforms with their impacts on school effectiveness and school improvement in Taiwan, R. O. C. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 10(1), 72-85.Parker, W. C., & Hess, D. (2001). Teaching with and for discussion. Teaching and Teacher Education, 17, 273-289.Peacock, M. (2001). Pre-service ESL teachers’ beliefs about second language learning: a longitudinal study. System, 29, 177-195.Randi, J. (2004). Teachers as self-regulated learners. Teacher College Record, 106(9), 1825-1853.Reid, J. (2011). A Practice Turn for Teacher Education? Paper presented at The Australian Teacher Education Association ATEA Conference, Melbourne, July 3-6, 2011.Ricento, T. (1995). Considerations of Identity in L2 Learning. In E. Hinkel (Ed.): Handbook of Research on Second Language Teaching and Learning (pp. 895-910). Mahwah, NJ: ErlbaumRogers, G. (2011). Learning-to-learn and learning-to-teach: the impact of disciplinary subject study on student-teachers’ professional identity. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 43(2), 249-268.Ross, S. J. (2008). Language testing in Asia: Evolution, innovation, and policy changes. Language Testing, 25(1), 5-13.Russell, T. (2008). Two principles for enacting a pedagogy of teacher education. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New York, March, 2008.Sachs, J (2001). Learning to be a teacher: Teacher education and the development of professional identity. Paper presented as keynote address at the ISATT conference, Faro, Portugal, September 21-25.Sato, K., & Kleinsasser, R. C. (2004). Beliefs, practices and interactions in a Japanesehigh school English department. Teaching and Teacher Education, 20(8), 797-816.Savignon, S. J., & Wang, C. (2003). Communicative language teaching in EFL contexts: Learner attitudes and perceptions. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 41, 223-249. Sfard, A., & Prusak, A. (2005). Telling identities: In search of an analytical tool for investigating learning as a culturally shaped activity. Educational Researcher, 34(4), 14-22.Shang, H. F., Ingebritson, R., & Tseng, C. L. (2007). Taiwanese parental perceptions toward English learning in bilingual kindergarten. In Y. R. Tsai, H. F. Shang, & H. Hanreich (Eds.), Applied English education: Trends and issues (pp. 135-148). Kaohsiung County, Taiwan: I-Shou University. Short-term Busiban Information Management System (2011, Oct 16) Retrieved from http://bsb.edu.tw/ Shulman, L. S. (1986). Paradigms and research programs in the study of teaching [3rd edition]. In M. Wittrock (Eds.), Handbook of research on teaching (pp. 3-36). New York: Macmillan.Shulman, L. S. (1987). Knowledge and teaching: Foundations of the new reform. Harvard Educational Review, 57(1), 1-19.Singh, G. & Richards, J. C. (2006). Teaching and learning in the language teacher education course room: A critical sociocultural perspective. RELC Journal, 37(2), 149-175. Smit, B., & Fritz, E. (2008). Understanding teacher identity from a symbolic interactionist perspective: two ethnographic narratives. South Africa Journal of Education, 28, 91-101.Smith, R., & Erdogan, S. (2008). Teacher-learner autonomy: Programme goals and student-teacher constructs. In T. Lamb & H. Reinders (eds.), Learner and teacher autonomy: Concepts, realities and response. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 83-102.Stake, R. E. (1995). The art of case study research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Stephenson, J., Ling, L., Burman, E., & Cooper, M. (Eds.) (1998). Values in education. London: Routledge.Stevenson, D., & and Baker, D. (1992). Shadow education and allocation in formal schooling: Transition to university in Japan. American Journal of Sociology, 97(6), 1639-1657.Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. London: Sage.Su, R. S. (2008). Language and identity searching: A case of non-native language professionals in Taiwan. Unpublished mater’s thesis, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung.Taiwan Ministry of Education (2011). Act of Governing the Appointment of Educators. Retrieved from http://edu.law.moe.gov.tw/LawContentHistory.aspx?id=FL009439&KeyWord=Taiwan Ministry of Education (2012). Teachers’ Act. Retrieved from http://edu.law.moe.gov.tw/LawContentDetails.aspx?id=FL008447&KeyWordHL=&StyleType=1Thaman, K. H. (2001). Towards culturally inclusive teacher education with specific reference to Oceania. International Education Journal, 2(5), 1-8.Trent, J., & Gao, X. (2009). `At least I`m the type of teacher I want to be`: Second-career English language teachers` identity formation in Hong Kong secondary schools. Asia Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 37(3), 253-270.Tsai, S. H. (2005). A Study on the relationship of English cram school forElementary School Students in Chiayi , with their English Learning Attitude and English Learning Strategies. Unpublished master’s thesis, National Chungchen University, Chiayi, Taiwan.Tsui, A. B. M. (2007). Complexities of Identity Formation: A Narrative Inquiry of an EFL Teacher. TESOL Quarterly, 41(4), 657-680.Varghese, M., Morgan, B., Johnston, B., & Johnson, K. A. (2005). Theroizing language teacher identity: Three perspectives and beyond. Journal of Language, Identity, and Education, 4(1), 21-44.Vertura, A., & Jang, S. (2010). Private tutoring through the Internet: Globalization and offshoring. Asia Pacific Education Review, 11(1), 59-68.Veugelers, W., & Vedder, P. (2003). Values in Teaching. Teachers and Teaching: theory and practice, 9(4), 377-389.Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processing. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Wang, H. M. (2006). Surviving in the system: Tales of personal English language learning motivation in contemporary Taiwan. Unpublished master’s thesis, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung. Wang, S., & Ching, G. S. (2012). Balanced reading instructions: An action research on elementary cram school students. International Journal of Research Studies in Language Learning, 1(1), 3-20. Warford, M. K., & Reeves, J. (2003). Falling into it: Novice TESOL teacher thinking. Teacher and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 9, 47-65.Watschauer, M. (2002). A development perspective on technology in language education. TESOL Quarterly, 36(3), 453-475.Watzke, J. L. (2007). Foreign language pedagogical knowledge: Toward a developmental theory of beginning teacher practices. The Modern Language Journal, 91(1), 63-82.Webster, L., & Mertova, P. (2007). Using narrative inquiry as a research method. London: Routledge.Wenger, E. (1998). Communities of practice: Learning, meaning, and identity. New York: Cambridge University Press.Wenger, E., McDermott, R. A., & Snyder, W.M. (2002). Cultivating communities of practice: A guide to managing knowledge. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.Wu, J. Y. (吳俊毅). (2008). The research of the teaching belief and teaching behavior of cramming school English teachers. Unpublished master’s thesis, Tzuchi University, Hualian.Yang, S. K. (2001). Dilemmas of education in Taiwan: internationalization or localization? Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Comparative and International Education Society, Washington D. C, March 14-17, 2001. Retrieved from http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs.Zhao, H. Q., & Poulson, L. (2006). A biographical narrative inquiry into teachers’ knowledge: An intergenerational approach. Asia Pacific Education Review, 7(2), 123-132.Zhao, Y., Meyers, L, & Meyers, B. (2009). Cross-cultural immersion in China: Preparing pre-service teachers to work with diverse student populations in the United States. Asia Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 37(3), 295-317. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
英國語文學研究所
98551021
101資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098551021 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 招靜琪 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Chao, Chin Chi en_US dc.contributor.author (作者) 李星瑩 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) Lee, Sin Yin en_US dc.creator (作者) 李星瑩 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Lee, Sin Yin en_US dc.date (日期) 2012 en_US dc.date.accessioned 1-五月-2013 11:50:57 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 1-五月-2013 11:50:57 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-五月-2013 11:50:57 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0098551021 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/57968 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 英國語文學研究所 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 98551021 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 101 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本質化敘事研究旨在探討英語教師如何於正規及非正規專業發展領域中發展個人職能概念。研究對象為一位擁有多年補教與國高中教學經驗的英語教師。研究方法主要包含研究對象的口說敘述及半結構式訪談,目的在於完整記載研究對象之動態專業發展歷程。資料分析方式採用¬「整體─內容」分析法 (Lieblich, Tuveal-Mashiasch, & Zilber, 1998)與「關鍵事件」方法 (Webster & Mertova, 2007)。研究結果顯示,研究對象之教師發展出自於其主動作為並連結至其認為之與教學相關之要務。其中引領研究對象教師發展之關鍵為其個人與其所在之補教或學校場域的互動關係。也就是說,她如何看待及解讀場域中有關於教學與教師之價值,並以此價值為基礎發展個人職能概念。此外,研究對象之教師職能概念為一螺旋型過程,其過程強調一學習過程之結束引領另一新的學習發展;於專業發展領域之互動中動態發展。另一方面,藉由研究對象於正規與非正規學校場域中發展職能概念之經驗對照,本質化個案研究對於宏觀之正規及非正規教育系統在協助教師發展的設計,目前所面臨的兩難獲得更深入的了解。本研究期許針對教師教育、甚至於教育政策持續改善,提供可能之方向,使其更能符合教師於個人職能發展的實際需要。在本研究最後,針對於研究結果提出教學與研究上之建議做為參考。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) This study explores the development of an English teacher’s professional identity across formal and informal educational contexts. The informant invited in the study is an English teacher who has cross-contextual professional development experience. Data collection methods primarily included an oral narrative and semi-structured interviews in order to document the dynamic professional development trajectory of the teacher informant. The data collected were analyzed with a holistic-content method (Lieblich, Tuveal-Mashiasch, & Zilber, 1998) and a critical events approach (Webster & Mertova, 2007). The findings of the study indicate that teacher development is undertaken by the teacher herself and her concerns. What is really critical in guiding teacher development is the interaction between the teacher and her contexts; namely, how the teacher perceives and interprets the value of teaching and the meaning of being a teacher from the contexts, which is the basis to develop her professional identities. Furthermore, teacher professional identity is constructed dynamically as a spiral process in interaction with contexts. A better understanding of the tensions existing in the macro-level formal educational system is also obtained in the comparison with formal and informal professional development experience of the English teacher in the study. The study provides a possible direction for further improvement of teacher education program and for educational policy reforms to better take care of the actual professional development needs of teachers. Based on the findings, pedagogical implications as well as suggestions for future research are also provided at the end of the thesis. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents Table of ContentsAcknowledgements iiiChinese Abstract viiEnglish Abstract ixChapter1. Introduction 1Background of the Study 1Purpose of the Study 4Research Questions 42. Literature Review 5Language Teacher Professional Development 5English Teacher Professional Development in Formal Educational Contexts in Taiwan 8Cram School Issue in Taiwan 10Cross-contextual Teacher Professional Development 13Rationale of the Present Study 153. Methodology 19Informant 19Data Collection and Procedures 21Data Analysis 234. Results and Findings 27Jenny’s Prior Formal Schooling 27Jenny’s Teaching Experience in Informal Educational Contexts 33Jenny’s Teacher Training and Teaching Experience in Formal Educational Contexts 43Summary of Jenny’s Story 535. Discussion 55Addressing Research Question One 55Addressing Research Question Two 636. Conclusion 77Summary of the Study 77Pedagogical Implications 79Limitations of the Study 80Suggestions for Further Research 81Conclusions 82References 83AppendixesA. The First Semi-structure Interview Protocol 98B. A Sample of the Oral Narrative 100C. A Sample of the First Interview 103 zh_TW dc.format.extent 885473 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.language.iso en_US - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098551021 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 教師職能概念 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 教師發展 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 教師教育 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 補習班 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) teacher professional identity en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) teacher development en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) teacher education en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) cram school en_US dc.title (題名) 英語教師如何於正規及非正規專業發展領域發展個人職能概念:一位教師的敘事研究 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Developing professional identity as an English language teacher in formal and informal professional development contexts: a narrative inquiry en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ReferencesAnderson, M. B. G., & Iwanicki, E. F. (1984). Teacher motivation and its relationship to burnout. Educational Administration Quarterly, 20(2), 109-132. Baek, E. O., & Barab, S. A. (2005). A study of dynamic design dualities in a web-supported community of practice for teachers. Educational Technology & Society, 8(4), 161-177.Barab, S. A., MaKinster, J. G., & Schekler, R. (2003). Designing system dualities: Characterizing a web-supported professional development community. The Information Society, 19, 237-256.Bray, M. (2006). Private supplementary tutoring: Comparative perspectives on patterns and implications. Compare: A Journal of Comparative Education, 36(4), 515-530.Bray, M. (2010). Researching shadow education: Methodological challenges and directions. Asia Pacific Education Review, 11(1), 3-13Borg, S. (2006). Teacher cognition and language education. London: Continyym.Bullough, R. V., Jr., & Kridel, C. (2003). Workshops, in-service teacher education, and the Eight-Year Study. Teaching and Teacher Education, 19, 665-679.Burnaby, B., & Sun, Y. (1989). Chinese teachers’ views of Western language teaching: Context informs Paradigm. TESOL Quarterly, 23(2), 219-238.Byun, S. Y. (2010). Does policy matter in shadow education spending? Revisiting the effects of the high school equalization policy in South Korea. Asia Pacific Education Review, 11(1), 83-96. Calderhead, J. (1991). Images of teaching: Student teachers’ early conceptions of classroom practice. Teaching and Teacher Education, 7(1), 1-8.Carspecken, P. F. (1996). Critical ethnography in educational research: A theoretical and practical guide. New York: Routledge. Chang, S. H. (2004). A case study of EFL teachers in Taiwan: Identities, instructional practices and intercultural awareness. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Hawaii, Hawaii. Chang, W. C. (張武昌). (2006). English Language Education in Taiwan: A Comprehensive Survey. Educational Resources and Research, 69, 129-144.Chang, Y. H., & Yi, C. C. (2004, June). Cram schooling and academic achievement: A remedial strategy, a proactive strategy or just a mimic behavior. Paper presented at The First Youth Conference of Taiwan Youth Project, Taipei, Taiwan. Chen, C. Y. (陳錦瑤). (2000). A Study of Professional Competency for English Instructors of Children’s English Schools in Taichung. Unpublished master’s thesis, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung. Chen, X. L. (陳曉伶). (2008). Using system dynamics to study the operation mode; of the English cram school. Unpublished master’s thesis, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaoshiung. Chou, C. P., & Ho, A. H. (2007). Schooling in Taiwan. In G. A. Postiglione & J. Tan (Eds.), Going to school in East Asia (pp.334-376). Westport: Greenwood.Chou, C. P., & Yuan, J. K. S. (2011, Spring). Buxiban in Taiwan. International Institute for Asian Studies (IIAS) Newsletter, 56, 15.Clandinin, D. J., & Connelly, F. M. (2000). Narrative inquiry: Experience and story in qualitative research. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Clarke, M. (2008). Language teacher identities: Co-constructing discourse and community. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.Chou, C. P., & Yuan, J. K. S. (2011, Spring). Buxiban in Taiwan. International Institute for Asian Studies (IIAS) Newsletter, 56, 15.Cobb. P., & Bowers, J. (1999). Cognitive and situated learning perspectives in theory and practice. Educational Researcher, 28(2), 4-15.Connelly, F. M., & Clandinin, D. J. (1988). Teachers as curriculum planners: Narratives of experience. New York: Teachers College Press.Cruz-Yeh, A. D. (2011). Facilitating teacher professional development in online learning environments: A study of Taiwanese English teachers in private language supplementary schools. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham.Darling-Hammond, L. (2006). Powerful teacher education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Dawson, W. (2010). Private tutoring and mass schooling in East Asia: Reflections of inequality in Japan, South Korea, and Cambodia. Asia Pacific Education Review, 11(1), 14-24.De Long, T. J. (1987). Teachers and their careers: Why do they choose teaching? Journal of Career Development, 14(2), 118-125.Dewey, J. (1938). Experience and education. New York, NY: Collier Books. Dewey, J. (1909). Moral principles in education. Boston: Houghton Miffin.Dierkes, J. (2010). Teaching in the shadow: operators of small shadow education institutions in Japan. Asia Pacific Education Review, 11(1), 25-35. Eekelen, I. M. V., Boshuizen, H. P. A., & Vermunt, J. D. (2005). Self-regulation in higher education teacher learning, Higher Education, 50, 447-471.Elbaz, F. (1983). Teacher thinking: A study of practical knowledge. London: Croon Helm.Executive Yuan Website (2010). Taiwan at a Glance 2010. Retrieved from http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/glance/ch2.htm Fantilli, R. D., & McDougall, D. E. (2009). A study of novice teachers: challengesand supports in the first years. Teaching and Teacher Education, 25(6),814-825.Farrell, T. S. C. (2007). Failing the practicum: narrowing the gap between expectations and reality with reflective practice. TESOL Quarterly, 41(1), 193-201.Flowerdrew, J., & Miller, L. (1995). On the notion of culture in L2 lecture. TESOL Quarterly, 29(2), 345-373.Fox, D. (1995). From English major to English teacher: Two case studies. EnglishJournal, 84(2), 17-25.Franzak, J. K. (2002). Developing a teacher identity: The impact of critical friends practice on the student teacher. English Education, 34(4), 258-280.Fwu, B. J., & Wang, H. H. (2002) From Uniformity to diversification: Transformation of teacher education in pursuit of teacher quality in Taiwan from 1949 to 2000. International Journal of Educational Development, 22(2), 155-167.Gee, J. P. (2001). Identity as an analytic lens for research in education. Review of Research in Education,25, 99-125.Glaser, B. G. (2002). Conceptualization: On theory and theorizing using grounded theory. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 1(2), 23-38.Golombek, P. R., & Johnson, K. E. (2004). Narrative inquiry as a meditational space examining emotional and cognitive dissonance in second-language teachers’ development. Teachers and Teaching: theory and practice, 10(3), 307-327.Gonzalez, A. (2003). Who is educating EFL teachers: A Qualitative Study of in-service in Colombia. Íkala, Revista de Lenguaje y Cultura, 8(14), 153-172.Goodson, I. F., & Cole, A. L. (1994). Exploring the teacher’s professional knowledge: Constructing identity and community. Teacher Education Quarterly, 21(1), 85-105.Grossman, P. L. (1991). Overcoming the apprenticeship of observation in teacher education coursework. Teaching and Teacher Education, 7(4), 345-357.Gu, Q. (2004). Intercultural experience and teachers’ professional development. ELTED, 8, 1-15.Harkavy, B. (1999). Acting as teacher. English Education, 31(3), 226-228.Harklau, L. (2000). From the “good kids” to the “worst”: Representations of English language learners across educational settings. TESOL Quarterly, 34(1), 35-67.Hatzikalis, H. (2009). Teachers as learners. In B. Beatty & D. Gurr (Eds.), Willing to lead master in school leadership (pp.118-123). Melbourne: School Workforce Reform and School Improvement Division Department of Education and Early Childhood Development.Hile, D., Cermak, I., & Chrz, V. (2009). Narrative Oriented Inquiry: A dynamic framework for good practice, in D. Robinson, P. Fisher, T. Yeadon-Lee, S. J. Robinson, & P. Woodcock, (Eds.) Narrative andMemory, Huddersfield: University of Huddersfield Press.Ho, M. C. (1998). Culture studies and motivation in foreign and second language learning in Taiwan. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 11(2), 165-182.Hong, J. C., Horng, J. S., Lin, C. L., & Chan, L. J. (2008). Competency disparity between preservice teacher education and in-service teaching requirements in Taiwan. International Journal of Educational Development, 28(1), 4-20.Huang, P. H. (2008). A Case study on three Taiwanese elementary school English teachers’ professional knowledge and its influence on their classroom practices. Unpublished master’s thesis, National Chengchi University, Taipei. Huang, S. Y. S. (2008). Teachers’ Beliefs about Learning and Teaching English: A Study Based on Supplementary English schools in Taiwan. Unpublished master’s thesis, Providence University, Taichung, Taiwan. Huang, T. Y. (黃泰穎). (2008). Influence of Learning English Motivation and Self-directed Learning Readiness on Customer Satisfaction for the Adults in English Cram school Case of GLOBAL VILLAGE ORGANIZATION Cram School in Taichung City. Unpublished master’s thesis, Chaoyang University of Technology, TaichungHyde, B. (1999). Teachers as learners: Beyond language learning. ELT Journal, 54(3), 265-273.Johnson, K. E. (1994). The emerging beliefs and instructional practices of preservice English as a second language teachers. Teaching and Teacher Education, 10(4),439-452.Johnson, K. E. (2009). Second Language Teacher Education: A sociocultural perspective. New York: Routledge.Johnson, K. E., & Golombek, P. R. (Eds.). (2002). Teachers’ narrative inquiry as professional development. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.Johnston, B. (2003). Values in English language teaching. Mahwah, NJ.: Lawrence Erlbaum. Juzwik, M. M., & Ives, D. (2010). Small stories as resources for performing teacher identity: Identity-in- interaction in an urban language arts classroom. Narrative Inquiry, 20(1), 37-61.Kim, T. (2005) Shadow education: school quality and demand for private tutoring in Korea. Discussion paper no. 055. Interfaces for Advanced Economic Analysis, Kyoto University. Retrieved from http://www.kier.kyotou.ac.jp/coe21/dp/51-60/21COE-DP055.pdfKinginger, C. (2004). Alice doesn’t live here anymore: Foreign language learning and renegotiated identity. In A. Pavlenko & A. Blackledge (Eds.), Negotiation of identities in multilingual contexts (pp. 219-242). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.Knowles, J. G. (1992). Models for understanding preservice and beginning teachers’biographies: Illustrations from case studies. In I. Goodson (Ed.) Studying Teachers’ Lives (pp. 99-153). Columbia University, NY: Teachers College Press.Knowles, J. G., & Holt-Reynolds, D. (1991). Shaping pedagogies through personalhistories in preservice teacher education. Teachers College Record, 93(1), 87-113.Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential Learning: Experience as a Source of Learning andDevelopment. Englewood Cliffs, NY: Prentice-Hall.Krečič, M. J., & Grmek, M. I. (2005). The reasons students choose teaching professions. Educational Studies, 31(3), 265-274. Kwakman, K. (2003). Factors affecting teacher participation in professional learningactivities. Teaching and Teacher Education, 19(2), 149-170.Kwok, P. (2004). Examination-oriented knowledge and value transformation in East Asian cram schools. Asian Pacific Education Review, 5(1), 64-75.Kwok, P. L. Y. (2010). Demand intensity, marlet parameters and policy responses towards demand and supply of private supplementary tutoring in China. Asia Pacific Education Review, 11(1), 49-58. Lantolf, J. P. (2005). Sociocultural and second language learning research: Anexegesis. In E. Hinkel (Ed.), Handbook of research in second language teaching and learning (pp. 335-354). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Lampert, M. (1985). How do teachers manage to teach? Perspectives on problems in practice. Harvard Educational Review, 55(2), 178-194.Lave, J., & Wenger, E. (1991). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Laws and Regulation Database of The Republic of China (2010). Enforcement Rules of Act Governing the Appointment of Educators. Retrieved from http://law.moj.gov.tw/Eng/LawClass/LawContent.aspx?PCODE=H0150018Lee, B. (2010). The pre-university English-educational background of college freshmen in a foreign language program: A take of diverse private education and English proficiency. Asia Pacific Education Review, 11(1), 69-82.Lee, C. J., Lee, H., & Jang, H. M. (2010). The hisory of policy responses to shadow education in South Korea: Implications for the next cycle of policy responses. Asia Pacific Education Review, 11 (1), 97-108. Lee, J. F. K. (2011). International field experience—What do student teachers learn? Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 36, 1-22.Lee, P. Y. (2009). Language policy in Taiwan: Age as a factor of second language acquisition. Unpublished master’s thesis, California State University, Chico, California. Leiblich, A., Tuval-Mashiach, R., & Zilber, T. (1998). Narrative research: Reading, analysis and interpretation. Thousand Oaks, SAGE. Liang, T. L. (梁彩鈴). (2002). Communicative Language Teaching and Educational Reform in Taiwan, Journal of Paisa Humanities and Social Sciences, 1, 143 -166.Liao, P. (2007). Teachers‘ Beliefs about Teaching English to Elementary School Children. English Teaching & Learning, 31(1), 43-76.Liao, P. S. (廖柏森). (2004). English as a Global Language and its Effects on Taiwan’s English Education, English teaching and learning, 29(1), 107-121. Lieberman, A. (1995). Practices that support teacher development: Transforming conceptions of professional learning. Phi Delta Kappan, 76(8), 591-596.Liu, J. (2011). Does cram schooling matter? Who goes to cram schools? Evidence from Taiwan. International Journal of Educational Development, 32(1), 46-52.Liu, K. H. (劉國雄). (2010). An Action Research of Using Skype for English Conversation Practice—Take a Private Cram School in Kaohsiung County for Example. Unpublished master’s thesis, National Pingtung University of Education, Pingtung.Lortie, D. (1975) Schoolteacher: A sociological study. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Malmberg, L. E. (2006). Goal-orientation and teacher motivation among teacher applicants and student teachers. Teaching and Teacher Education, 22(1), 58-76.Mawhinney, L. (2010). Let’s lunch and learn: professional knowledge sharing inteachers’ lounges and other congregational spaces. Teaching and Teacher Education, 26(4), 972-978.Measor, L. (1985). Critical incidents in the classroom: Identities, choices and careers. In S. Ball & I. Goodson (Eds.), Teachers’ lives and careers (pp. 61-77). London: Falmer Press. Mewborn, D. and Tyminski, A. (2006). Lortie`s Apprenticeship of Observation Revisited. For the Learning of Mathematics, 23(3), 30-33.McCarthey, S. J., López-Velásquez, A. M., García, G. E., Lin S., & Guo, Y. H. (2004). Understanding Writing Contexts for English Language Learners. Research in the Teaching of English, 38(4), 351-394Miccoli, L. (2008). Brazilian EFL teachers’ experiences in public and private schools:Different contexts with similar challenges. In P. Kalaja, V. Menezes &A. M. F. Barcelos, (Eds.), Narratives of learning and teaching EFL (pp. 64-79). Houndsmills: Palgrave Macmillan.Moghaddam, A. (2006). Coding issues in grounded theory. Issues In Educational Research, 16(1), 52-66.Morgan, B. (2004). Teacher identity as pedagogy: Towards a field-internal conceptualization in bilingual and second language education. In J. Brutt-Griffler & M. Varghese, (Eds.), Re-writing bilingualism and the bilingual educator’s knowledge base (pp. 80-96). Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters. Mousavi, E. S. (2007). Exploring ‘Teacher stress’ in non-native and native teachers of EFL. ELTED Journal, 10, 33-41.Nettle, E. B. (1998). Stability and change in the beliefs of student teachers during practice teaching. Teaching and teacher education, 14(2), 193-204.Niemi, H. (2002). Active learning: A cultural change needed in teacher education and schools. Teaching and Teacher Education, 18(7), 763-780.Norton, B. (2010). Language and identity. In N. Hornberger & S. McKay (Eds.),Sociolinguistics and language education (pp. 349-369). Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.Nunan, D. (2003). The impact of English as a global language on educational policies and practices in the Asia-Pacific region. TESOL Quarterly, 37(4), 589-613.O’Donnell, K. (2005). Japanese secondary English teachers: Negotiation of educational roles in the face of curricular reform. Language, Culture, and Curriculum, 18(3), 300-316.Oladejo, J. (2006). Parents’ attitudes towards bilingual education policy in Taiwan. Bilingual Research Journal, 30(1), 147-170.Pan, H. L., & Yu, C. (1999). Educational reforms with their impacts on school effectiveness and school improvement in Taiwan, R. O. C. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 10(1), 72-85.Parker, W. C., & Hess, D. (2001). Teaching with and for discussion. Teaching and Teacher Education, 17, 273-289.Peacock, M. (2001). Pre-service ESL teachers’ beliefs about second language learning: a longitudinal study. System, 29, 177-195.Randi, J. (2004). Teachers as self-regulated learners. Teacher College Record, 106(9), 1825-1853.Reid, J. (2011). A Practice Turn for Teacher Education? Paper presented at The Australian Teacher Education Association ATEA Conference, Melbourne, July 3-6, 2011.Ricento, T. (1995). Considerations of Identity in L2 Learning. In E. Hinkel (Ed.): Handbook of Research on Second Language Teaching and Learning (pp. 895-910). Mahwah, NJ: ErlbaumRogers, G. (2011). Learning-to-learn and learning-to-teach: the impact of disciplinary subject study on student-teachers’ professional identity. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 43(2), 249-268.Ross, S. J. (2008). Language testing in Asia: Evolution, innovation, and policy changes. Language Testing, 25(1), 5-13.Russell, T. (2008). Two principles for enacting a pedagogy of teacher education. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New York, March, 2008.Sachs, J (2001). Learning to be a teacher: Teacher education and the development of professional identity. Paper presented as keynote address at the ISATT conference, Faro, Portugal, September 21-25.Sato, K., & Kleinsasser, R. C. (2004). Beliefs, practices and interactions in a Japanesehigh school English department. Teaching and Teacher Education, 20(8), 797-816.Savignon, S. J., & Wang, C. (2003). Communicative language teaching in EFL contexts: Learner attitudes and perceptions. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 41, 223-249. Sfard, A., & Prusak, A. (2005). Telling identities: In search of an analytical tool for investigating learning as a culturally shaped activity. Educational Researcher, 34(4), 14-22.Shang, H. F., Ingebritson, R., & Tseng, C. L. (2007). Taiwanese parental perceptions toward English learning in bilingual kindergarten. In Y. R. Tsai, H. F. Shang, & H. Hanreich (Eds.), Applied English education: Trends and issues (pp. 135-148). Kaohsiung County, Taiwan: I-Shou University. Short-term Busiban Information Management System (2011, Oct 16) Retrieved from http://bsb.edu.tw/ Shulman, L. S. (1986). Paradigms and research programs in the study of teaching [3rd edition]. In M. Wittrock (Eds.), Handbook of research on teaching (pp. 3-36). New York: Macmillan.Shulman, L. S. (1987). Knowledge and teaching: Foundations of the new reform. Harvard Educational Review, 57(1), 1-19.Singh, G. & Richards, J. C. (2006). Teaching and learning in the language teacher education course room: A critical sociocultural perspective. RELC Journal, 37(2), 149-175. Smit, B., & Fritz, E. (2008). Understanding teacher identity from a symbolic interactionist perspective: two ethnographic narratives. South Africa Journal of Education, 28, 91-101.Smith, R., & Erdogan, S. (2008). Teacher-learner autonomy: Programme goals and student-teacher constructs. In T. Lamb & H. Reinders (eds.), Learner and teacher autonomy: Concepts, realities and response. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 83-102.Stake, R. E. (1995). The art of case study research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Stephenson, J., Ling, L., Burman, E., & Cooper, M. (Eds.) (1998). Values in education. London: Routledge.Stevenson, D., & and Baker, D. (1992). Shadow education and allocation in formal schooling: Transition to university in Japan. American Journal of Sociology, 97(6), 1639-1657.Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. London: Sage.Su, R. S. (2008). Language and identity searching: A case of non-native language professionals in Taiwan. Unpublished mater’s thesis, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung.Taiwan Ministry of Education (2011). Act of Governing the Appointment of Educators. Retrieved from http://edu.law.moe.gov.tw/LawContentHistory.aspx?id=FL009439&KeyWord=Taiwan Ministry of Education (2012). Teachers’ Act. Retrieved from http://edu.law.moe.gov.tw/LawContentDetails.aspx?id=FL008447&KeyWordHL=&StyleType=1Thaman, K. H. (2001). Towards culturally inclusive teacher education with specific reference to Oceania. International Education Journal, 2(5), 1-8.Trent, J., & Gao, X. (2009). `At least I`m the type of teacher I want to be`: Second-career English language teachers` identity formation in Hong Kong secondary schools. Asia Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 37(3), 253-270.Tsai, S. H. (2005). A Study on the relationship of English cram school forElementary School Students in Chiayi , with their English Learning Attitude and English Learning Strategies. Unpublished master’s thesis, National Chungchen University, Chiayi, Taiwan.Tsui, A. B. M. (2007). Complexities of Identity Formation: A Narrative Inquiry of an EFL Teacher. TESOL Quarterly, 41(4), 657-680.Varghese, M., Morgan, B., Johnston, B., & Johnson, K. A. (2005). Theroizing language teacher identity: Three perspectives and beyond. Journal of Language, Identity, and Education, 4(1), 21-44.Vertura, A., & Jang, S. (2010). Private tutoring through the Internet: Globalization and offshoring. Asia Pacific Education Review, 11(1), 59-68.Veugelers, W., & Vedder, P. (2003). Values in Teaching. Teachers and Teaching: theory and practice, 9(4), 377-389.Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processing. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Wang, H. M. (2006). Surviving in the system: Tales of personal English language learning motivation in contemporary Taiwan. Unpublished master’s thesis, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung. Wang, S., & Ching, G. S. (2012). Balanced reading instructions: An action research on elementary cram school students. International Journal of Research Studies in Language Learning, 1(1), 3-20. Warford, M. K., & Reeves, J. (2003). Falling into it: Novice TESOL teacher thinking. Teacher and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 9, 47-65.Watschauer, M. (2002). A development perspective on technology in language education. TESOL Quarterly, 36(3), 453-475.Watzke, J. L. (2007). Foreign language pedagogical knowledge: Toward a developmental theory of beginning teacher practices. The Modern Language Journal, 91(1), 63-82.Webster, L., & Mertova, P. (2007). Using narrative inquiry as a research method. London: Routledge.Wenger, E. (1998). Communities of practice: Learning, meaning, and identity. New York: Cambridge University Press.Wenger, E., McDermott, R. A., & Snyder, W.M. (2002). Cultivating communities of practice: A guide to managing knowledge. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.Wu, J. Y. (吳俊毅). (2008). The research of the teaching belief and teaching behavior of cramming school English teachers. Unpublished master’s thesis, Tzuchi University, Hualian.Yang, S. K. (2001). Dilemmas of education in Taiwan: internationalization or localization? Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Comparative and International Education Society, Washington D. C, March 14-17, 2001. Retrieved from http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs.Zhao, H. Q., & Poulson, L. (2006). A biographical narrative inquiry into teachers’ knowledge: An intergenerational approach. Asia Pacific Education Review, 7(2), 123-132.Zhao, Y., Meyers, L, & Meyers, B. (2009). Cross-cultural immersion in China: Preparing pre-service teachers to work with diverse student populations in the United States. Asia Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 37(3), 295-317. zh_TW