1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. Publications
  3. College of Informatics
  4. Theses
  5. Item

Publications-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

NCCU Library

Citation Infomation

Related Publications in TAIR

題名 應急蜂巢式行動通訊網路的跨基地台頻寬分配
Cross Base Station Bandwidth Allocation for Contingency Cellular Network
作者 黃郁翔
貢獻者 連耀南
黃郁翔
關鍵詞 應急蜂巢式行動通訊網路
頻寬分配
日期 2012
上傳時間 1-May-2013 11:51:24 (UTC+8)
摘要 大型天然災害會癱瘓通訊系統，嚴重影響到救災效率，本論文旨在快速進行可用的鄰台間無線電鏈結頻寬分配，供應急通訊系統使用。無線通訊技術的成熟，為使用者帶來極大的便利性，但當發生大規模的地震或強烈颱風等重大天然災害時，通訊系統卻常常因架構等因素，隨著電力與交通系統的損毀而癱瘓。由歷年大型災變中多數災區內之行動通訊系統全面中斷即可印證行動通訊系統其實是極為脆弱，而有效運作的通訊系統卻是災情傳遞、資源調度以及互助協調是否順利的關鍵因素。
本文所探討的應急通訊系統是利用倖存的連通基地台和斷訊卻沒有損毀的基地台，以無線電連接起來建構一個臨時性的通訊系統，稱為應急蜂巢式行動通訊網路(Contingency Cellular Network，CCN)。由於CCN鄰台間無線電鏈結的頻寬有限，大量話務將造成通訊系統壅塞，影響重要訊息傳遞，且災區各個地方需求與受災情況不盡相同，使得CCN頻寬資源需視各地需求與需求緊急程度進行規劃配置，以充分發揮頻寬效益傳遞重要資訊。本論文主要在探討如何在CCN網路拓樸、連外頻寬分配已決定的情況下，進行CCN跨基地台頻寬分配，以達到最大的救災效益。我們提出一適合CCN樹狀結構的頻寬分配優化模型，在兼顧涵蓋率的情況下追求救災效益的最大化，此模型可供使用者(救災指揮單位)系統化的解決CCN跨基地台頻寬分配問題。
本文所提出的頻寬分配模型包含CCN樹狀拓樸、鄰台間之無線電鏈結頻 寬資源限制、需求對(存在通訊需求之兩基地台)、差異化之通訊品質通道和頻寬效益遞減函數。我們證明此模型是NP-Hard問題，並提出一個考慮各需求對緊急程度以及通訊品質需求差異而進行快速頻寬分配的演算法，此演算法以貪婪法在各中間步驟挑選當下效益密度最高的選擇賦予頻寬，如此逐步計算得到最終解。 我們以電腦模擬的方式，評估CBBAG演算法搭配不同頻寬救災效益密度計算之效能。在我們的實驗中，CBBAG演算法搭配additive的頻寬救災效益密度計算方式所的效能最佳，在小規模模擬環境下，在所模擬的30個亂數產生的案例中，CBBAG演算法與最佳解相較，效能差距不超過9.4%。而在大規模環境下，在所模擬的10個亂數產生的案例中，CBBAG演算法與準最佳解相較，效能至少超過最少21.8%，最多43.26%。
最後我們以unit cost of coverage improvement比較兩種效益遞減函數在增加涵蓋率時所承擔的效益成本。由實驗結果可以發現，CBBAG演算法搭配1/sqrt(分配至某需求對的頻道數)效益遞減函數所付出的效益成本較小。
參考文獻 [1] Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials International, Project 25, http://www.apcointl.org/frequency/project25.php, retrieved May 2010.
[2] Alfayez Adel, Assiri Majid, Clerk Rutvij, and Alsaadan Usamah, "Evaluating the Viability of TETRA for US Public Safety Communication," University of Colorado at Boulder Interdisciplinary Telecommunications Program Capstone Project, Boulder, USA, Nov. 2009.
[3] Yong Bai, Wencai Du, Zhengxin Ma, Chong Shen, Youling Zhou and Baodan Chen, "Emergency communication system by heterogeneous wireless networking,” 2011 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCOM) , June 2010.
[4] Melanie Basich, "Wireless When You Need It," http://www.policemag.com/ Channel/Technology/Articles/Print/Story/2009/01/Wireless-When-You-Need-It.aspx, retrieved Jan. 2009.
[5] Carlo Bertolli, Daniele Tarchi, Romano Fantacci, Marco Vanneschi, and Andrea Tassi, "An Integrated Communication-Computing Solution in Emergency Management," ACM International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference 6th, Caen, France, June 2010.
[6] Raheleh Dilmaghani, and Ramesh Rao, "A Systematic Approach to Improve Communication for Emergency Response," Proc. of 42nd Hawaii Int`l Conference on System Sciences, Waikoloa, Big Island, Hawaii, Jan. 2009.
[7] Weimin Dong, et al., Chi-Chi, "Taiwan Earthquake Event Report, Risk Management Solutions," Inc., https://www.rms.com/Publications/Taiwan_Event.pdf, retrieved Mar. 2010.
[8] Jinling Du, and Dalian Liu, "Hybrid Genetic Algorithm for the Multi-objective Flexible Schedu ling Problem," IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Security, Nanning, China, Dec. 2010.
[9] Arjan Durresi, Mimoza Durresi, Vamsi Paruchuri, and Leonard Barolli, "Ad Hoc Communications for Emergency Conditions," IEEE International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications, Biopolis, Singapore, Mar. 2011.
[10] R. C. Eberhart, and J. Kennedy, "New Optimizer Using Particle Swarm Theory," Proc. Sixth International Symposium on Micro Machine and Human Science, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 1995.
[11] M.R. Garey, and M.D. Johnson. Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness. 1979. ISBN 0-7167-1045-5.
[12] ITR-RESCUE, Robust Networking and Information Collection Project, http://www.itr-rescue.org/research/networking.php, retrieved Feb. 2010.
[13] Bahareh Jalili, and Mehrdad Dianati, "Application of Taboo Search and Genetic Algorithm in planning and optimization of UMTS radio networks," ACM International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference 6th, New York, USA, June 2010.
[14] Hung-Chin Jang, Yao-Nan Lien and Tzu-Chieh Tsai, "Rescue Information System for Earthquake Disasters Based on MANET Emergency Communication Platform", Proc. of the ACM International Workshop on Advanced Topics in Mobile Computing for Emergency Management: Communication and Computing Platforms (MCEM 2009), June, 2009, Leipzig, Germany, pp. 623-627.
[15] Hong Kong Amateur Radio Transmitting Society, Proposal on Amateur Radio Emergency Service in Hong Kong-Mobilezing Radio Amateur’s community Resources for Disaster and Emergency Communications, Document No. 06/XIII/018, Aug. 2005.
[16] J. Kennedy, and R. C. Eberhart, "Particle Swarm Optimization," IEEE International Confernece on Neural network, vol. 4, Perth, Australia, Nov. 1995, pp. 1942-1948.
[17] Tae-Ho Lee and Taesang Choi, "Self powered wireless communication platform for disaster relief,” 2011 Asia-Pacific Network Operations and Management Symposium (APNOMS), Sep. 2011.
[18] Yao-Nan Lien, Li-Cheng Chi and Yuh-Sheng Shaw, "A Walkie-Talkie-Like Emergency Communication System for Catastrophic Natural Disasters," Proc. of ISPAN09, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Dec. 2009.
[19] Yao-Nan Lien, Hung-Chin Jang, and Tzu-Chieh Tsai, "A MANET Based Emergency Communication and Information System for Catastrophic Natural Disasters," IEEE Workshop on Specialized Ad Hoc Networks and Systems, Montreal, Canada, June. 2009.
[20] Yao-Nan Lien, Li-Cheng Chi and Chih-Chieh Huang, "A Multi-hop Walkie-Talkie-Like Emergency Communication System for Catastrophic Natural Disasters", Proceedings of International Conference on Parallel Processing Workshop (on Applications of Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks), San Diego, CA.
[21] Yao-Nan Lien, Hung-Chin Jang and Tzu-Chieh Tsai, "Design of P2Pnet: An Autonomous P2P Ad-Hoc Group Communication System", Proceedings of The First International Workshop on Mobile Peer-to-Peer Information Services (MP2PIS), May 18-21, 2009, Taipei, Taiwan,
[22] Jaeaoo Lim, Rchard Klein, and Jason Thatcher, "Good Technology, Bad Management: A Case Study of the Satellite Phone Industry," Journal of Information Technology Management, vol. XVI, no.2, 2005, pp. 48-55.
[23] E. Natalizio, "The practical experience of implementing a GSM BTS through open software hardware,” 2010 International Symposium on Applied Sciences in Biomedical and Communication Technologies (ISABEL), Nov. 2010.
[24] David Pisinger, “Algorithm for Knapsack Problems” Dept. of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, Feb. 1995.
[25] Ren Qing-dao-er-ji, and Yuping Wang, Xiaojing Si, "An Improved Genetic Algorithm For Job Shop Scheduling Problem," IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Security, Nanning, China, Dec. 2010.
[26] Yang Ran, "Considerations and Suggestions on Improvement of Communication Network Disaster Countermeasures after the Wenchuan Earthquake," IEEE Communications Magazine, vol.49, no.1, Jan. 2011. pp. 44-47.
[27] Cristina Ribeiro, and Alexander Ferworn, "Computational Public Safety in Emergency Management Communications," ACM International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference 6th, New York, USA, Oct. 2010.
[28] María Luisa Santamaría, and Sebastià Galmé, "Multi-objective Simulated Annealing Approach for Optimal Routing in Time-Driven Sensor Networks," IEEE 19th Annual International Symposium on Modelling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems, Singapore, July 2011.
[29] Zhenhong Shao, Yongxiang Liu, Yi Wu and Lianfeng Shen, "A Rapid and Reliable Disaster Emergency Mobile Communication System via Aerial Ad Hoc BS networks,” 2011 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCOM) , Sep. 2011 .
[30] Yoshitaka Shibata, Yosuke Sato, Naoki Ogasawara, Go Chiba, "A Disaster Information System by Ballooned Wireless Adhoc Network," IEEE International Conference on Complex, Intelligent and Software Intensive Systems, Fukuoka, Japan Mar. 2009.
[31] Stelios Timotheou and Georgios Loukas, "Autonomous Networked Robots for the Establishment of Wireless Communication in Uncertain Emergency Response Scenarios," ACM symposium on Applied Computing, New York, USA, Mar. 2009.
[32] Search Underwood, "Improving Disaster Management," Comm. of ACM, vol. 53, no. 2, Feb. 2010, pp. 18-20.
[33] Fan Wei, Md.Emadadul Haque, Yukihiro Fukunaga, Takehiro Gouda, Xiaodong Lu and Kinji Mori "Autonomous Community Construction Technology for Timely Transmitting Emergency Information," IEEE Symposia and Workshops on Ubiquitous, Autonomic and Trusted Computing, Shaanxi, China, Oct. 2010.
[34] 3GPP, Specifications, http://www.3gpp.org/Specifications, retrieved Nov. 2011.
[35] 3GPP, TS 23.401, “General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enhancements for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) access” version 11.0.0
[36] 林進豐, 行動衛星通訊, 五南出版社, ISBN：9789571150062, Dec. 2007
[37] 孫玉, 應急通信技術總體框架討論, 人民郵電出版社, ISBN：7115208328, 2009
[38] 張雪麗等, 應急通信新技術與系統應用, 機械工業出版社, ISBN：9787111292982, Jan. 2010
[39] 連耀南, 黃智賢, 大型自然災害下大規模救災緊急通訊系統方案, Proc. of 2010 National Symposium On Telecommunications, TaoYuan, Taiwan, Dec.2010.
[40] 交通部電信總局, 九二一震災災後重建電信問答手冊, http://kbteq.ascc.net/archive/dgt/dgt01.html, retrieved Dec. 2011.
[41] 國家通訊傳播委員會, 高雄縣莫拉克颱風災後通訊傳播設施改善實施計畫, Jun. 2010
[42] 高抗災通信平臺, http://88flood.www.gov.tw/committee_news_detail.php?cn_id=506, retrieved Dec. 2011.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
資訊科學學系
99753022
101
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0099753022
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 連耀南zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 黃郁翔zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 黃郁翔zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2012en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-May-2013 11:51:24 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-May-2013 11:51:24 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-May-2013 11:51:24 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0099753022en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/57971-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 資訊科學學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 99753022zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 101zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 大型天然災害會癱瘓通訊系統，嚴重影響到救災效率，本論文旨在快速進行可用的鄰台間無線電鏈結頻寬分配，供應急通訊系統使用。無線通訊技術的成熟，為使用者帶來極大的便利性，但當發生大規模的地震或強烈颱風等重大天然災害時，通訊系統卻常常因架構等因素，隨著電力與交通系統的損毀而癱瘓。由歷年大型災變中多數災區內之行動通訊系統全面中斷即可印證行動通訊系統其實是極為脆弱，而有效運作的通訊系統卻是災情傳遞、資源調度以及互助協調是否順利的關鍵因素。
本文所探討的應急通訊系統是利用倖存的連通基地台和斷訊卻沒有損毀的基地台，以無線電連接起來建構一個臨時性的通訊系統，稱為應急蜂巢式行動通訊網路(Contingency Cellular Network，CCN)。由於CCN鄰台間無線電鏈結的頻寬有限，大量話務將造成通訊系統壅塞，影響重要訊息傳遞，且災區各個地方需求與受災情況不盡相同，使得CCN頻寬資源需視各地需求與需求緊急程度進行規劃配置，以充分發揮頻寬效益傳遞重要資訊。本論文主要在探討如何在CCN網路拓樸、連外頻寬分配已決定的情況下，進行CCN跨基地台頻寬分配，以達到最大的救災效益。我們提出一適合CCN樹狀結構的頻寬分配優化模型，在兼顧涵蓋率的情況下追求救災效益的最大化，此模型可供使用者(救災指揮單位)系統化的解決CCN跨基地台頻寬分配問題。
本文所提出的頻寬分配模型包含CCN樹狀拓樸、鄰台間之無線電鏈結頻 寬資源限制、需求對(存在通訊需求之兩基地台)、差異化之通訊品質通道和頻寬效益遞減函數。我們證明此模型是NP-Hard問題，並提出一個考慮各需求對緊急程度以及通訊品質需求差異而進行快速頻寬分配的演算法，此演算法以貪婪法在各中間步驟挑選當下效益密度最高的選擇賦予頻寬，如此逐步計算得到最終解。 我們以電腦模擬的方式，評估CBBAG演算法搭配不同頻寬救災效益密度計算之效能。在我們的實驗中，CBBAG演算法搭配additive的頻寬救災效益密度計算方式所的效能最佳，在小規模模擬環境下，在所模擬的30個亂數產生的案例中，CBBAG演算法與最佳解相較，效能差距不超過9.4%。而在大規模環境下，在所模擬的10個亂數產生的案例中，CBBAG演算法與準最佳解相較，效能至少超過最少21.8%，最多43.26%。
最後我們以unit cost of coverage improvement比較兩種效益遞減函數在增加涵蓋率時所承擔的效益成本。由實驗結果可以發現，CBBAG演算法搭配1/sqrt(分配至某需求對的頻道數)效益遞減函數所付出的效益成本較小。		zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章、 簡介 1
1.1、 災區應急通訊系統需求分析 4
1.1.1、 大型天然災害發生時救災行動面臨的挑戰 4
1.1.2、 固網與行動通訊系統癱瘓原因 6
1.1.3、 通訊設備修復困難 8
1.1.4、 大型災害的救災時效 8
1.1.5、 應急通訊網建置之挑戰與需求 9
1.1.6、 應急通訊網效能指標 14
1.2、 應急通訊網路簡介 14
1.3、 頻寬分配問題 16
1.4、 論文架構 16
第二章、 相關研究 17
2.1、 第三代行動通訊架構 17
2.1.1、 通用行動通訊系統陸地無線接入網 (UTRAN) 18
2.1.2、 核心網路 (Core Network) 18
2.1.3、 3G 網路通訊協定 19
2.2、 應急通訊系統種類 20
2.2.1、 專用高抗災通信平臺 21
2.2.2、 無線對講機 (Walkie-Talkie) 22
2.2.3、 業餘無線電 (Amateur radio) 22
2.2.4、 行動衛星通訊 23
2.2.5、 專業用集群通訊系統 (Trunking radio) 24
2.2.6、 移動基地台 (Cell on wheels) 25
2.2.7、 行動隨意式網路 (MANET) 26
2.2.8、 過去應急通訊系統相關研究 27
2.2.9、 應急通訊系統綜合比較 30
第三章、 應急蜂巢式行動通訊網路 (CCN) 32
3.1、 系統架構 34
3.1.1、 CCN連網方式 35
3.1.2、 系統元件 37
3.2、 通訊模式 39
3.2.1、 災區通訊型態分類 39
3.2.2、 CCN通訊模式 40
3.3、 CCN功能架構(Functional Architecture) 43
3.4、 CCN服務流程 46
3.5、 建置與運轉流程 49
3.6、 重要研究議題與未來研究方向 49
3.7、 背包問題(Knapsack problem) 53
3.7.1、 概述 53
3.7.2、 精確解法(Exact Algorithm) 53
3.7.3、 後啟發式演算法 (Meta-heuristics) 55
3.7.4、 評論 60
第四章、 CCN跨基地台頻寬分配 62
4.1、 設計理念與目標 62
4.2、 應急通訊網路頻寬資源使用需求 63
4.2.1、 CCN跨基地訊頻使用需求分析 64
4.3、 問題定義 64
4.3.1、 救災效益定義 64
4.3.2、 環境假設 65
4.3.3、 CCN跨基地台頻寬分配問題描述 66
4.4、 複雜度分析 69
4.4.1、 0-1 Knapsack Problem (0-1 KP) 69
4.4.2、 CCN CB Bandwidth Allocation Problem (CCN-CBBA) 70
4.4.3、 CCN-CBBA計算複雜度 70
4.5、 啟發式跨基地台頻寬分配演算法 71
4.5.1、 CBBAG演算法 71
4.5.2、 CBBAG演算法範例 74
第五章、 效能評估 85
5.1、 實驗目的 85
5.2、 實驗設計 85
5.2.1、 實驗環境 86
5.2.2、 效益遞減函數 86
5.3、 實驗一:小規模實驗 86
5.3.1、 實驗參數 86
5.3.2、 評估指標 87
5.3.3、 實驗結果 87
5.4、 實驗二:大規模實驗 108
5.4.1、 實驗參數 109
5.4.2、 評估指標 109
5.4.3、 實驗結果 110
5.5、 實驗總結 123
第六章、 結論與未來展望方向 124
參考文獻 126		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 2556046 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0099753022en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 應急蜂巢式行動通訊網路zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 頻寬分配zh_TW
dc.title (題名) 應急蜂巢式行動通訊網路的跨基地台頻寬分配zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Cross Base Station Bandwidth Allocation for Contingency Cellular Networken_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [1] Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials International, Project 25, http://www.apcointl.org/frequency/project25.php, retrieved May 2010.
[2] Alfayez Adel, Assiri Majid, Clerk Rutvij, and Alsaadan Usamah, "Evaluating the Viability of TETRA for US Public Safety Communication," University of Colorado at Boulder Interdisciplinary Telecommunications Program Capstone Project, Boulder, USA, Nov. 2009.
[3] Yong Bai, Wencai Du, Zhengxin Ma, Chong Shen, Youling Zhou and Baodan Chen, "Emergency communication system by heterogeneous wireless networking,” 2011 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCOM) , June 2010.
[4] Melanie Basich, "Wireless When You Need It," http://www.policemag.com/ Channel/Technology/Articles/Print/Story/2009/01/Wireless-When-You-Need-It.aspx, retrieved Jan. 2009.
[5] Carlo Bertolli, Daniele Tarchi, Romano Fantacci, Marco Vanneschi, and Andrea Tassi, "An Integrated Communication-Computing Solution in Emergency Management," ACM International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference 6th, Caen, France, June 2010.
[6] Raheleh Dilmaghani, and Ramesh Rao, "A Systematic Approach to Improve Communication for Emergency Response," Proc. of 42nd Hawaii Int`l Conference on System Sciences, Waikoloa, Big Island, Hawaii, Jan. 2009.
[7] Weimin Dong, et al., Chi-Chi, "Taiwan Earthquake Event Report, Risk Management Solutions," Inc., https://www.rms.com/Publications/Taiwan_Event.pdf, retrieved Mar. 2010.
[8] Jinling Du, and Dalian Liu, "Hybrid Genetic Algorithm for the Multi-objective Flexible Schedu ling Problem," IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Security, Nanning, China, Dec. 2010.
[9] Arjan Durresi, Mimoza Durresi, Vamsi Paruchuri, and Leonard Barolli, "Ad Hoc Communications for Emergency Conditions," IEEE International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications, Biopolis, Singapore, Mar. 2011.
[10] R. C. Eberhart, and J. Kennedy, "New Optimizer Using Particle Swarm Theory," Proc. Sixth International Symposium on Micro Machine and Human Science, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 1995.
[11] M.R. Garey, and M.D. Johnson. Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness. 1979. ISBN 0-7167-1045-5.
[12] ITR-RESCUE, Robust Networking and Information Collection Project, http://www.itr-rescue.org/research/networking.php, retrieved Feb. 2010.
[13] Bahareh Jalili, and Mehrdad Dianati, "Application of Taboo Search and Genetic Algorithm in planning and optimization of UMTS radio networks," ACM International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference 6th, New York, USA, June 2010.
[14] Hung-Chin Jang, Yao-Nan Lien and Tzu-Chieh Tsai, "Rescue Information System for Earthquake Disasters Based on MANET Emergency Communication Platform", Proc. of the ACM International Workshop on Advanced Topics in Mobile Computing for Emergency Management: Communication and Computing Platforms (MCEM 2009), June, 2009, Leipzig, Germany, pp. 623-627.
[15] Hong Kong Amateur Radio Transmitting Society, Proposal on Amateur Radio Emergency Service in Hong Kong-Mobilezing Radio Amateur’s community Resources for Disaster and Emergency Communications, Document No. 06/XIII/018, Aug. 2005.
[16] J. Kennedy, and R. C. Eberhart, "Particle Swarm Optimization," IEEE International Confernece on Neural network, vol. 4, Perth, Australia, Nov. 1995, pp. 1942-1948.
[17] Tae-Ho Lee and Taesang Choi, "Self powered wireless communication platform for disaster relief,” 2011 Asia-Pacific Network Operations and Management Symposium (APNOMS), Sep. 2011.
[18] Yao-Nan Lien, Li-Cheng Chi and Yuh-Sheng Shaw, "A Walkie-Talkie-Like Emergency Communication System for Catastrophic Natural Disasters," Proc. of ISPAN09, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Dec. 2009.
[19] Yao-Nan Lien, Hung-Chin Jang, and Tzu-Chieh Tsai, "A MANET Based Emergency Communication and Information System for Catastrophic Natural Disasters," IEEE Workshop on Specialized Ad Hoc Networks and Systems, Montreal, Canada, June. 2009.
[20] Yao-Nan Lien, Li-Cheng Chi and Chih-Chieh Huang, "A Multi-hop Walkie-Talkie-Like Emergency Communication System for Catastrophic Natural Disasters", Proceedings of International Conference on Parallel Processing Workshop (on Applications of Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks), San Diego, CA.
[21] Yao-Nan Lien, Hung-Chin Jang and Tzu-Chieh Tsai, "Design of P2Pnet: An Autonomous P2P Ad-Hoc Group Communication System", Proceedings of The First International Workshop on Mobile Peer-to-Peer Information Services (MP2PIS), May 18-21, 2009, Taipei, Taiwan,
[22] Jaeaoo Lim, Rchard Klein, and Jason Thatcher, "Good Technology, Bad Management: A Case Study of the Satellite Phone Industry," Journal of Information Technology Management, vol. XVI, no.2, 2005, pp. 48-55.
[23] E. Natalizio, "The practical experience of implementing a GSM BTS through open software hardware,” 2010 International Symposium on Applied Sciences in Biomedical and Communication Technologies (ISABEL), Nov. 2010.
[24] David Pisinger, “Algorithm for Knapsack Problems” Dept. of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, Feb. 1995.
[25] Ren Qing-dao-er-ji, and Yuping Wang, Xiaojing Si, "An Improved Genetic Algorithm For Job Shop Scheduling Problem," IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Security, Nanning, China, Dec. 2010.
[26] Yang Ran, "Considerations and Suggestions on Improvement of Communication Network Disaster Countermeasures after the Wenchuan Earthquake," IEEE Communications Magazine, vol.49, no.1, Jan. 2011. pp. 44-47.
[27] Cristina Ribeiro, and Alexander Ferworn, "Computational Public Safety in Emergency Management Communications," ACM International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference 6th, New York, USA, Oct. 2010.
[28] María Luisa Santamaría, and Sebastià Galmé, "Multi-objective Simulated Annealing Approach for Optimal Routing in Time-Driven Sensor Networks," IEEE 19th Annual International Symposium on Modelling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems, Singapore, July 2011.
[29] Zhenhong Shao, Yongxiang Liu, Yi Wu and Lianfeng Shen, "A Rapid and Reliable Disaster Emergency Mobile Communication System via Aerial Ad Hoc BS networks,” 2011 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCOM) , Sep. 2011 .
[30] Yoshitaka Shibata, Yosuke Sato, Naoki Ogasawara, Go Chiba, "A Disaster Information System by Ballooned Wireless Adhoc Network," IEEE International Conference on Complex, Intelligent and Software Intensive Systems, Fukuoka, Japan Mar. 2009.
[31] Stelios Timotheou and Georgios Loukas, "Autonomous Networked Robots for the Establishment of Wireless Communication in Uncertain Emergency Response Scenarios," ACM symposium on Applied Computing, New York, USA, Mar. 2009.
[32] Search Underwood, "Improving Disaster Management," Comm. of ACM, vol. 53, no. 2, Feb. 2010, pp. 18-20.
[33] Fan Wei, Md.Emadadul Haque, Yukihiro Fukunaga, Takehiro Gouda, Xiaodong Lu and Kinji Mori "Autonomous Community Construction Technology for Timely Transmitting Emergency Information," IEEE Symposia and Workshops on Ubiquitous, Autonomic and Trusted Computing, Shaanxi, China, Oct. 2010.
[34] 3GPP, Specifications, http://www.3gpp.org/Specifications, retrieved Nov. 2011.
[35] 3GPP, TS 23.401, “General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enhancements for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) access” version 11.0.0
[36] 林進豐, 行動衛星通訊, 五南出版社, ISBN：9789571150062, Dec. 2007
[37] 孫玉, 應急通信技術總體框架討論, 人民郵電出版社, ISBN：7115208328, 2009
[38] 張雪麗等, 應急通信新技術與系統應用, 機械工業出版社, ISBN：9787111292982, Jan. 2010
[39] 連耀南, 黃智賢, 大型自然災害下大規模救災緊急通訊系統方案, Proc. of 2010 National Symposium On Telecommunications, TaoYuan, Taiwan, Dec.2010.
[40] 交通部電信總局, 九二一震災災後重建電信問答手冊, http://kbteq.ascc.net/archive/dgt/dgt01.html, retrieved Dec. 2011.
[41] 國家通訊傳播委員會, 高雄縣莫拉克颱風災後通訊傳播設施改善實施計畫, Jun. 2010
[42] 高抗災通信平臺, http://88flood.www.gov.tw/committee_news_detail.php?cn_id=506, retrieved Dec. 2011.		zh_TW