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題名 以類神經網路構建區域電離層模型
Study on Regional Ionospheric Modeling Using Artificial Neural Network
作者 李彥廷
貢獻者 林老生
李彥廷
關鍵詞 電離層延遲
類神經網路
單點定位
薄殼模型
區域電離層模
Ionospheric Delay
Artificial Neural Network
Point Positioning
Thin-Shell Model
Regional Ionospheric Model
日期 2010
上傳時間 27-Jun-2013 17:06:42 (UTC+8)
摘要 GPS 單點定位或稱絕對定位,傳統上使用虛擬距離觀測量,容易受到
電離層延遲影響,導致定位精度較差。因此,本文的目的為構建即時的區
域性電離層模型,以便能夠即時減弱電離層延遲量,提高單頻GPS 單點定
位的精度。
構建電離層模型的方法有很多種,而運用類神經網路為可能方法之一, 但是, 國內較少人探討。本研究嘗詴使用倒傳遞類神經網路(Back-propagation Artificial Neural Network),構建即時的區域電離層模型,藉由選擇適當的神經訓練函數及隱藏層神經元,利用過去收集的已知參考站的雙頻GPS 資料,計算電離層延遲量,訓練類神經網路,直到精度合乎要求;再以檢核站GPS 資料,檢驗類神經網路預測電離層延遲的功效。
採用的實驗資料為臺南市政府e-GPS 系統所提供六個測站,2008 年1
月3 日到1 月5 日的GPS 資料,計算測站與GPS 衛星連線中假想的電離層
薄殼交點—電離層穿透點(Ionosphere Pierce Point, IPP)之地理位置(緯度φ、經度λ),及太陽黑子數(sunspot numbers)等當作輸入值,IPP 的垂直電離層延遲當作輸出值,測詴包含單日、兩日以及不同的資料型態(IPP 點、網格點)等情況訓練類神經網路,藉由相對應的驗證資料,檢驗類神經網路的功效,最後將類神經網路的預估成果與全球電離層改正模型、雙頻GPS
資料計算的電離層延遲相比較,並根據改正率與統計特性,評估類神經網
路構建出的區域性電離層模型的成效。
由實驗成果顯示,構建的即時區域性電離層模型的標準差可小於±3TECU,並可改正約80%的電離層延遲誤差,故以類神經網路可有效的構
建出區域性的電離層模型。
The conventional single point positioning using GPS pseudo rangemeasurements, are vulnerable to ionospheric errors, leading to poor positioningaccuracy. Constructing a real-time ionospheric model is one of the methods that
can reduce the ionospheric errors and improve the single point positioning accuracy.
Although there are many methods to construct regional ionosphere model,using artificial neural network (ANN) to construct a real-time ionospheric model is less to be mentioned. This study used back-propagation artificial neural network to estimate a regional real-time ionospheric model by selecting the appropriate training functions and the number of hidden layers and its’ nodes. The neural network had to be ‘trained’ by the computed TECs from reference stations’ duel-frequency GPS data until the required accuracy was achieved.
The experimental data are collected from 6 e-GPS stations of Tainan city government on January 3 to January 5, 2008. The input values for the ANN includ the geographical location of the ionosphere pierce point (IPP) and solar activity (sunspot number). The output value are those IPPs’ vertical total electron content (VTEC). Different times range and data types (IPPs’ or raster
data) for the impact of the ANN are tested. And then compared to Klobuchar model and global ionopheric model, according to the correct rate and the ΔTEC statistic table decide the effectiveness of ANN.
According to the test results, the regional ionopheric model constructed by ANN can corrected 80% of the ionospheric errors, the standard deviation of ΔTEC is less than ±3TECU.
參考文獻 一、中文部份
王奕鈞,2006,類神經網路應用於地籍坐標轉換之研究,國立政治大學地政學系私立中國地政研究所碩士論文。
江正瑋,2003,應用類神經網路與模糊控制於泵浦量測系統的研究,國立中央大學機械工程研究所碩士論文。
李振燾,1995,「構建與評估電離層延遲模式以增益GPS高度之精度」,行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告No.NSC84_2211_E014_002 。
林老生,1998,提高GPS即時估計電離層延遲精度之研究,「測量工程」第四十卷第一期,第25頁-46頁。
林老生、Chris Rizons,1999,利用GPS觀測量構建即時的區域電離層模型之研究,「測量工程」第四十一卷第一期,第5頁-32頁。
林老生,2001,e世代GPS在定位技術的發展趨勢,中華民國九十年全國計算機會議-空間資訊與資訊教育,中國文化大學。
林老生,2002a,「以全球定位系統構建台灣地區電離層模型之研究」,行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告No.NSC91_2211_E004_001。
林老生,2002b,「估計GPS接收儀L1/L2儀器偏差」,第二十一屆測量學術及應用研討會。
吳相忠、林老生,2002,「估計衛星追蹤站之GPS接收機儀器偏差之研究」,第五屆GPS衛星科技研討會。
吳相忠,2004,利用GPS觀測量構建台灣南部地區網格式電離層模型,國立政治大學地政學系碩士論文,台北。
施柏屹,2000,倒傳遞類神經網路學習收歛之初步探討,國立中央大學機械工程研究所碩士論文。
張智星,2007,「MATLAB程式設計入門篇」二版,鈦思科技。
曾清凉、儲慶美,1999,「GPS衛星測量原理與應用」二版,臺南:國立成功大學衛星資訊研究中心。
詹劭勳,2004,現代衛星導航,國立成功大學航空太空工程學系課程講義。
彭德熙,2008,台灣區域性電離層模型之估計:應用於單頻精密單點定位,國立成功大學測量及空間資訊系研究所碩士論文,臺南。
楊銘仁,2004,由台灣GPS追蹤站2004年資料建構區域性電離層模式及其影響定位精度之研究,國立成功大學測量及空間資訊系研究所碩士論文,臺南。
熊年錄、唐存琛、李行健,1999,電離層物理概論,武漢大學出版社,湖北。
羅華強,2008,「類神經網路-MATLAB的應用」二版,高立圖書有限公司,台北縣。
蘇昭安,2003,應用倒傳遞類神經網路在颱風波浪預報之研究,國立台灣大學工程科學與海洋工程學系碩士論文。
蘭雪梅、朱健、黃承明、董德存,2003,BP網絡的MATLAB實現,微型電腦應用,19(1):6-8頁。
二、英文部份
Bishop, G. J., Coco, D. S., Coker, C., Fremouv, E. J., Secan, J. A., Greenspan, R. L. & Eyring, D. O., 1992. GPS application to global ionospheric monitoring: requirements for a ground-based system, Proceedings of ION GPS-92, Fifth International Technical Meeting of The Satellite Division of Te Institute of Navigation, September 16-18, Albuquerque, New Mexico, pp.339-353.
Coco, D., 1991. GPS – Satellites of opportunity for ionospheric monitoring. GPS World, October, pp.47-50.
Demuth, Howard. , Beale, Mark, 2002. User’s Guide of Neural Network Toolbox For Use with MATLAB, Version4, The Math Works.
Davies, K.,1990, Ionospheric Radio, Peter Peregrinus Ltd, London.
Friedrich, M., Frankhauser, M., Oyeyemi, E., McKinnell, L. A., 2008, A neural network-based ionospheric model for Arecibo. Advances in Space Research 42,776–781.
Habarulema, J. B., McKinnell, L. A., Cilliers, P. J., 2007, Prediction of Global Positioning System total electron content using neural networks over South Africa. J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys. 69 (15), 1842–1850.
Habarulema, J. B., McKinnell, L. A., Cilliers, P. J., Opperman, B. D. L., 2009a, Application of neural networks to South African GPS TEC modelling. Advances in Space Research , 43 (11), 1711–1720.
Habarulema, J. B., McKinnell, L. A., Opperman, B. D. L., 2009b, Towards a GPS-based TEC prediction model for Southern Africa with feed forward networks. Advances in Space Research , 44, 82- 92.
Hofmann-Wellenhof, B., Lichtenegger, H., and Collins, J., 2001, Global Positioning System: Theory and Practice, Springer-Verlag, New York.
Hugentobler, U., R. Dach, P. Fridez, and M. Meindl, 2007, Bernese GPS Software Version 5.0, Astronomical Institute, the University of Bern, Switzerland.
Klobuchar, J.A, 1996, Ionospheric effect on GPS. In Global Positioning System:
Theory and Applications (Edited by Parkinson & Spikler), Vol. 1, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., pp.485-515.
Klobuchar, J.A, 2001, Eye on The Ionosphere:GPS After SA. GPS Solutions, 4(3):52-54.
Komjathy, A., 1997.Global Ionospheric Total Electron Content Mapping Using the Global Positioning System. Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering Technical Report No.188,248p.,University of New Brunswick.
Lanyi, G. E. & Routh, T. 1988, A comparison of mapped and measured total ionosspheric modeling using GPS, Presented at the IGS Analysis Center Workshop, Silver Springs MD, March 19-21, 193-203.
Leandro, R. F., Santos, M. C., 2007, A neural network approach for regional vertical total electron content modelling, Stud. Geophys. Geod. 51 (2), 279–292.
Leick, A.,1995. GPS Satellite Surveying. Second Edition, JOHN WEILEY&SONS, New York.
Lin, L. S., 1998. Real-time estimation of ionospheric delay using GPS measurements, UNISURV S-51, Reports from School of Geomatic Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
McNamara, L. F., 1991, The Ionosphere: Communications, Surveillance, and Direction Finding, Kerieger Publishing Company, Florida.
Schaer, S., 1999, Mapping and Predicting The Earth’s Iononsphere Using The Global Positioning System. Ph.D dissertation, 228p., Astronomical Institute University of Bern, Switzerland.
Seeber, G., 1993, Satellite Geodesy: Foundations, Method, and Applications. Walter de Gruyter& Co., Berlin, Germany.
Seeber, G., 2003, Satellite Geodesy 2nd Edition. Walter de Gruyter, New York.
Tascione, T. F., 1988, Introduction to Space Environment, Florida, Orbit Book Company.
Tenuissen, P. J. G., 1995, The Least-square Ambiguity Decorrelation Adjustment : A Method for Fast GPS Integer Ambiguity Estimation, Journal of Geodesy, vol. 70, no. 1-2, 65-82.
Tracie Conn, Tom Gaussiran, R. Benjamin Harris, Jon Little Richard Mach, David Munton, Brent Renfro, Brian Tolman Timothy Craddock, 2007, The GPS Toolkit-A User’s Guide for Scientists,Engineers and Students ., 73p., Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin.
Villiers, J. D. and Barnard, E., 1992, Backpropagation neuralnets with one and two hidden layer, IEEE Trans. On Neural Network, Vol. 4, No. 1, 136-141.
Wells, D., Beck, N., Delikaraoglou, D., Kleusberg, A., Krakiwsky, E. J., Lachapelle, G., Langley, R. B., Nakiboglu, M., Schwarz, K-P., Tranquilla, J. M. & Vanicek, P., 1986. GUIDE to GPS Positioning. Canadian GPS Associates.
Wild, U., 1994. Ionosphere and Geodetic Satellite System: Permanent GPS Tracking Data For Modelling and Monitoring, Ph.D dissertation, Vol. 48 of Geodatistiche-geophysikalische Arbeiten in der Schweiz, Schweizerische Geodatischen Kommission, University of Bern, Switzerland.
Yeh, K.C and Liu, C.H, 1972.Theory of Ionospheric Waves, 464p.,Academic Press, New York.
三、網頁部份
臺南市政府e-GPS網站:
http://egps.tainan.gov.tw/
GPSTk:
http://www.gpstk.org/bin/view/Documentation/WebHome
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA:
http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
地政研究所
97257023
99
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097257023
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 林老生zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 李彥廷zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 李彥廷zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2010en_US
dc.date.accessioned 27-Jun-2013 17:06:42 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 27-Jun-2013 17:06:42 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 27-Jun-2013 17:06:42 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0097257023en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/58595-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 地政研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 97257023zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 99zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) GPS 單點定位或稱絕對定位,傳統上使用虛擬距離觀測量,容易受到
電離層延遲影響,導致定位精度較差。因此,本文的目的為構建即時的區
域性電離層模型,以便能夠即時減弱電離層延遲量,提高單頻GPS 單點定
位的精度。
構建電離層模型的方法有很多種,而運用類神經網路為可能方法之一, 但是, 國內較少人探討。本研究嘗詴使用倒傳遞類神經網路(Back-propagation Artificial Neural Network),構建即時的區域電離層模型,藉由選擇適當的神經訓練函數及隱藏層神經元,利用過去收集的已知參考站的雙頻GPS 資料,計算電離層延遲量,訓練類神經網路,直到精度合乎要求;再以檢核站GPS 資料,檢驗類神經網路預測電離層延遲的功效。
採用的實驗資料為臺南市政府e-GPS 系統所提供六個測站,2008 年1
月3 日到1 月5 日的GPS 資料,計算測站與GPS 衛星連線中假想的電離層
薄殼交點—電離層穿透點(Ionosphere Pierce Point, IPP)之地理位置(緯度φ、經度λ),及太陽黑子數(sunspot numbers)等當作輸入值,IPP 的垂直電離層延遲當作輸出值,測詴包含單日、兩日以及不同的資料型態(IPP 點、網格點)等情況訓練類神經網路,藉由相對應的驗證資料,檢驗類神經網路的功效,最後將類神經網路的預估成果與全球電離層改正模型、雙頻GPS
資料計算的電離層延遲相比較,並根據改正率與統計特性,評估類神經網
路構建出的區域性電離層模型的成效。
由實驗成果顯示,構建的即時區域性電離層模型的標準差可小於±3TECU,並可改正約80%的電離層延遲誤差,故以類神經網路可有效的構
建出區域性的電離層模型。
zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The conventional single point positioning using GPS pseudo rangemeasurements, are vulnerable to ionospheric errors, leading to poor positioningaccuracy. Constructing a real-time ionospheric model is one of the methods that
can reduce the ionospheric errors and improve the single point positioning accuracy.
Although there are many methods to construct regional ionosphere model,using artificial neural network (ANN) to construct a real-time ionospheric model is less to be mentioned. This study used back-propagation artificial neural network to estimate a regional real-time ionospheric model by selecting the appropriate training functions and the number of hidden layers and its’ nodes. The neural network had to be ‘trained’ by the computed TECs from reference stations’ duel-frequency GPS data until the required accuracy was achieved.
The experimental data are collected from 6 e-GPS stations of Tainan city government on January 3 to January 5, 2008. The input values for the ANN includ the geographical location of the ionosphere pierce point (IPP) and solar activity (sunspot number). The output value are those IPPs’ vertical total electron content (VTEC). Different times range and data types (IPPs’ or raster
data) for the impact of the ANN are tested. And then compared to Klobuchar model and global ionopheric model, according to the correct rate and the ΔTEC statistic table decide the effectiveness of ANN.
According to the test results, the regional ionopheric model constructed by ANN can corrected 80% of the ionospheric errors, the standard deviation of ΔTEC is less than ±3TECU.
en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 研究方法與範圍 4
第三節 研究流程與論文架構 8
第二章 理論基礎與文獻回顧 10
第一節 全球定位系統 10
第二節 電離層物理概論 16
第三節 全電子含量(TEC)計算公式 20
第四節 類神經網路 27
第五節 構建區域性電離層模型 37
第三章 用類神經網路構建區域電離層模型 40
第一節、GPS資料預處理 40
第二節 利用倒傳遞類神經網路構建區域電離層模型 43
第三節 驗證類神經網路構建之區域電離層模型成果 52
第四章 實驗成果與分析 55
第一節 實驗資料與實驗內容介紹 55
第二節 測試類神經網路的訓練函數與神經元 58
第三節 使用IPP點資料構建區域電離層模型的實驗成果 64
第四節 使用網格點資料構建區域電離層模型的實驗成果 68
第五章 結論與建議 95
參考文獻 98
zh_TW
dc.format.extent 2393542 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097257023en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 電離層延遲zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 類神經網路zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 單點定位zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 薄殼模型zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 區域電離層模zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Ionospheric Delayen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Artificial Neural Networken_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Point Positioningen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Thin-Shell Modelen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Regional Ionospheric Modelen_US
dc.title (題名) 以類神經網路構建區域電離層模型zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Study on Regional Ionospheric Modeling Using Artificial Neural Networken_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、中文部份
王奕鈞,2006,類神經網路應用於地籍坐標轉換之研究,國立政治大學地政學系私立中國地政研究所碩士論文。
江正瑋,2003,應用類神經網路與模糊控制於泵浦量測系統的研究,國立中央大學機械工程研究所碩士論文。
李振燾,1995,「構建與評估電離層延遲模式以增益GPS高度之精度」,行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告No.NSC84_2211_E014_002 。
林老生,1998,提高GPS即時估計電離層延遲精度之研究,「測量工程」第四十卷第一期,第25頁-46頁。
林老生、Chris Rizons,1999,利用GPS觀測量構建即時的區域電離層模型之研究,「測量工程」第四十一卷第一期,第5頁-32頁。
林老生,2001,e世代GPS在定位技術的發展趨勢,中華民國九十年全國計算機會議-空間資訊與資訊教育,中國文化大學。
林老生,2002a,「以全球定位系統構建台灣地區電離層模型之研究」,行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告No.NSC91_2211_E004_001。
林老生,2002b,「估計GPS接收儀L1/L2儀器偏差」,第二十一屆測量學術及應用研討會。
吳相忠、林老生,2002,「估計衛星追蹤站之GPS接收機儀器偏差之研究」,第五屆GPS衛星科技研討會。
吳相忠,2004,利用GPS觀測量構建台灣南部地區網格式電離層模型,國立政治大學地政學系碩士論文,台北。
施柏屹,2000,倒傳遞類神經網路學習收歛之初步探討,國立中央大學機械工程研究所碩士論文。
張智星,2007,「MATLAB程式設計入門篇」二版,鈦思科技。
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二、英文部份
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三、網頁部份
臺南市政府e-GPS網站:
http://egps.tainan.gov.tw/
GPSTk:
http://www.gpstk.org/bin/view/Documentation/WebHome
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA:
http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/
zh_TW