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題名 匯率低估為可課徵平衡稅之補貼？ - 以美國匯率改革相關法案為中心
Is currency undervaluation a contervailable subsidy? - Focus on U.S. currency exchange rate reform acts
作者 吳詩云
貢獻者 楊光華
吳詩云
關鍵詞 匯率低估
匯率失調
補貼
2010年公平貿易貨幣改革法案
2011年貨幣匯率監督改革法案
currency undervaluation
currency misalignment
subsidy
Currency Reform for Fair Trade Act (2010)
Currency Exchange Rate Oversight Reform Act of 2011
日期 2012
上傳時間 3-Jun-2013 11:21:35 (UTC+8)
摘要 他國低估匯率造成貿易嚴重扭曲問題近年來越發受到重視，而美國國會為解決主要貿易對手國長期壓抑匯率以提升出口競爭力，導致美國貿易赤字不斷上升之問題，遂陸續提出諸多匯率改革相關法案，期望以具體之制裁手段防止他國持續刻意壓低匯率。
本文先以美國現行法案──1988年匯率與國際經濟政策協調法案作為出發點，探討美國現行法案之不足，以點出美國國會為何認為有於後續改革法案中加入制裁手段之必要，並得出2010年公平貿易貨幣改革法案與2011年貨幣匯率監督改革法案此二法案所提倡之將他國根本性匯率低估或匯率失調情形視為可課徵平衡稅之補貼，為國會多數支持之手段。再以經濟學及國際貿易法學之分析連貫後續討論：匯率低估是否等同對進口課徵關稅並對出口提供補貼？2010年公平貿易貨幣改革法案與2011年貨幣匯率監督改革法案欲將他國根本性匯率低估或匯率失調情形視為可課徵平衡稅之補貼，是否符合WTO有關補貼之規範？前者以Staiger及Sykes兩位學者使用之兩國兩財模型作為討論主軸，後者則以補貼三要件──「財務補助」、「受有利益」及「特定性」加以檢驗。最後皆得出匯率低估僅在特定之情況下始可能構成補貼之結論。
惟在研究過程中，本文發現若僅單憑國際貿易法學之角度去解析匯率低估是否構成補貼，將受法律文字之主觀影響而導致某些謬誤產生。為解決此一問題，本文乃提出以經濟學之分析輔佐國際貿易法裁決之建議，以期能提升國際貿易法裁決之客觀性與公平性。
The serious trade distortion problem caused by currency undervaluation has given rise to more and more attention. The United States also faces the increasing trade deficit problem caused by some major trading partners that manipulate the value of their currencies in relation to the United States dollar to gain export competitive advantage. The U.S. Congress thus brings up many currency exchange rate reform acts, hoping to use the specific sanction policies to prevent other countries from intentionally depressing exchange rates consistently.
This article starts from the U.S. currency act in force──Exchange Rates and International Economic Policy Coordination Act of 1988 to discover the insufficiency in order to point out why the U.S. Congress consider it necessary to put the sanction policies in follow-up currency reform acts. We then conclude that the policies that brought up by "Currency Reform for Fair Trade Act (2010)" and "Currency Exchange Rate Oversight Reform Act of 2011" to deem the "fundamentally undervalued currency" or "misaligned currency" as contervailable subsidies come out in favor of the majority of the U.S. Congress. Follow up we use the analysis of the economies and international trade laws to link the following discussion: is the currency undervaluation equals to import tariffs and export subsidies? Are the policies that deem the "fundamentally undervalued currency" or "misaligned currency" as contervailable subsidies consistent with the WTO’s subsidy regulations? The former one is discussed with the "two countries and two goods model" brought up by Staiger and Sykes while the latter one is examined by three elements: "financial contribution", "benefits" and "specific". The answers are both that the currency undervaluation will be contervailable subsidy in some very specific cases.
However, during this research, we find out that if just use the view of international trade laws to analyze whether the currency undervaluation is a contervailable subsidy, we may be affected by the literalism and make mistakes. To solve this problem, we recommend that using the analysis of economies to support the ruling of international trade laws, hoping to increase the objectivity and fairness.
參考文獻 一、中文文獻
1. 韓龍，人民幣匯率的國際法問題（簡體字版），法律出版社（中國，北京），2010。
2. 羅昌發，國際貿易法，2版，2010。
二、英文文獻
（一）期刊及其他資料
1. Ahn, Dukgeun, Is The Contemporary Chinese Exchange-Rate Regime “WTO-Legal”? (2010), at http://www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/4867.
2. Bagwell, Kyle & Robert W. Staiger, An Economic Theory of GATT (June 1998).
3. Bergsten, C. Fred, Currency Misalignments and the US Economy, PETERSON INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS (2007), at http://www.iie.com/publications/testimony/testimony.cfm?ResearchID=735.
4. Caryl, Benjamin B., Is China’s Currency Regime a Countervailable Subsidy? A Legal Analysis under the World Trade Organization’s SCM Agreement, 45 J. W. T. 187 (2011).
5. HENNING, C. RANDALL, ACCOUNTABILITY AND OVERSIGHT OF US EXCHANGE RATE POLICY (2008).
6. Leviton, Matthew R., Is It a Subsidy? An Evaluation of China`s Currency Regime and Its Compliance with the WTO (2005).
7. Mattoo, Aaditya & Arvind Subramanian, Currency Undervaluation and Sovereign Wealth Funds: A New Role for the World Trade Organization, 32 THE WORLD ECONOMY 1135 (2009).
8. Siegel, Deborah E., Legal Aspects of the IMF/WTO Relationship: the Fund’s Articles of Agreement and the WTO Agreements, 96 AM. J. INT’L L. 561 (2002).
9. Staiger, Robert W. & Alan O. Sykes, ‘Currency manipulation’ and world trade, 9 WORLD TRADE REVIEW 583 (2010).
10. Staiger, Robert W. & Alan O. Sykes, Currency Manipulation and World Trade: a Caution, in The US-SINO CURRENCY DISPUTE: NEW INSIGHTS FROM ECONOMICS, POLITICS AND LAW 109 (Simon Evenett ed., 2010).
11. Sullivan, John V., How Our Laws Are Made, U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE (2007), at http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CDOC-110hdoc49/pdf/CDOC-110hdoc49.pdf.
12. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY, REPORT TO THE CONGRESS ON INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC AND EXCHANGE RATE POLICY (Apr. 1989- Nov. 2012).
（二）WTO文件
1. Appellate Body Report, Canada – Certain Measures Affecting the Automotive Industry, WT/DS139/AB/R and WT/DS142/AB/R, adopted 19 June 2000.
2. Appellate Body Report, Canada – Measures Affecting the Export of Civilian Aircraft, WT/DS70/AB/R, adopted 20 August 1999.
3. Appellate Body Report, United States – Anti-Dumping Measures on Certain Hot-Rolled Steel Products from Japan, WT/DS184/AB/R, adopted 23 August 2001.
4. Appellate Body Report, United States – Definitive Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties on Certain Products from China, WT/DS379/AB/R, adopted 25 March 2011.
5. Appellate Body Report, United States – Final Countervailing Duty Determination with respect to certain Softwood Lumber from Canada, WT/DS257/AB/R, adopted 17 February 2004.
6. Article 21.5 Appellate Body Report, European Communities – Anti-Dumping Duties on Imports of Cotton-type Bed Linen from India, WT/DS141/AB/RW, adopted 24 April 2003.
7. Article 21.5 Appellate Body Report, United States – Tax Treatment for “Foreign Sales Corporations”, WT/DS108/AB/RW, adopted 29 January 2002.
8. Article 21.5 Appellate Body Report, United States – Tax Treatment for “Foreign Sales Corporations, WT/DS108/AB/RW, adopted January 29 2002.
9. Article 21.5 Panel Report, United States – Tax Treatment for “Foreign Sales Corporations”, WT/DS108/RW, adopted 29 January 2002.
10. Panel Report, Australia – Automotive Leather II, ¶ 9.56; Panel Report, Canada – Measures Affecting the Export of Civilian Aircraft, WT/DS70/R, adopted 20 August 1999.
11. Panel Report, Australia – Subsidies Provided to Producers and Exporters of Automotive Leather, WT/DS126/R, adopted 16 June 1999.
12. Panel Report, Brazil – Export Financing Program for Aircraft, WT/DS46/R, adopted 20 August 1999.
13. Panel Report, European Communities – Countervailing Measures on Dynamic Random Access Memory Chips from Korea, WT/DS299/R, adopted 3 August 2005.
14. Panel Report, Korea – Measures Affecting Trade in Commercial Vessels, WT/DS273/R, adopted 11 April 2005.
15. Panel Report, United States – Final Countervailing Duty Determination with respect to certain Softwood Lumber from Canada, WT/DS257/R, adopted 17 February 2004.
16. Panel Report, United States – Measures Treating Export Restraints as Subsidies, WT/DS194/R, adopted 23 August 2001.
17. Panel Report, United States – Preliminary Determinations with Respect to Certain Softwood Lumber from Canada, WT/DS236/R, adopted 1 November 2002.
18. WTO, Working Group on Trade, Debt and Finance, The Relationship between Exchange Rates and International Trade: a Review of Economic Literature, WT/WGTDF/W/57, 27 September 2011.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際經營與貿易研究所
99351010
101
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0099351010
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 楊光華zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 吳詩云zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 吳詩云zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2012en_US
dc.date.accessioned 3-Jun-2013 11:21:35 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 3-Jun-2013 11:21:35 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 3-Jun-2013 11:21:35 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0099351010en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/58307-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國際經營與貿易研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 99351010zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 101zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 他國低估匯率造成貿易嚴重扭曲問題近年來越發受到重視，而美國國會為解決主要貿易對手國長期壓抑匯率以提升出口競爭力，導致美國貿易赤字不斷上升之問題，遂陸續提出諸多匯率改革相關法案，期望以具體之制裁手段防止他國持續刻意壓低匯率。
本文先以美國現行法案──1988年匯率與國際經濟政策協調法案作為出發點，探討美國現行法案之不足，以點出美國國會為何認為有於後續改革法案中加入制裁手段之必要，並得出2010年公平貿易貨幣改革法案與2011年貨幣匯率監督改革法案此二法案所提倡之將他國根本性匯率低估或匯率失調情形視為可課徵平衡稅之補貼，為國會多數支持之手段。再以經濟學及國際貿易法學之分析連貫後續討論：匯率低估是否等同對進口課徵關稅並對出口提供補貼？2010年公平貿易貨幣改革法案與2011年貨幣匯率監督改革法案欲將他國根本性匯率低估或匯率失調情形視為可課徵平衡稅之補貼，是否符合WTO有關補貼之規範？前者以Staiger及Sykes兩位學者使用之兩國兩財模型作為討論主軸，後者則以補貼三要件──「財務補助」、「受有利益」及「特定性」加以檢驗。最後皆得出匯率低估僅在特定之情況下始可能構成補貼之結論。
惟在研究過程中，本文發現若僅單憑國際貿易法學之角度去解析匯率低估是否構成補貼，將受法律文字之主觀影響而導致某些謬誤產生。為解決此一問題，本文乃提出以經濟學之分析輔佐國際貿易法裁決之建議，以期能提升國際貿易法裁決之客觀性與公平性。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The serious trade distortion problem caused by currency undervaluation has given rise to more and more attention. The United States also faces the increasing trade deficit problem caused by some major trading partners that manipulate the value of their currencies in relation to the United States dollar to gain export competitive advantage. The U.S. Congress thus brings up many currency exchange rate reform acts, hoping to use the specific sanction policies to prevent other countries from intentionally depressing exchange rates consistently.
This article starts from the U.S. currency act in force──Exchange Rates and International Economic Policy Coordination Act of 1988 to discover the insufficiency in order to point out why the U.S. Congress consider it necessary to put the sanction policies in follow-up currency reform acts. We then conclude that the policies that brought up by "Currency Reform for Fair Trade Act (2010)" and "Currency Exchange Rate Oversight Reform Act of 2011" to deem the "fundamentally undervalued currency" or "misaligned currency" as contervailable subsidies come out in favor of the majority of the U.S. Congress. Follow up we use the analysis of the economies and international trade laws to link the following discussion: is the currency undervaluation equals to import tariffs and export subsidies? Are the policies that deem the "fundamentally undervalued currency" or "misaligned currency" as contervailable subsidies consistent with the WTO’s subsidy regulations? The former one is discussed with the "two countries and two goods model" brought up by Staiger and Sykes while the latter one is examined by three elements: "financial contribution", "benefits" and "specific". The answers are both that the currency undervaluation will be contervailable subsidy in some very specific cases.
However, during this research, we find out that if just use the view of international trade laws to analyze whether the currency undervaluation is a contervailable subsidy, we may be affected by the literalism and make mistakes. To solve this problem, we recommend that using the analysis of economies to support the ruling of international trade laws, hoping to increase the objectivity and fairness.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第壹章 緒論　　1
第一節 研究動機與方法　　3
第二節 研究架構　　3
第貳章 美國現行匯率法案、施行成效與後續改革法案　　5
第一節 1988年匯率與國際經濟政策協調法案　　5
第一項 法案內容　　5
第二項 施行成效　　9
第二節 國會提案　　11
第三節 小結　　24
第參章 匯率低估之貿易效果　　26
第一節 價格完全彈性　　27
第二節 價格僵固性　　29
第三節 小結　　35
第肆章 WTO之補貼規範　　36
第一節 補貼之定義　　36
第一項 財務補助　　36
第二項 受有利益　　41
第三項 特定性　　43
第二節 補貼之種類　　44
第一項 禁止性補貼　　44
第二項 可控訴之補貼　　50
第三節 WTO會員可採行之救濟措施　　52
第一項 WTO爭端解決程序　　52
第二項 平衡稅　　53
第伍章 美國匯率改革法案與WTO規範之合致性　　59
第一節 財務補助　　59
第二節 受有利益　　65
第三節 特定性　　67
第四節 小結與建議　　70
第陸章 結論　　72		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1129149 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0099351010en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 匯率低估zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 匯率失調zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 補貼zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 2010年公平貿易貨幣改革法案zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 2011年貨幣匯率監督改革法案zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) currency undervaluationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) currency misalignmenten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) subsidyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Currency Reform for Fair Trade Act (2010)en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Currency Exchange Rate Oversight Reform Act of 2011en_US
dc.title (題名) 匯率低估為可課徵平衡稅之補貼？ - 以美國匯率改革相關法案為中心zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Is currency undervaluation a contervailable subsidy? - Focus on U.S. currency exchange rate reform actsen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、中文文獻
1. 韓龍，人民幣匯率的國際法問題（簡體字版），法律出版社（中國，北京），2010。
2. 羅昌發，國際貿易法，2版，2010。
二、英文文獻
（一）期刊及其他資料
1. Ahn, Dukgeun, Is The Contemporary Chinese Exchange-Rate Regime “WTO-Legal”? (2010), at http://www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/4867.
2. Bagwell, Kyle & Robert W. Staiger, An Economic Theory of GATT (June 1998).
3. Bergsten, C. Fred, Currency Misalignments and the US Economy, PETERSON INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS (2007), at http://www.iie.com/publications/testimony/testimony.cfm?ResearchID=735.
4. Caryl, Benjamin B., Is China’s Currency Regime a Countervailable Subsidy? A Legal Analysis under the World Trade Organization’s SCM Agreement, 45 J. W. T. 187 (2011).
5. HENNING, C. RANDALL, ACCOUNTABILITY AND OVERSIGHT OF US EXCHANGE RATE POLICY (2008).
6. Leviton, Matthew R., Is It a Subsidy? An Evaluation of China`s Currency Regime and Its Compliance with the WTO (2005).
7. Mattoo, Aaditya & Arvind Subramanian, Currency Undervaluation and Sovereign Wealth Funds: A New Role for the World Trade Organization, 32 THE WORLD ECONOMY 1135 (2009).
8. Siegel, Deborah E., Legal Aspects of the IMF/WTO Relationship: the Fund’s Articles of Agreement and the WTO Agreements, 96 AM. J. INT’L L. 561 (2002).
9. Staiger, Robert W. & Alan O. Sykes, ‘Currency manipulation’ and world trade, 9 WORLD TRADE REVIEW 583 (2010).
10. Staiger, Robert W. & Alan O. Sykes, Currency Manipulation and World Trade: a Caution, in The US-SINO CURRENCY DISPUTE: NEW INSIGHTS FROM ECONOMICS, POLITICS AND LAW 109 (Simon Evenett ed., 2010).
11. Sullivan, John V., How Our Laws Are Made, U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE (2007), at http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CDOC-110hdoc49/pdf/CDOC-110hdoc49.pdf.
12. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY, REPORT TO THE CONGRESS ON INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC AND EXCHANGE RATE POLICY (Apr. 1989- Nov. 2012).
（二）WTO文件
1. Appellate Body Report, Canada – Certain Measures Affecting the Automotive Industry, WT/DS139/AB/R and WT/DS142/AB/R, adopted 19 June 2000.
2. Appellate Body Report, Canada – Measures Affecting the Export of Civilian Aircraft, WT/DS70/AB/R, adopted 20 August 1999.
3. Appellate Body Report, United States – Anti-Dumping Measures on Certain Hot-Rolled Steel Products from Japan, WT/DS184/AB/R, adopted 23 August 2001.
4. Appellate Body Report, United States – Definitive Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties on Certain Products from China, WT/DS379/AB/R, adopted 25 March 2011.
5. Appellate Body Report, United States – Final Countervailing Duty Determination with respect to certain Softwood Lumber from Canada, WT/DS257/AB/R, adopted 17 February 2004.
6. Article 21.5 Appellate Body Report, European Communities – Anti-Dumping Duties on Imports of Cotton-type Bed Linen from India, WT/DS141/AB/RW, adopted 24 April 2003.
7. Article 21.5 Appellate Body Report, United States – Tax Treatment for “Foreign Sales Corporations”, WT/DS108/AB/RW, adopted 29 January 2002.
8. Article 21.5 Appellate Body Report, United States – Tax Treatment for “Foreign Sales Corporations, WT/DS108/AB/RW, adopted January 29 2002.
9. Article 21.5 Panel Report, United States – Tax Treatment for “Foreign Sales Corporations”, WT/DS108/RW, adopted 29 January 2002.
10. Panel Report, Australia – Automotive Leather II, ¶ 9.56; Panel Report, Canada – Measures Affecting the Export of Civilian Aircraft, WT/DS70/R, adopted 20 August 1999.
11. Panel Report, Australia – Subsidies Provided to Producers and Exporters of Automotive Leather, WT/DS126/R, adopted 16 June 1999.
12. Panel Report, Brazil – Export Financing Program for Aircraft, WT/DS46/R, adopted 20 August 1999.
13. Panel Report, European Communities – Countervailing Measures on Dynamic Random Access Memory Chips from Korea, WT/DS299/R, adopted 3 August 2005.
14. Panel Report, Korea – Measures Affecting Trade in Commercial Vessels, WT/DS273/R, adopted 11 April 2005.
15. Panel Report, United States – Final Countervailing Duty Determination with respect to certain Softwood Lumber from Canada, WT/DS257/R, adopted 17 February 2004.
16. Panel Report, United States – Measures Treating Export Restraints as Subsidies, WT/DS194/R, adopted 23 August 2001.
17. Panel Report, United States – Preliminary Determinations with Respect to Certain Softwood Lumber from Canada, WT/DS236/R, adopted 1 November 2002.
18. WTO, Working Group on Trade, Debt and Finance, The Relationship between Exchange Rates and International Trade: a Review of Economic Literature, WT/WGTDF/W/57, 27 September 2011.		zh_TW